112. The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an

The continuative field in overview 1 claims ·4 sentences

What range of continuative constructions does Hokkaido Ainu use to express ongoing states?

1. The particles kane, kane-an, and kane-okai express durative aspect.
   kane, kane-an, kane-okai は持続態（durative）を表す。
   form-function ainu generic kanekane-ankane-okai
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked

siran — the appearance-based continuative 2 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples

How does the noun-based predicate siran function as an appearance-based continuative?

1. shiri-an (plural shiri-okai) expresses a question or an exclamation.
   shiri-an（複数形 shiri-okai）は疑問あるいは感嘆の意を表す。
   form-function shiri-anshiri-okai
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. 'síran' means 'it seems that' or 'it is in a situation of'.
   síran は「〜ようだ, 〜の状況だ」を意味する。
   form-function hokkaido generic síran
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:57 asserts checked

The aspect–evidential boundary 1 claims ·9 sentences

How does Hokkaido Ainu blur the boundary between continuative aspect and evidentiality in siran?

1. The uncompleted aspect indicates simultaneity between a process and the temporal frame maintained by the speaker.
   未完結アスペクト（uncompleted aspect）は、プロセスと話者が維持する時間枠との同時性を示す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked

kane an — the merged durative 7 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples

How does the kane an construction merge progressive and resultative readings into a single durative?

1. The restrictive postposition patek can be interpolated between kane and an to express concentration upon performing only one action.
   限定の後置詞 patek は kane と an の間に挿入することができ、一つの動作に専念することを表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal patekkanean
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
2. When kane or kan is followed by an (or siran) as a grammatical aspect marker, it often expresses a resulting state.
   kane も kan も、後ろに an (siran も含む) が来る場合には、文法的アスペクトとして結果の状態を表す場合も多い。
   form-function hokkaido generic kanekanansiran
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:343 asserts checked
3. Aspectually, kane an corresponds to both wa an and kor an, expressing both continuation of an action and a resultant state.
   kane an はアスペクト的には wa an にも kor an にも相当し、動作の継続を表すのにも結果状態を表すのにも使われる。
   form-function hokkaido generic kane an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:446 asserts checked
4. kan an may be pronounced with a break as kan 'an or connected as kanan.
   kan an は kan 'an のように切って発音されることも、kanan のようにつなげて発音されることもある。
   alternation hokkaido generic kan ankan 'ankanan
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:448 asserts checked
5. When a verb expression with kane an or kane oka, or with wa an or wa oka, has a pronominal subject affix, the affix is usually carried by both the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
   kane an／oka や wa an／oka を伴う動詞表現が主語の人称接辞をとる場合、本動詞だけでなく補助動詞にも通常その接辞が付される。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually kane ankane okawa anwa oka
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
6. Kane is also used in the analytically constructed auxiliary for the uncompleted aspect.
   kane は未完了相の分析的助動詞構文においても用いられる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kane
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:251 asserts checked
7. The kane an construction can become fixed as a conventional phrase and exhibit an adjective-like function.
   kane an 構文は慣用句として固定化し、形容詞的な機能を示すことがある。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose exists kane an
   asserts yoshikawa2022
   • yoshikawa2022:19.3 asserts checked

hine an, kan an, and tek an — further dialect variants 14 claims ·6 sentences· 2 examples

What are the dialect variants hine an, kan an, and tek an, and how do they express resultative durative?

1. In dialects such as Saru, kor an corresponds in aspectual function to Shizunai kane an, with kor serving as the contemporal conjunctionalizer instead of kane.
   沙流などの他方言では、静内方言の kane an に対応する機能として kor an が用いられ、同時的接続詞も kane ではなく kor が対応する。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal kor ankane ankorkane
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986 reports checked
   • refsing1986 reports checked
2. In Saru Ainu, the auxiliary kane ('doing such a thing as...') is frequently used in hyperbolic or extraordinary expressions.
   沙流方言において助動詞としての kane は、「〜などということをしている」という意味で、通常とは異なる誇張された表現で用いられることが多い。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru usually kane
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:308 asserts checked
3. In Saru and Chitose dialects, kane an often adds a nuance of something noteworthy or remarkable compared to kor an or wa an.
   沙流・千歳方言では、kane an は kor an や wa an と比べて「何か特筆すべき状況」というニュアンスが加わっているケースが多い。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose usually kane an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:446 asserts checked
4. In Shizunai and Samani dialects, kane an does not particularly express a noteworthy situation, and is often used in contexts where Saru and Chitose dialects would use wa an or kor an.
   静内方言や様似方言では、kane an は特筆すべき状況を特に表しておらず、沙流方言や千歳方言なら wa an や kor an を使う場面で多く用いられる。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunaihokkaido/southwest/samani usually kane an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:447 asserts checked
5. Okuda (1995) states that in Shizunai dialect kane an expresses an ongoing process or a habitually realized state.
   奥田 (1995) は静内方言の kane an について「前件が進行しつつある過程あるいは習慣的に実現する状態を表す」としている。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic kane an
   reports nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:447 reports checked
6. Yoshikawa (2023) points out that in Shizunai dialect kane an can also express the continuation of the result of a change.
   吉川 (2023) は静内方言において kane an が「変化の結果継続を表しているような例」も見られると指摘している。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists kane an
   reports nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:447 reports checked
7. In Ishikari and Horobetsu dialects, kane an is used more frequently corresponding to wa an (resultant state) than corresponding to kor an (action in progress).
   石狩方言や幌別方言では、kane an は動作・行為が進行中であることを表す kor an に相当する例よりも、結果の状態を表す wa an に相当する例の方が多いようである。
   variation hokkaido/central/ishikarihokkaido/southwest/horobetsu usually kane an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:447 asserts checked
8. In Tokachi and Ishikari dialects, kan an is frequently used to express continuation of action or a resultant state.
   十勝方言や石狩方言では kan an という形が、動作の継続や結果状態を表すのに多用される。
   form-function hokkaido/central/tokachihokkaido/central/ishikari generic kan an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:448 asserts checked
9. Tokachi dialect tends to use kan an to express continuation of action, whereas Ishikari dialect mostly uses it for resultant states.
   十勝方言では kan an を動作の継続を表すのに使う傾向が大きく、石狩方言ではもっぱら結果状態を表すことが多い。
   variation hokkaido/central/tokachihokkaido/central/ishikari usually kan an
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:448 asserts checked
10. Tokachi dialect has the construction tek an, which mainly expresses the resultant state of change verbs, like wa an in Saru dialect.
    十勝方言には tek an という形式があり、沙流方言などの wa an と同じように、変化動詞の結果の状態をおもに表す。
    form-function hokkaido/central/tokachi generic tek an
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:448 asserts checked
11. Kirikae (1996) glosses tek an in Tokachi dialect as '...shite iru (state)'.
    切替 (1996) では、十勝方言の tek an は「…している (状態)」とされている。
    form-function hokkaido/central/tokachi generic tek an
    reports nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:448 reports checked
12. In Tokachi dialect, wa an is also frequently used, and can be used in almost the same situations as tek an, with no clear difference identified at present.
    十勝方言では wa an も多用され、tek an とほぼ同じような状況で使うことができ、両者の違いは今のところ明確ではない。
    distribution hokkaido/central/tokachi usually tek anwa an
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:449 asserts checked
13. In Tokachi dialect, tek an is also used to express states of relatively long duration.
    十勝方言の tek an は、時間的に比較的長い間の状態を表すのにも使われている。
    form-function hokkaido/central/tokachi exists tek an
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:449 asserts anchored
14. Several dialects east of Shizunai use kane or kan both for the continuation of an action and for a sustained state.
    静内以東のいくつかの地域の方言では、動作の継続と状態の持続の双方に kane または kan を用いる。
    form-function hokkaido usually kanekan
    asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
    • nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked

The Tokachi first-person restriction on kor an 6 sentences

What is the first-person restriction on kor an in Tokachi, and how does kan an fill the gap?

Grammaticalization and the degree of aspect 1 claims ·8 sentences

What grammaticalization path do these continuative forms follow, from conjunction or noun to ongoing-state reading?

1. Sato (2002) considers kane to have basically been a degree conjunctive particle indicating reaching a standard, which in Shizunai and Samani dialects lost the meaning of degree and became established as an imperfective aspect form marking mere simultaneity.
   佐藤 (2002) によると、kane は基本的に到達点を示す「程度」の接続助詞のようなものであったが、静内方言や様似方言では程度の意味を失って単なる同時性を示す未完了のアスペクト形式として定着したとされる。
   analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunaihokkaido/southwest/samani generic kanekane an
   reports nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:447 reports checked