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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XIII — Nominalization, Relativization, and Complementation

102. Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)

How does the language form nominalized clauses using a nominal head after a finite verb?

言語はどのようにして、定動詞の後に名詞的頭部を置いて名詞化節を形成するのか？

Nominalization headed by lexical nouns (kur 'person', uske/usi 'place', ike) and by the grammaticalized formal-noun set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe) acting as clause-nominalizing heads.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/lexical-head-formal-noun-nominalization read this topic as text

7claims
30statements
12sources
10examples
7sections
73first-edition sentences

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The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

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Forms mentioned

hi 18siri 6usi 6p 5pe 5ruwe 4uske 4-i 4hawe 3humi 3ru 2or 2-p(e) 2-ike 2-kur 2kur 2ape-o-i 2ipeusi 2sir 1haw 1hum 1usike 1kuru 1utar 1usi(ke) 1kotan kor-kur 1ray-kur 1a=ye 1a=kar 1seta utar osoma hi 1eun 1ruwe ne 1nukar 1nu 1eramiskari 1eraman 1ne 1*pirka ruwe ne kewtum 1[(NP…) V nmz] 1-p 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

Sections

·

Overview 3 claims ·7 sentences

How are nominalized clauses formed by placing a formal noun after a finite predicate?

  1. Nominalizers of a more concrete nature include kur 'the person who', plural utar 'the people who', pe 'the thing which', usi/uske 'the place where', and hita 'the time when'.
    より具体的な性質を持つ名詞化辞には、kur「〜する人」、その複数形utar「〜する人々」、pe「〜するもの」、usi/uske「〜する場所」、hita「〜する時」がある。
    membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal kurutarpeusiuskehita
    asserts refsing1986
  2. The nominalizers kur, utar, pe, and usi/uske are more noun-like than other nominalizers in that they can also be modified by adnominal demonstratives.
    名詞化辞kur、utar、pe、usi/uskeは連体指示詞によっても修飾されうる点で、他の名詞化辞よりもやや名詞に近い性質を持つ。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal kurutarpeusiuske
    asserts refsing1986
  3. Morphemes such as kotom, ruwe, hawe, and hita are classified as nominalizers.
    kotom、ruwe、hawe、hita などの形態素は名詞化辞（nominalizer）に分類される。
    analysis ainu existential kotomruwehawehita
    asserts refsing1986

Concept form and affiliative (possessed) form 7 sentences

What are the two shapes (concept and affiliative) of each formal noun?

Principal formal nouns as nominal heads 5 sentences

Which formal nouns serve as nominal heads and what is their arity?

Division of labour across the inventory 1 claims ·11 sentences

How do formal nouns divide labour in nominalization based on semantic category?

  1. The nominalizer siri may be used after action verbs to mean the 'way of action' when followed by a descriptive expression.
    名詞化辞siriは動作動詞の後に用いられて記述的表現を伴うとき、「動作の仕方」を意味することがある。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai existential siri
    asserts refsing1986

hi — semantic range and the place/time split 19 sentences· 6 examples

What is the semantic range of hi, including its place/time readings?

ku=kemeyki kor ku=itak hi iyotta pirka
1SG.A=sew CONJ 1SG.A=talk NMLZ most good
‘it is best to talk while sewing’
bugaeva2016:261 SAR
a=ye hi ka a=kar hi ka a=eramiskari
4.A=say NMLZ even 4.A=do NMLZ even 4.A=not.know
‘not knowing what to say or what to do’
ninjal2003 CHI Oda Ito, NINJAL corpus of Ainu oral literature (Chitose) [ninjal-folklore/026#61]
oro ta cise kar hi
place LOC house build NMLZ
‘the place where someone built a house’
nakagawa2024:511 HK
pon=an hi wano
be.small=4.S NMLZ since
‘since I was small’
nakagawa2024:510 HK
eun a=nu usi ka isam
toward 4.A=ask place even not.exist
‘there was no place to ask about it’
bugaeva2015:49 HK
oro ta k=an kotan
place LOC 1SG.S=exist village
‘the village I live in’
ijas2023 constructed HK

Sensory-noun formal nouns as perception-complement heads 1 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples

How do sensory formal nouns head complement clauses after perception verbs?

  1. humi and katu function as nominalizers.
    humi および katu は名詞化辞として機能する。
    analysis ainu universal humikatu
    asserts refsing1986
poro cikuni oar isam sir-i ku=nukar wa sonno ku=iruska
big tree at.all not.exist appearance-POSS 1SG.A=see CONJ truly 1SG.A=be.angry
‘I saw that there were no big trees at all, and was truly angry.’
ainukoraci1991 SAR Kanzaki Masayoshi, Ainu Times (ainu-times/015/3#7)

Lexicalized formal-noun nominalizations and the RC–compound boundary 2 claims ·13 sentences· 3 examples

How do relative-clause nominalizations become lexicalized nouns?

  1. The nominalizers pokon and kotom indicate that the preceding verb describes how things appear to the speaker, not necessarily how they really are.
    名詞化辞pokonとkotomは、前接する動詞が話し手にとってどのように見えるかを表し、必ずしも実際の状態とは限らないことを示す。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal pokonkotom
    asserts refsing1986
  2. The nominalizer pokon often indicates that the appearance of things is due to pretence on the part of the agent.
    名詞化辞pokonは、その外見が動作主側の見せかけによるものであることをしばしば示す。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai frequentative pokon
    asserts refsing1986
ci=ronnu-p
1PL.A=kill-NMLZ
‘fox’
bugaeva2016:245 HK
ape-o-i
fire-enter-NMLZ
‘hearth’
bugaeva2016:245 HK
nea menoko ani turepta ni
that woman INS dig.uba.lily stick
‘the stick with which that woman dug uba-lilies’
nakagawa2024:506 HK