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Bybee et al. 1994

Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca (1994). The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

typological-framework general

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1. In the terms of aspectual typology and the grammaticalization of tense–aspect–mood, the system uses optional analytic operators where an inflecting language would use bound morphology ; . no page Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview
2. Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca, surveying tense, aspect, and modality across 76 languages, find that many languages mark temporal reference optionally or through aspect alone, encoding it in the same formal position as mood and evidentiality rather than through a dedicated tense paradigm . no page Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System
3. The system as a whole confirms that the absence of tense is a primary fact about the language rather than a surface disguise for a covert category ; ; . no page Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System
4. Yoshikawa develops the same point under the cover term existential aspectual forms (存在型アスペクト形式): an here is less grammaticalized than Japanese いる/ある, retaining its concrete existential sense, and the cline from lexical existential to aspectual auxiliary has advanced without reaching obligatory inflectional morphology ; ‹contested›. no page The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect
5. The cross-linguistic grammaticalization of an existential or locative verb into a progressive or resultative auxiliary is well-attested typologically ; . no page The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect
6. The grammaticalization source a / rok 'sit' fits a cross-linguistic cline in which posture verbs grammaticalize into aspect markers via a resultant-state intermediate . no page The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)
7. All the forms in this chapter share a grammaticalization path: a conjunction (kane, hine, kan, tek) or a sensory noun (sir) links a lexical verb to the existential an, and the compound develops an ongoing-state reading from the literal meaning 'the state of V-ing exists' . no page The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an
8. Together these resources — kor an with frequentative context, ranke, and event-plural pa — occupy the space that a dedicated habitual morpheme fills in languages where habituality is morphologically distinct from aspect ; . no page Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect
9. The pattern of suppletive ability lexemes — a positive predicate paired with a dedicated negative rather than a negated positive — is typologically widespread and consistent with the tendency for high-frequency ability expressions to lexicalize negation directly . no page Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)
10. Across the typological literature on grammaticalization, the path from lexical verb to modal auxiliary is well documented, and in Ainu most of these forms retain visible lexical identities in the auxiliary set . no page Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis