Knowledge base · Part XIV — Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality
109. Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System
How does a language without grammatical tense express temporal location?
文法上の時制がない言語は、時間的な位置をどのように表現するのか?
Hokkaido Ainu lacks a grammatical tense category; temporal location is inferred from aspect, discourse anchoring, and temporal adverbs.
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Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Satō 2008 | 38 | 21 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 32 | 10 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 16 | 9 | |
| Yoshikawa 2022 | 8 | 4 | 2 |
| Murasaki 2025 | 7 | 4 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 7 | 5 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 4 | 1 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 3 | ||
| Bugaeva 2008 | 3 | 2 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bybee et al. 1994 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2014 | 2 | 1 | |
| Takahashi 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2006b | 1 | ||
| Comrie 1976 | 1 | 1 | |
| Biratori Ainu oral literature 1969 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×12
- Index of Subjects ×6
- The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan) ×3
- Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis ×3
- Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview ×2
- The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect ×1
- siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential ×1
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×1
- Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives ×1
Forms mentioned
a 7kor an 3rok 2wa an 2kusu ne 2numan 1nisatta 1siri 1siri ne 1nisa 1wa isam 1wa okere 1oasi 1etokus 1etokoyki 1nankor 1nisatta … nankor 1kusu 1ne 1kusune 1an 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The absence of a tense category 11 claims ·9 sentences
Does the language have a grammatical tense category marked on verbs?
- Past, present, and future tenses are not morphologically marked on the verb in Ainu.アイヌ語の動詞には過去・現在・未来の時制が形態的に表示されない。asserts nakagawa2024, refsing1986, sato2008
- nakagawa2024:124 asserts checked
- refsing1986:191 asserts checked
- sato2008:9 asserts checked
- supports: Ainu lacks the grammatical category of tense.— Absence of morphological tense marking on the verb supports the absence of a grammatical tense category.
- Ainu lacks the grammatical category of tense.アイヌ語には時制という文法範疇が存在しない。asserts refsing1986, sato2008
- refsing1986:46 asserts checked
- sato2008:365 asserts checked
- Ainu verbs have no pure tense markers.アイヌ語の動詞には純粋な時制標識が存在しない。asserts bugaeva2012, bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2012:492–493 asserts checked
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): Past, present, and future tenses are not morphologically marked on the verb in Ainu.— Restricts the absence of pure tense markers specifically to verbs in Southwest Hokkaido.
- In Ainu, there is no form that actively indicates tense, and the bare verb form can express that the action is certain, whether in the present or in the past.アイヌ語には積極的に時制を表示する形式はなく、動詞の裸の形は表される行為が確定的なことを現在でも過去でも表すことができる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:23 asserts checked
- The zero auxiliary verb φ expresses past tense or habitual action ('did, always does').ゼロ助動詞 φ は《~た、いつも~する》を表す。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:93 asserts checked
- Ainu lacks the grammatical category of tense and does not locate utterances on a linear time concept, meaning forms like oman signify only the verbal concept in connection with person without inherently expressing past or present tense.アイヌ語には時制の文法範疇が存在せず、線形的な時間概念に関与しないため、omanのような形は過去時制でも現在時制でもなく、単に三人称に関連した「行く」という概念を表しているにすぎない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Ainu verbs such as 'apkas' can be translated with either present or past tense meaning depending on context, as tense is determined by the situation and context.apkas のような動詞は現在の意味にも過去の意味にも訳すことができ,どちらが適切かは実際の状況や前後の文脈によって決まる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:18 asserts anchored
- Ainu verbs do not inflect for tense, so whether a relative clause refers to present/future or past action is determined by context.アイヌ語の動詞は時制による変化を行わないので、連体修飾節が現在・未来か過去かは文脈によって判断する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:169 asserts checked
- The marking of past, present, and future is not obligatory in Ainu, so tense often cannot be determined from the verb form alone.アイヌ語では過去,現在,未来の表示は義務的ではなく,動詞の形を見ただけでは時間的判断がつかない場合が少なくない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:184 asserts checked
- The Ainu verbal system does not possess any affix marking tense, and makes no distinction comparable to present versus past in English.アイヌ語の動詞体系には時制を表示する接辞は一切存在せず、英語のような現在と過去の区別も持たない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- The simple verb form in Ainu refers to events irrespective of their time in relation to the time of utterance.アイヌ語の単純動詞形は、発話時との時間的関係に関わりなく事象を指示する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
The tenselessness debate and the status of a 3 claims ·11 sentences
Is the language debated as having covert tense or being radically tenseless?
- Kindaichi asserts that the Ainu language makes no temporal distinctions, expressing everything in the past tense.金田一は、アイヌ語は時間的区別を行わず、すべてを過去形で表現すると述べている。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports checked
- Chiri argues for Sakhalin Ainu that only non-stative verbs require translation as past tense when isolated in direct mood, while stative verbs should be translated as present progressive.知里は樺太方言において、直接法で単独で述語となる場合、非持続態動詞のみが過去形と訳されるべきであり、持続態の動詞は現在進行形(〜ている)と訳されるべきであると指摘している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports anchored
- In terms of tense, the auxiliary verbs a and aan basically express past tense.テンスの観点において、助動詞aおよびaanは基本的に過去を表す。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.5 asserts checked
Temporal adverbs and discourse anchoring 16 claims ·7 sentences· 2 examples
How do temporal adverbs and discourse context anchor time reference?
- In semi-direct reported discourse, lexical expressions of temporal deixis do not undergo a deictic shift.半直接話法において、時間直示を表す語彙表現は直示シフトを起こさない。asserts bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2008 asserts checked
- To state a fact that occurred in the past, one can use the bare verb together with a time adverb indicating past time, and the bare verb can also be used for habitual actions.過去に起こった事実を述べる時は過去を表す時の副詞などを添えて動詞をそのまま使えばよく、また習慣的な行為にも動詞をそのまま使える。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:23 asserts checked
- In Ainu, temporal relations relative to the speech time can be indicated using time adverbs, expressions of volition or necessity for the future, sentence-final phrases for the present, and forms expressing completion for the past.アイヌ語では発話時点との時間関係を示す手段として、時間副詞を使うこと、未来を表すのに意志や必然性を表す形式を使うこと、現在を表すのに文末句を使うこと、過去を表すのに完了を表す形式を使うことがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:434 asserts checked
- Points in time can be directly expressed using adverbs that express temporal relations, such as numan 'yesterday' or nisatta 'tomorrow'.numan「昨日」や nisatta「明日」といった時間関係を表す副詞を使って、時点を直接表すことができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:434 asserts checked
- Without a time adverb like numan 'yesterday' or nisatta 'tomorrow', the same clause can be understood as either future or past depending on context.numan「昨日」や nisatta「明日」といった副詞を入れない場合、文脈次第でこれから行う(未来)可能性や、すでに済ませてしまった(過去)話になりえる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:435 asserts checked
- The morpheme nisa is not found in the Shizunai dialect.形態素nisaは静内方言には見られない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:46 asserts checked
- The adverb tane centers on 'right now' but encompasses a relatively wide span of 'now', including a little before and a little after the present.副詞 tane は「今現在」を軸としつつも,「今より少し前」や「今より少し後」を含めた,比較的幅広い「今」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:186 asserts checked
- The adverb tap appears to be used only for immediate past events occurring a little before the present.副詞 tap は,「今より少し前」の直近の過去の出来事に限って用いられるようである。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:186 asserts checked
- The form tap is used in the fixed expressions tap oro wano and tap oro wa un with the meaning 'after that' (after a reference point in the past).tap は tap oro wano や tap oro wa un という決まった表現で用いられて,「それから」(過去の基準点以後)という意味を表すことがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:186 asserts checked
- The form tap can combine with other adverbs such as tane, tanto, and núman to express meanings like 'just now', 'having just ... today', or 'just yesterday'.tap は tap tane, tap tanto, tap núman のように他の副詞と組み合わされて「つい今しがた」,「今日〜したばかり」,「つい昨日」のような意味を表すことがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:186 asserts checked
- The adverb ésir means 'a little while ago' or 'just before'.副詞 ésir は「さっき」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:186 asserts checked
- The adverb teta means 'the other day'.副詞 teta は「この間」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:186 asserts checked
- The temporal noun/adverb teeta means 'long ago' or 'in the past'.時間名詞/副詞 teeta は「昔」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:186 asserts checked
- The temporal adverb tanto means 'today'.時間副詞 tanto は「今日」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:187 asserts checked
- The temporal adverb núman means 'yesterday'.時間副詞 núman は「昨日」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:187 asserts checked
- The temporal adverb nisatta means 'tomorrow'.時間副詞 nisatta は「明日」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:187 asserts checked
Aspect and completion forms as temporal anchors 4 claims ·8 sentences· 2 examples
How do aspectual and evidential forms contribute to temporal interpretation?
- An event that has already occurred before a certain reference point can be expressed using auxiliaries such as a and nisa, or auxiliary verb constructions such as wa isam and wa okere.ある時点以前にすでに起こってしまったことを表すには、a、nisa などの助動詞や、wa isam、wa okere などの補助動詞形式を使うやり方がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:436 asserts checked
- The auxiliary nisa indicates that an event has already been realized, thereby indicating relative past when anchored to the speech time.nisa はそれがすでに実現してしまったことであることを表わす助動詞であり、発話時点より前に起こったことであることが示される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:436 asserts anchored
- Forms like a, nisa, and wa okere are fundamentally aspectual rather than temporal; they express past time only when used in clauses oriented to the present speech time, and in other contexts they do not necessarily refer to past events.a、nisa、wa okere などの形式は本来的にアスペクトに関わるもので時制を表す形式ではないため、現在の発話時点を基準にした文の中で使われれば過去を表すが、文脈次第では過去のことを指しているわけではない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:436 asserts checked
- The Ainu verb lexicon has no morphological distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects.アイヌ語の語彙そのものには完了相と未完了相の形態的な区別が存在しない。asserts yoshikawa2022
- yoshikawa2022:19.2 asserts checked
Prospective and future reference 1 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language express future reference without a future tense?
- Future events that have not yet occurred can be expressed by auxiliary-like forms expressing volition or necessity, such as kus(u) ne 'intend to', oasi 'will surely', etokus 'intend to / seem about to', and etokoyki 'be preparing to'.kus(u) ne「〜するつもりだ」、oasi「きっと〜する」、etokus「〜するつもりだ、〜しそうだ」、etokoyki「〜する用意をしている」などの助動詞的な形式によって、まだ事態が成立していない未来に起こることを表すことができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:435 asserts checked
Typological placement 7 sentences
How do tenseless languages typologically compare to tense-marking languages?