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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XIII — Nominalization, Relativization, and Complementation

106. Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising

How does a language form complement clauses and distinguish them from relative clauses, including in control and raising constructions?

言語はどのように補文節を形成し、関係節と区別し、さらに制御と繰り上げ構文においてどのように振る舞うか？

Complement clauses formed by nominalization (hi, -i, ruwe) under perception, cognition, and evaluative predicates, and the control/raising diagnostics of same-subject complex predicates.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/nominalized-complements-control-raising read this topic as text

12claims
40statements
16sources
10examples
10sections
78first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

kuni 11hi 7p 5pe 4sir-i 4hum-i 4ramu 3eramiskari 3haw-e 3yak 2oro ta 2ne 2ye 2ya 2siri 1hawe 1humi 1[clause] hi 1[clause] p 1hekattar tura sinot=an 1sinot 1=an 1kopan 1seta utar osoma hi 1ru-we 1nukar 1nu 1[clause] sir-i 1[clause] haw-e 1an 1kuni-p 1kuni p 1yakne 1sekor 1aep 1ku=ramu 1a=eramiskari 1a=ye 1ahun 1[clause] NMLZ ne 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

Sections

·

Overview 1 claims ·5 sentences

How are clausal complements formed, and what distinguishes them from other nominalized structures?

  1. Noun complement clauses in Ainu lack an internal syntactic gap and have no underlying base clause.
    アイヌ語の名詞補文節は節内部に空所を持たず、基底となる基本節を欠く。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2022

The arity-0 diagnostic 2 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples

What diagnostic uses the arity of the embedded clause to separate complement clauses from relative clauses?

  1. In a complement clause construction, the nominal head only nominalizes the entire clause without having a grammatical role inside it.
    補文構造において、主要部名詞は節全体を名詞化するだけであり、節内部で文法的な役割を持たない。
    analysis ainu all
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. The nouns uske and usi function both as complementizers when preceded by an arity-0 complete clause and as relative clause heads when preceded by an incomplete clause.
    名詞 uske および usi は、先行節がアリティ0の完結文である場合は補文標識として、不完結な節である場合は関係節の主要部として両機能にまたがって用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido some uskeusi
    asserts nakagawa2024
hekattar tura sinot=an hi ka a=onaha kopan
children COMIT play=4.S NMLZ even 4.A=father refuse
‘My father refused even that I play with the children.’
nakagawa2024:507 HK

Complement-taking predicates 2 claims ·5 sentences

Which semantic classes of matrix predicates take nominalized complements?

  1. The selection of a complementizer depends on discourse context and the semantic class of the matrix predicate.
    補文標識の選択は文脈および主節述語の意味論的クラスに依存する。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest all
    asserts bugaeva2012
  2. Certain complement-taking predicates require overt nominalizers such as hi or pe, whereas others allow zero-nominalization.
    補文をとる述語には hi や pe などの明示的な名詞化語を要求するものがある一方で、ゼロ名詞化を許容するものもある。
    distribution hokkaido some hipe
    asserts bugaeva2016

hi as complementizer 8 sentences· 2 examples

What is the function of the maximally abstract complementizer in nominalizing clauses?

a=ye hi ka a=kar hi ka a=eramiskari
4.A=say NMLZ even 4.A=do NMLZ even 4.A=not.understand
‘not knowing what to say or what to do’
ninjal2003 CHI Oda Ito, アイヌ語口承文芸コーパス (NINJAL) [ninjal-folklore/026#61]
ku=kemeyki kor ku=itak hi iyotta pirka
1SG.A=sew while 1SG.A=speak NMLZ most be.good
‘Speaking while sewing is best.’
bugaeva2016:261 SAR

The sensory nominalizers as perception complements 2 claims ·5 sentences· 2 examples

How do sensory nominalizers function as perception complement markers?

  1. Noun complement clauses employ a paradigm of possessive evidential forms as complementizers, including ru-w-e, haw-e, sir-i, and hum-i.
    名詞補文節は、ru-w-e、haw-e、sir-i、hum-i などの所属形をとる証拠的意味を持つ一連の形式を補文標識として用いる。
    form-function ainu some ru-w-ehaw-esir-ihum-i
    asserts bugaeva2022
  2. Evidential markers in Ainu function as complement clause markers.
    アイヌ語において、証拠性標識は補文標識として機能する。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts takahashi2022
hekaci apkas sir-i ku=nukar
child walk appearance-POSS 1SG.A=see
‘I saw the child walking.’
constructed HK
hekaci itak haw-e ku=nu
child speak voice-POSS 1SG.A=hear
‘I heard the child speaking.’
constructed HK

kuni as complement marker 8 sentences· 4 examples

What is the semantic profile of the complementizer used for future-oriented or directed content?

hosipi=an kuni a=ye
return=4.S PURP 4.A=say
‘I said I would return.’
nakagawa2024:476 HK
ahun kuni a=ye akusu toykooripak
enter PURP 4.A=say when be.very.abashed
‘When I told them to enter, they were very abashed.’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 8 (part 2) [aa-irc/007#213]
pirka kuni ku=ramu
be.good PURP 1SG.A=think
‘I think it would be good.’
constructed HK
míre kuni p ére kuni p nepki ne ki wa
clothe PURP NMLZ feed PURP NMLZ be.work COP do CONJ
‘making things to clothe (the grandchild) and things to feed (her) her work,’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 7 [aa-irc/005#355]

Other indirect-speech complementizers 1 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

What other elements serve as complementizers in indirect speech and thought?

  1. The use of interrogative particles as complementizers is restricted to ya.
    補文標識として用いられる疑問小詞は ya に限られる。
    distribution ainu all ya
    asserts nakagawa2024
ku=matnepo tanto ek kunak ye kor an
1SG.A=daughter today come COMP say while exist
‘My daughter is saying she will come today.’
sato2008:177 CHI

Bare complementation 2 claims ·5 sentences

How do languages allow bare finite clauses to function as complements without a nominalizer?

  1. Zero-nominalization represents the oldest stratum of nominalization in Ainu, while nominalizing words developed later.
    アイヌ語においてゼロ名詞化は名詞化の最も古い段階を反映しており、名詞化語を用いる方策は後代に生じた。
    diachrony ainu all
    proposes bugaeva2016
  2. In prolative infinitive constructions, Class II verbs appear in their bare form without personal affixes.
    いわゆる prolative infinitive 構造において、第II類動詞は人称接辞を伴わない裸の形態で用いられる。
    distribution ainu all chish
    asserts kindaichi1936

Participant identity across the clause boundary 11 sentences

How does person morphology on the embedded verb indicate shared participants across clause boundaries?

The constituency of the nominalized clause 2 claims ·13 sentences

What is the structural debate about whether nominalized clauses form a biclausal or monoclausal complex predicate?

  1. Complement clauses in Ainu can function syntactically as S or O, and rarely as A.
    アイヌ語の補文節は統語的にSまたはOとして機能し、まれにAとして機能する。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest all
    asserts bugaeva2012
  2. Noun complement clauses pattern syntactically as possessive noun phrases, with the modifying clause serving as the possessor and referent for possessive marking on the head.
    名詞補文節は所属名詞句と同様のパターンをとり、修飾節全体が主要部の所属標示に対する所有者および指示対象として機能する。
    analysis ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2022