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Yoshikawa 2022

Yoshikawa Yoshimi 吉川佳見 (2022). Existential aspectual forms in the Saru and Chitose dialects of Ainu. Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin & Boston.

db.aynu.org/2022-yoshimi-yoshikawa-existential-aspectual-forms-in-the-saru-and-chitos prior-analysis hokkaido text held locally OCR handbook-epub: 5 leaves, 5 with a printed page

21chapters citing
36citing sentences
0examples
50statements extracted
50claims with a stance

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Grouped by topic. The stance is this source's; the other sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject the same claim are listed after it.

The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an 1

  1. kane an 構文は慣用句として固定化し、形容詞的な機能を示すことがある。
    asserts

The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses 1

  1. ne hine an および ne wa an という表現にはアスペクト的な意味はない。
    asserts

The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema 1

  1. 証拠性の観点において、助動詞aは直接証拠を示し、aanは間接証拠に用いられる。
    asserts

The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect 28

  1. kane an の構造は[接続助詞 kane +存在動詞 an]である。
    asserts
  2. kane an が状態動詞と共起する場合、状態動詞が単独で用いられる場合とほとんど意味的対立はなく、両者とも恒常的で単純な状態を示す。
    asserts
  3. kane an は基本的に変化の結果の継続を表すが、wa an と異なり、主体の属性(ステータス)を積極的に表す傾向があり、主体の動作や状態が何らかの比喩になる傾向がある。
    asserts
  4. hine an の構造は[接続助詞 hine +存在動詞 an]である。
    asserts
  5. hine an と共起する動詞は、wa an と同様に状態変化動詞である傾向がある。
    asserts
  6. hine an が動作動詞と共起する場合、動作の継続というアスペクトを表すのではなく、前後の節を接続することによる外見上の動作継続を示すに過ぎない。
    asserts
  7. アイヌ語の存在型相形式は相的な意味を表すことはあっても、文法的な相形式ではない。
    asserts
  8. 非状態動詞のうち動作動詞において、kor an は動作の継続・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は基本的に用いられない。
    asserts
  9. 動作と状態変化の両方を示す動詞において、kor an は動作性を前面に出して動作の継続・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は変化性を前面に出して変化の結果の継続を表す。
    asserts
  10. 状態変化動詞において、kor an は変化の進行・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は変化の結果の継続を表す。
    asserts
  11. kor an が習慣性や反復を表す機能は、動詞の性質に関わらず広く観察される。
    asserts
  12. 限界性のない状態動詞と共起する場合、kor an は習慣性・反復・単純な状態を表し、wa an は単純な状態を表す。
    asserts
  13. 限界性のある状態動詞と共起する場合、kor an は変化の進行過程を表し、wa an は変化の結果の継続を表す。
    asserts
  14. アイヌ語において、アスペクトは基本的に接続助詞 kor および wa と存在動詞 an(複数形 oka(y))が組み合わさった複合述語によって表される。
    reports
  15. アイヌ語の多くの方言において、進行相の kor an と結果相の wa an の間に対立が存在する。
    reports
  16. アイヌ語において相形式の使用は義務的ではない。
    asserts
  17. kor an や wa an が付かない単独の動詞でも、状態や動作の継続を表すことができる。
    asserts
  18. 動詞にkor an、wa an、kane an、hine anが伴う場合、基本的には発話時を基準とした持続性が現れ、この時間的広がりは存在動詞anによって表される。
    asserts
  19. a(完了相)とaan(パーフェクト)の対応関係は、無標動詞(完了相)と[動詞+wa an](変化結果の持続/状態パーフェクト)の対応関係と平行している。
    asserts
  20. kor an および wa an における存在動詞 an は人称接辞を要求する。
    asserts
  21. アイヌ語の相形式において最も明確に見出される対立は、wa an と wa isam の間の対立である。
    asserts
  22. wa an 形式には間接的な結果を表す機能がないため、発話時に結果状態が物理的に現前していない場面では使用できない。
    reports
  23. 沙流および千歳方言の資料において調査された ray wa an(ray wa oka(y) を含む)の計30例はすべて、発話時に死体が存在している場面であった。
    asserts
  24. 沙流および千歳方言における ray wa isam の30例のうち、死体が存在する状況で用いられた例はほとんどなかった。
    asserts
  25. ray-an wa isam-an「私は死んでしまった」という連鎖は、yakun「もし〜なら」などの接続助詞を伴う条件節(非現実節)においてのみ現れる。
    asserts
  26. wa isam は、動作の主語または目的語の消滅・不存在を前提とする事態の完了のみを表すことができる。
    asserts
  27. wa isam は日本語の「〜てしまった」に見られる「残念だ」「後悔」のようなモダリティ的意味を能動的に表すことはない。
    asserts
  28. wa an が状態動詞と共起する場合、状態の一時性の現れは段階的であり、永続的な性質を表すこともある。
    asserts

Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles 1

  1. 助動詞 aan は意味の拡張として新奇性・驚異性(ミラティビティ)を表す。
    asserts

The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan) 14

  1. 補助動詞 a-an は補助動詞 a と存在動詞 an から構成されると考えられており、驚きや感嘆を表すために用いられると見なされてきた。
    reports
  2. 千歳方言の話者である白沢ナベの語りにおいては、aan という形式は稀であり、ほとんど専ら anan という形式が用いられる。
    reports
  3. aan に対応する補助動詞は、静内方言では haw'an、十勝方言では awan、幌別方言では awokay および awan として現れる。
    asserts
  4. 方言形式 anan、awan、haw'an は aan の音韻的変種であり、いずれも動詞 a + 動詞 an という構成をもつと考えられる。
    proposes
  5. 補助動詞 aan は、目の前にある痕跡や伝聞から過去の事態を間接的に確認するために用いられ、間接証拠性とミラティビティを表す。
    asserts
  6. anを含む助動詞aanは、過去と現在にまたがる時間の広がりを示すパーフェクト(完了)を表す。
    asserts
  7. 補助動詞 a のアスペクト的意味は完了相(perfective)であり、発話時の現在から切り離された完結した事態を表すと提案される。
    proposes
  8. 補助動詞 a は直接証拠性を標示し得、当該事態の確信度を強めて後続文との対比を際立たせる効果を持つ(時間の影響を受けない記述においても用いられる)。
    proposes
  9. 助動詞aは意味の拡張として、過去の事態の確信性や想起を表す。
    asserts
  10. 物語において、a が形式名詞 p や接続助詞 korka、wa を伴って文末に現れる場合、場面、話題、あるいは登場人物が転換する境界となる傾向がある。
    asserts
  11. アイヌ語の補助動詞 a は自動詞 a「座る」が文法化した形式であり、先行研究では過去、特に完了を表すと一般に見なされてきた。
    reports
  12. 複数形 rok-oka(沙流、千歳)および rok-okay(千歳、幌別)は、動詞 a の複数形 rok と動詞 an の複数形 oka(y) をそれぞれ反映している。
    asserts
  13. 補助動詞 a と aan は、アスペクトにおいては「完了相(perfective)/パーフェクト(perfect)」、証拠性においては「直接証拠/間接証拠」の対立をなす。
    asserts
  14. アスペクトの観点において、助動詞aは完了相を表し、aanはパーフェクトを表す。
    asserts

Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview 1

  1. アイヌ語において、完了相と未完了相の対立は明確ではない。
    asserts

Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System 2

  1. アイヌ語の語彙そのものには完了相と未完了相の形態的な区別が存在しない。
    asserts
  2. テンスの観点において、助動詞aおよびaanは基本的に過去を表す。
    asserts

Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy 1

  1. アイヌ語の状態動詞は単独で静態的な状態を表すことができるだけでなく、状態変化(「その状態になる」)の意味も持ち、人称接辞を取ることができる。
    asserts

Statements extracted from this source

Each statement is what the source commits to at one place, in normalised wording, with its type, stance and scope; the page number comes from the page footer of the OCR dump. Status tells how far a statement has been checked.

The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect 28

  1. In Ainu, aspect is basically expressed by a compound predicate consisting of the conjunctive particles kor and wa combined with the existential verb an (plural oka(y)).
    アイヌ語において、アスペクトは基本的に接続助詞 kor および wa と存在動詞 an(複数形 oka(y))が組み合わさった複合述語によって表される。
    p. 19.1 form-function reports anchored · anchor 100% ainu kor anwa ankorwaanoka
  2. In many dialects of Ainu, there is an aspectual opposition between progressive kor an and resultant wa an.
    アイヌ語の多くの方言において、進行相の kor an と結果相の wa an の間に対立が存在する。
    p. 19.1 existence reports checked · anchor 100% ainu kor anwa an
  3. Aspectual forms in Ainu are not obligatory in their use.
    アイヌ語において相形式の使用は義務的ではない。
    p. 19.2 distribution asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu
  4. A bare verb alone can express the continuation of a state or action without kor an or wa an.
    kor an や wa an が付かない単独の動詞でも、状態や動作の継続を表すことができる。
    p. 19.2 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu kor anwa an
  5. The existential verb an in the periphrastic forms kor an and wa an requires a personal affix agreeing with the subject.
    kor an および wa an における存在動詞 an は人称接辞を要求する。
    p. 19.2 distribution asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu ankor anwa an
  6. The clearest opposition in Ainu aspectual forms is found between wa an and wa isam.
    アイヌ語の相形式において最も明確に見出される対立は、wa an と wa isam の間の対立である。
    p. 19.2 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu wa anwa isam
  7. The construction wa an cannot be used to express indirect results where the resulting state is not physically manifest at speech time.
    wa an 形式には間接的な結果を表す機能がないため、発話時に結果状態が物理的に現前していない場面では使用できない。
    p. 19.2 absence reports checked · anchor 100% ainu wa an
  8. In Saru and Chitose texts, all 30 examined tokens of ray wa an (including ray wa oka(y)) occurred in situations where a corpse existed at the time of speech.
    沙流および千歳方言の資料において調査された ray wa an(ray wa oka(y) を含む)の計30例はすべて、発話時に死体が存在している場面であった。
    p. 19.2 frequency asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose ray wa anray wa oka
  9. In Saru and Chitose texts, few of the 30 examined tokens of ray wa isam were used in the presence of a corpse.
    沙流および千歳方言における ray wa isam の30例のうち、死体が存在する状況で用いられた例はほとんどなかった。
    p. 19.2 frequency asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose ray wa isam
  10. The sequence ray-an wa isam-an 'I have died' occurs only in conditional (irrealis) clauses with conjunctive particles such as yakun 'if'.
    ray-an wa isam-an「私は死んでしまった」という連鎖は、yakun「もし〜なら」などの接続助詞を伴う条件節(非現実節)においてのみ現れる。
    p. 19.2 distribution asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose ray-an wa isam-anyakun
  11. The construction wa isam can only express the completion of a situation that presupposes the disappearance or nonexistence of the subject or object of the action.
    wa isam は、動作の主語または目的語の消滅・不存在を前提とする事態の完了のみを表すことができる。
    p. 19.2 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu wa isam
  12. The construction wa isam does not actively express modal meanings of regret or misfortune like Japanese -te shimatta.
    wa isam は日本語の「〜てしまった」に見られる「残念だ」「後悔」のようなモダリティ的意味を能動的に表すことはない。
    p. 19.2 absence asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu wa isam
  13. With non-stative action verbs, kor an expresses continuation of action, habituality, and repetition, whereas wa an is basically not used.
    非状態動詞のうち動作動詞において、kor an は動作の継続・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は基本的に用いられない。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kor anwa an
  14. With verbs that express both action and change of state, kor an highlights the action component (expressing continuation of action, habituality, or repetition), whereas wa an highlights the change component (expressing continuation of the result of change).
    動作と状態変化の両方を示す動詞において、kor an は動作性を前面に出して動作の継続・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は変化性を前面に出して変化の結果の継続を表す。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kor anwa an
  15. With change-of-state verbs, kor an expresses the progression of change, habituality, or repetition, whereas wa an expresses the continuation of the result of change.
    状態変化動詞において、kor an は変化の進行・習慣・反復を表し、wa an は変化の結果の継続を表す。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kor anwa an
  16. The function of kor an to express habituality and repetition is widely observed across verbs regardless of their lexical semantic class.
    kor an が習慣性や反復を表す機能は、動詞の性質に関わらず広く観察される。
    p. 19.3 distribution asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kor an
  17. When co-occurring with unbounded stative verbs, kor an denotes habituality, repetition, or a simple state, while wa an denotes a simple state.
    限界性のない状態動詞と共起する場合、kor an は習慣性・反復・単純な状態を表し、wa an は単純な状態を表す。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kor anwa an
  18. When co-occurring with bounded stative verbs, kor an denotes the progressive process of change, while wa an denotes the continuation of the result of change.
    限界性のある状態動詞と共起する場合、kor an は変化の進行過程を表し、wa an は変化の結果の継続を表す。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kor anwa an
  19. When wa an co-occurs with stative verbs, the appearance of temporariness is graded and may express a permanent nature.
    wa an が状態動詞と共起する場合、状態の一時性の現れは段階的であり、永続的な性質を表すこともある。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose wa an
  20. The structure of kane an consists of the conjunctive particle kane and the existential verb an.
    kane an の構造は[接続助詞 kane +存在動詞 an]である。
    p. 19.3 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kane ankanean
  21. When kane an co-occurs with a stative verb, there is almost no semantic contrast with the stative verb used alone, both expressing a constant, simple state.
    kane an が状態動詞と共起する場合、状態動詞が単独で用いられる場合とほとんど意味的対立はなく、両者とも恒常的で単純な状態を示す。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kane an
  22. Kane an basically shows the continuation of the result of a change, but unlike wa an, it tends to actively express an attribute or status of the subject, and the subject's action or state tends to become a metaphor.
    kane an は基本的に変化の結果の継続を表すが、wa an と異なり、主体の属性(ステータス)を積極的に表す傾向があり、主体の動作や状態が何らかの比喩になる傾向がある。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kane anwa an
  23. The structure of hine an consists of the conjunctive particle hine and the existential verb an.
    hine an の構造は[接続助詞 hine +存在動詞 an]である。
    p. 19.3 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose hine anhinean
  24. Verbs that co-occur with hine an tend to be change-of-state verbs, similar to wa an.
    hine an と共起する動詞は、wa an と同様に状態変化動詞である傾向がある。
    p. 19.3 distribution asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose hine anwa an
  25. When hine an co-occurs with action verbs, it does not express aspectual continuation of the action, but only connects the preceding and following clauses.
    hine an が動作動詞と共起する場合、動作の継続というアスペクトを表すのではなく、前後の節を接続することによる外見上の動作継続を示すに過ぎない。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose hine an
  26. Existential aspectual forms in Ainu are forms that may express aspectual meanings, but they are not grammaticalized aspectual forms.
    アイヌ語の存在型相形式は相的な意味を表すことはあっても、文法的な相形式ではない。
    p. 19.5 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu kor anwa ankane anhine an
  27. When verbs are accompanied by kor an, wa an, kane an, or hine an, continuity based on the time of utterance is basically manifested, expressed by the existential verb an.
    動詞にkor an、wa an、kane an、hine anが伴う場合、基本的には発話時を基準とした持続性が現れ、この時間的広がりは存在動詞anによって表される。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu kor anwa ankane anhine anan
  28. The aspectual correspondence between a (perfective) and aan (perfect) is parallel to the correspondence between unmarked verbs (perfective) and verb + wa an (continuation of the result of change / state perfect).
    a(完了相)とaan(パーフェクト)の対応関係は、無標動詞(完了相)と[動詞+wa an](変化結果の持続/状態パーフェクト)の対応関係と平行している。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose aaanwa an

The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan) 14

  1. The auxiliary verb a in Ainu is a grammaticalized form of the intransitive verb a 'to sit' and has commonly been analyzed in previous research as expressing past or perfect.
    アイヌ語の補助動詞 a は自動詞 a「座る」が文法化した形式であり、先行研究では過去、特に完了を表すと一般に見なされてきた。
    p. 19.1 diachrony reports checked · anchor 100% ainu a
  2. The auxiliary verb a-an is composed of the auxiliary verb a plus the existential verb an, and has been considered to express surprise or admiration.
    補助動詞 a-an は補助動詞 a と存在動詞 an から構成されると考えられており、驚きや感嘆を表すために用いられると見なされてきた。
    p. 19.1 analysis reports checked · anchor 100% ainu a-anaan
  3. The auxiliary verb a is proposed to have the aspectual meaning of perfective, expressing a situation that is complete and disconnected from the present time of speech.
    補助動詞 a のアスペクト的意味は完了相(perfective)であり、発話時の現在から切り離された完結した事態を表すと提案される。
    p. 19.4 analysis proposes checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose a
  4. In narratives, when a appears at the end of a sentence with the formal noun p or the conjunctive particles korka or wa, it tends to mark a change of scene, topic, or actor in the story.
    物語において、a が形式名詞 p や接続助詞 korka、wa を伴って文末に現れる場合、場面、話題、あるいは登場人物が転換する境界となる傾向がある。
    p. 19.4 distribution asserts extracted · anchor 83% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose apkorkawa
  5. The auxiliary verb a can mark direct evidentiality, strengthening the certainty of the situation and making a contrast with the following clause stand out even in temporally unaffected statements.
    補助動詞 a は直接証拠性を標示し得、当該事態の確信度を強めて後続文との対比を際立たせる効果を持つ(時間の影響を受けない記述においても用いられる)。
    p. 19.4 form-function proposes anchored · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose a
  6. The auxiliary verb aan is used to indirectly confirm a past event based on physical traces in front of one's eyes or hearsay, expressing indirect evidentiality and mirativity.
    補助動詞 aan は、目の前にある痕跡や伝聞から過去の事態を間接的に確認するために用いられ、間接証拠性とミラティビティを表す。
    p. 19.4 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saru aan
  7. The auxiliary verbs a and aan form a systematic opposition of perfective versus perfect in aspect, and direct evidential versus indirect evidential in evidentiality.
    補助動詞 a と aan は、アスペクトにおいては「完了相(perfective)/パーフェクト(perfect)」、証拠性においては「直接証拠/間接証拠」の対立をなす。
    p. 19.4 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose aaan
  8. In the narratives of Chitose dialect speaker Nabe Shirasawa, the form aan is rare and anan is used almost exclusively.
    千歳方言の話者である白沢ナベの語りにおいては、aan という形式は稀であり、ほとんど専ら anan という形式が用いられる。
    p. 19.4 variation reports checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/chitose aananan
  9. The auxiliary verb corresponding to aan appears as haw'an in the Shizunai dialect, awan in the Tokachi dialect, and awokay and awan in the Horobetsu dialect.
    aan に対応する補助動詞は、静内方言では haw'an、十勝方言では awan、幌別方言では awokay および awan として現れる。
    p. 19.4 variation asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/shizunaihokkaido/central/tokachihokkaido/southwest/horobetsu aanhaw'anawanawokay
  10. Plural forms rok-oka (Saru, Chitose) and rok-okay (Chitose, Horobetsu) reflect the plural rok of the verb a and the plural oka(y) of the verb an.
    複数形 rok-oka(沙流、千歳)および rok-okay(千歳、幌別)は、動詞 a の複数形 rok と動詞 an の複数形 oka(y) をそれぞれ反映している。
    p. 19.4 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitosehokkaido/southwest/horobetsu rok-okarok-okayrokaokaokayan
  11. The dialectal forms anan, awan, and haw'an are phonological variants of aan, all having the underlying construction of verb a plus verb an.
    方言形式 anan、awan、haw'an は aan の音韻的変種であり、いずれも動詞 a + 動詞 an という構成をもつと考えられる。
    p. 19.4 analysis proposes checked · anchor 100% hokkaido aanananawanhaw'anaan
  12. The auxiliary verb aan, which contains an, expresses perfect aspect, indicating an expansion of time spanning the past and the present.
    anを含む助動詞aanは、過去と現在にまたがる時間の広がりを示すパーフェクト(完了)を表す。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose aanan
  13. In terms of aspect, the auxiliary verb a expresses perfective aspect, whereas aan expresses perfect aspect.
    アスペクトの観点において、助動詞aは完了相を表し、aanはパーフェクトを表す。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose aaan
  14. As an extension of its meaning, the auxiliary verb a denotes certainty or recall of a past situation.
    助動詞aは意味の拡張として、過去の事態の確信性や想起を表す。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose a

Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy 1

  1. Stative verbs in Ainu can express static states by themselves, but they can also convey inchoative change of state ('become [that state]') and can take personal affixes.
    アイヌ語の状態動詞は単独で静態的な状態を表すことができるだけでなく、状態変化(「その状態になる」)の意味も持ち、人称接辞を取ることができる。
    p. 19.2 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu

Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System 2

  1. The Ainu verb lexicon has no morphological distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects.
    アイヌ語の語彙そのものには完了相と未完了相の形態的な区別が存在しない。
    p. 19.2 absence asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu
  2. In terms of tense, the auxiliary verbs a and aan basically express past tense.
    テンスの観点において、助動詞aおよびaanは基本的に過去を表す。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose aaan

The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an 1

  1. The kane an construction can become fixed as a conventional phrase and exhibit an adjective-like function.
    kane an 構文は慣用句として固定化し、形容詞的な機能を示すことがある。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose kane an

The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses 1

  1. The expressions ne hine an and ne wa an have no aspectual meaning.
    ne hine an および ne wa an という表現にはアスペクト的な意味はない。
    p. 19.3 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose ne hine anne wa an

Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview 1

  1. In Ainu, the opposition between perfective and imperfective aspects is unclear.
    アイヌ語において、完了相と未完了相の対立は明確ではない。
    p. 19.5 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu

The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema 1

  1. In terms of evidentiality, the auxiliary verb a indicates direct evidence, whereas aan indicates indirect evidence.
    証拠性の観点において、助動詞aは直接証拠を示し、aanは間接証拠に用いられる。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose aaan

Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles 1

  1. As an extension of its meaning, the auxiliary verb aan denotes mirativity.
    助動詞aanは意味の拡張として、新奇性・驚異性(ミラティビティ)を表す。
    p. 19.5 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose aan

Chapters citing this source

Sentences of the first edition citing this source

  1. Both animate and inanimate subjects appear with them: a single verb covers the domain that Japanese divides between いる (animate) and ある (inanimate), so that 'there is a big house' and 'a person is there' are expressed by the same predicate ; ; . 629–630 Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)
  2. Yoshikawa documents these for the Saru and Chitose dialects and notes that an in these constructions retains its concrete existential value — it requires a personal affix and participates in subject-number agreement, distinguishing it from a fully grammaticalized auxiliary ; . 629 Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)
  3. Takahashi states the point for the modern reference literature: aspect and evidentiality are not obligatory grammatical categories in Ainu, and the perfective/imperfective opposition is not fixed either lexically or grammatically ; . no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  4. Nakagawa accordingly treats kor an and wa an not as aspect proper but as forms that express aspect-like meaning, and Yoshikawa develops the same point under the cover term "existential aspectual forms": the existential an here is less grammaticalized than Japanese iru/aru and keeps its concrete existential sense ; ‹contested›. no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  5. Nakagawa divides the lexicon into action, change, and stative verbs, a division that aligns with the actional classes Takahashi and Yoshikawa use; derivational Aktionsart suffixes on (often onomatopoeic) roots, such as -kosanu 'happen once, briefly' or -natara 'persist', add a lexically restricted second layer ; ; . no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  6. Yoshikawa groups these with wa an and kor an as existential aspectual forms — forms that may express aspectual meanings without being grammatical aspect . no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  7. The Kindaichi–Tamura tradition reads it as perfective or past; Bugaeva and Satō read an actional perfect that, on Satō's account, cannot combine with a negative and so leaves the stative perfect to wa an; Nakagawa, following Yoshikawa, denies it is tense or aspect at all, taking it to mark an event set in contrast to a following one; and Yoshikawa's handbook chapter analyses it as perfective with a direct-evidential, witnessed-reminiscence component ; ; ; ‹contested›. no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  8. It signals that, at some reference point, the speaker recognizes after the fact what an earlier situation was, often with surprise; Yoshikawa analyses it as perfect plus indirect evidentiality, with mirativity as an extension, where a is perfective plus direct evidentiality, the two echoing the direct/indirect past of Classical Japanese ki and keri ; . no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  9. The singular surface forms vary by locality — anan in Chitose, awan in Horobetsu and Tokachi, haw'an in Shizunai — and Yoshikawa grants that some invite alternative segmentations, so the unified a + an etymology rests on the plural rather than on every singular form ; ‹contested›. no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  10. The perfective a has been analysed as direct evidential, aan as indirect-evidential and mirative, and the situational siri frame anchors a visible ongoing event in present time ; . no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
  11. Takahashi adds that even aspect and evidentiality are not obligatory grammatical categories in Ainu ; Yoshikawa reports that a clear perfective–imperfective opposition is absent both lexically and grammatically . no page Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System
  12. Nakagawa, following Yoshikawa's reanalysis, denies that a encodes tense or aspect at all, taking it to mark an event set in contrast to what follows rather than to locate that event in past time ; ‹contested›. no page Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System
  13. A story-world frame established at the opening locates subsequent bare verbs as past without any overt marker; transitions in scene or topic are often marked by the completive a, which places the preceding event in the background before the shift ; . no page Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System
  14. The system as a whole confirms that the absence of tense is a primary fact about the language rather than a surface disguise for a covert category ; ; . no page Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System
  15. Yoshikawa develops the same point under the cover term existential aspectual forms (存在型アスペクト形式): an here is less grammaticalized than Japanese いる/ある, retaining its concrete existential sense, and the cline from lexical existential to aspectual auxiliary has advanced without reaching obligatory inflectional morphology ; ‹contested›. no page The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect
  16. Yoshikawa adds a structural caution: for these verbs, the line between "continuation of an aspectual relation" and "a coincidental co-occurrence of two situations" is genuinely unclear, and the ambiguity is part of the broader argument that these constructions occupy a gradient between clause chaining and grammaticalized aspect ‹contested›. no page The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect
  17. Third, aspect is not an obligatory grammatical category in Ainu: the constructions can be omitted without ungrammaticality, unlike the obligatory aspect marking of heavily aspect-marking languages ; . no page The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect
  18. Yoshikawa groups kor an, wa an, kane an, and hine an under the cover term existential aspectual forms, all tracing to the same grammaticalization source in the lexical existential an, with individual varieties positioned at different points along the cline ; . no page The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect
  19. Both are grammaticalized forms of the suppletive intransitive verb pair a / rok 'sit (SG/PL)', and they retain the number-sensitivity of that source pair: a appears when the clause subject is singular, rok when it is plural ; ; . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  20. What a marks is genuinely disputed, and the five positions in circulation represent substantive rather than merely terminological disagreements ; ; ‹contested›. no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  21. Their limitation surfaces in what Yoshikawa calls "exceptional a": time-invariant constants and self-evident truths on which a appears but a past reading is unmotivated, pointing toward a non-temporal account . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  22. Yoshikawa explicitly acknowledges that the analysis rests heavily on fourth-person narrative data, with few third-person-subject examples, and he marks the evidential dimension as warranting further investigation ‹contested›. no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  23. An event marked as the speaker's directly witnessed background is precisely the configuration that both accounts predict ; ‹speculative›. no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  24. The pattern [event] a p (perfective + nominalizer) or [event] a korka recurrently marks the point at which the scene, topic, or acting participant changes ; . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  25. All major analyses decompose the form as a (perfective auxiliary) + an (existential 'exist') ; ; . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  26. The strongest morphological argument is the plural: rok-oka(y) pairs the plural of a with the plural of an, exactly as [a+an] predicts . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  27. Yoshikawa grants that several singular dialect forms admit competing segmentations — anan (Chitose) invites [an+an], while haw'an / awan (Shizunai, Tokachi, Horobetsu) invite [haw+an] — so the unified etymology rests on the plural form rather than on every singular surface shape ‹contested›. no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  28. Sources: ; ; . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  29. Yoshikawa integrates both under perfect aspect plus indirect evidentiality, with mirativity as a contextual extension: the speaker asserts a past event known only via inference or retrospective access, and the unexpected discovery of that fact yields the surprise reading ; . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  30. Yoshikawa's most productive contribution is treating a and aan as a paradigmatic pair along two simultaneous parameters ; : no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  31. The structural parallel between a+an and Classical Japanese き+あり > けり provides an independent argument for the [a+an] etymology: both pairs decompose the indirect-past into a direct-past base plus an existential, and both the direct and indirect members share a perfective component ; . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
  32. Yoshikawa groups all of them with kor an and wa an under the cover term 「存在型アスペクト」, existential aspectual forms — constructions that may express aspectual meanings without constituting a grammatical aspect category in the strict sense ; . no page The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an
  33. Yoshikawa, whose existential aspectual forms group includes kor an, wa an, kane an, and hine an, does not list siran among them; the progressive reading is a pragmatic inference from the evidential value rather than an independent category . no page The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an
  34. Its aspectual behaviour differs in that it is unconstrained by verb class: it accepts action verbs (progressive reading) and change-of-state verbs (resultative reading) equally, merging the two values into a single durative continuative ; ; . no page The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an
  35. Yoshikawa lists it among the Saru–Chitose existential aspectual forms; Chiri's gloss '…hine an = be …-ing' applies the durative label to it ; . no page The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an
  36. They are 'forms that may express aspectual meanings but are not grammatical aspectual forms' . no page The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an