113. Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect

Phasal and iterative strategies in the auxiliary system 2 claims ·7 sentences

What strategies mark phasal and iterative aspect in the auxiliary system?

1. Aspectual auxiliaries do not take personal affixes.
   アスペクト補助動詞は人称接辞を取らない。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 asserts checked
2. Aspectual complex predicates are also formed by combinations of conjunctive particles and verbs such as oman 'go', ek 'come', okere 'end', and isam 'not exist'.
   接続助詞と oman「行く」、ek「来る」、okere「終える」、isam「ない」などの動詞との組み合わせも、アスペクトに関わる複合述語として見られる。
   form-function ainu exists omanekokereisam
   asserts takahashi2022
   • takahashi2022:18.2 asserts checked

Completive aspect: wa isam and wa okere 23 claims ·11 sentences· 4 examples

How is completive aspect expressed with wa isam and wa okere?

1. In Sakhalin Ainu, the auxiliary verb hemaka expresses completive aspect, cessation, or doing completely ('finish doing, end up doing, stop doing').
   樺太アイヌ語において、助動詞 hemaka は動作の完了・終了・ cessation（「〜しおわる、〜してしまう、〜やむ」）を表す。
   form-function sakhalin all hemaka
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:36 asserts checked
   • murasaki2025:44 asserts checked
   • murasaki2025:69 asserts checked
   • murasaki2025:94 asserts checked
2. The completed aspect is marked by the verb okere (singular) / okerpa (plural) 'finish'.
   達成相・完了相は動詞 okere（単数）/ okerpa（複数）「終える」によって標示される。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all okereokerpa
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:195 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
3. The conjunctionalizer wa usually precedes okere, but okere can also attach directly to the main verb.
   通常は接続辞 wa が okere に先行するが、okere が本動詞に直接付接することもある。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai most waokere
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:195 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
4. The idiomatic construction wa isam means 'to end up doing' and is typically preceded by verbs of separation, death, destruction, or disappearance.
   熟語的表現 wa isam は「〜してしまう」という意味を表し、通例「離脱、死亡、破壊、消失」などの動詞に後続する。
   form-function ainu all wa isam
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:342 asserts checked
   • sato2008:356 asserts checked
5. The word oar 'completely' can be inserted into wa isam to form wa oar isam.
   wa isam に副詞 oar「完全に」が挿入されて wa oar isam となることがある。
   distribution ainu some wa isamoarwa oar isam
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:342 asserts checked
   • sato2008:358 asserts checked
6. The pair verb construction wa isam expresses perfective aspect.
   ペア動詞構文 wa isam は完了相（「〜してしまう」）を表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest generic wa isam
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:494–495 asserts checked
7. In Sakhalin Ainu, the construction wa isam following a notional verb encodes conclusive aspect.
   樺太アイヌ語において、概念動詞に後続する wa isam 構文は完了的終結相（conclusive aspect）を標示する。
   form-function sakhalin all wa isam
   asserts bugaeva2022
   • bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts anchored
8. The particle sequence wa-isam expresses perfective aspect.
   wa-isam は完了態（perfective）を表す。
   form-function ainu generic wa-isam
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
9. The verb (wa-)okere expresses perfective aspect ('finish doing').
   (wa-)okere は完了態（perfective）を表す。
   form-function ainu generic (wa-)okereokere
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
10. Refsing distinguishes between wa isam as expressing perfective aspect and wa okere as expressing completed aspect, whereas Chiri places both under perfective aspect (kanryōtai).
    知里が wa isam と wa okere の双方を「完了態」に含めるのに対し、レフシングは前者を完了相（perfective aspect）、後者を終了相（completed aspect）として区別する。
    analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic wa isamwa okere
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:32 asserts checked
11. The perfective aspect describes a process completed within the temporal framework established by the speaker, used when the process is completed by exhausting its possibilities for continuation or has resulted in the disappearance of the subject (with intransitive verbs) or the object (with transitive verbs).
    完了相（perfective aspect）は、話者が設定した時間的枠組みの中で完了した過程を表し、継続の可能性を使い果たして完了した場合や、自動詞で主語が、他動詞で目的語が消滅した結果をもたらした場合に用いられる。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic wa isam
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:192 asserts checked
12. The perfective aspect is formed by combining the coordinative conjunctionalizer wa with the intransitive verb isam 'not be / be gone'.
    完了相（perfective aspect）を示す形式は、等位接続辞 wa と自動詞 isam「ない／なくなる」を組み合わせることによって作られる。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all waisam
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:192 asserts checked
13. The completed aspect describes an action as having achieved completion according to a planned course (and indicating achievement of the desired result if one is implied), or indicates that an event ran its course or a state was achieved completely and according to expectation.
    達成相（completed aspect）は、動作が計画通りの過程に従って完了を達成したこと（結果が含意される場合は所望の結果が達成されたこと）、あるいは出来事がその推移を辿り終えたか状態が期待通り完全に達成されたことを表す。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic okereokerpa
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:195 asserts checked
14. The perfective wa isam emphasizes the disappearance of an entity as a result of an action, whereas the completed wa okere emphasizes the completion of the action itself.
    完了相 wa isam は動作の結果としての存在物の消滅を強調するのに対し、達成相 wa okere は動作自体の完了を強調する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic wa isamwa okere
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:195 asserts checked
15. The auxiliary okere expresses doing something completely or ending up doing something.
    助動詞 okere は「〜してしまう」という意味を表す。
    form-function hokkaido generic okere
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:85 asserts checked
16. The auxiliary phrase wa (oar) isam means 'to end up doing completely' and is used in expressions denoting the damage, breakage, or disappearance of an object.
    助動詞的連語 wa (oar) isam は「〜してしまう」という意味を表し、対象の破損・消滅を意味する表現で用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido generic wa isamwa oar isam
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:88 asserts checked
17. The auxiliary phrase wa okere expresses the completion or finish of an action or event, often implying that an often regrettable change of state occurred as a result.
    助動詞的連語 wa okere は動作・行為の終了・完成を表し、その結果（通常、遺憾な）状態変化が起こることを意味することが多い。
    form-function hokkaido generic wa okere
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:89 asserts checked
18. The sequence wa isam is an idiomatic expression meaning 'to end up doing (completely)'.
    wa isam は熟語的表現で、「〜してしまう」という意味を表す。
    form-function hokkaido/chitose generic wa isam
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:145 asserts checked
19. okake is used to mean 'traces (after completion)', and okake an expresses 'finish doing ~'.
    okake は「（終了後の）跡」という意味で用いられ、okake an で「〜し終わる」という意味を表す。
    form-function generic okakeokake an
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:348 asserts checked
20. The terminative aspect is marked by okere, which means 'finish'.
    終結アスペクトは、「終える」を意味するokereによって表示される。
    form-function ainu okere
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 asserts checked
21. Constructions using forms like wa oman and wa okere can coexist with constructions using the auxiliary verbs oman and okere.
    wa oman や wa okere のような形式を用いる構文と、補助動詞 oman や okere を用いる構文は共存することができる。
    existence ainu wa omanwa okereomanokere
    asserts takahashi2022
    • takahashi2022:18.2 asserts checked
22. Sentences with forms like wa oman or wa okere are marked forms expressing a special meaning such as regret or lament.
    wa oman や wa okere のような形式を持つ文は、「後悔」や「嘆き」のような特別な意味を表す有標形式であると考えられている。
    form-function ainu generic wa omanwa okere
    asserts takahashi2022
    • takahashi2022:18.2 asserts checked
23. The auxiliary verbs oman and okere do not express any special meaning such as regret or lament.
    補助動詞 oman や okere は後悔や嘆きのような特別な意味を表さない。
    absence hokkaido/chitose generic omanokere
    reports takahashi2022
    • takahashi2022:18.2 reports checked

Inceptive extensions of kor an 7 claims ·6 sentences· 2 examples

How does kor an express inceptive aspect?

1. The inchoative auxiliaries oasi and heasi found in other dialects do not occur in Shizunai material.
   他方言で起動様態を表す補助動詞 oasi および heasi は静内資料には現れない。
   absence hokkaido/southwest/shizunai no oasiheasi
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • supports: The morpheme ranke expresses iterative meaning in both Saru and Shizunai, but functions as an auxiliary verb in Saru and as a conjunctionalizer in Shizunai.— Both illustrate lexical/grammatical divergences between Shizunai and Saru/Iburi dialects in aspectual marking.
2. In addition to intention, verb plus kusu ki can express incipient action and in that function may take any person as subject.
   意図のほかに、（動詞＋）kusu ki は開始作用を表すこともでき、この意味では任意の人称を主語にとることができる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all kusu ki
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:206 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:207 asserts checked
3. The particles oashi (Hidaka) and heashi (Iburi) express inchoative aspect ('begin to...').
   助詞 oashi（日高）および heashi（胆振）は始動態（inchoative）を表す。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/horobetsuhokkaido/southwest/saru generic oashiheashi
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. Wa ek may be used with an inchoative meaning to describe the onset of an action or event.
   wa ek は行為や事象の開始を表す起動様態の意味でも用いられ得る。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic wa ek
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
5. A verb personal form followed by the auxiliary etokus means 'about to do / on the verge of doing'.
   動詞人称形＋助動詞 etokus で「もうすぐする」という意味を表す。
   form-function hokkaido generic etokus
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:192 asserts checked
6. A verb personal form followed by the auxiliary etokoyki means 'start to do / be on the verge of doing', often with a concrete nuance like 'prepare to'.
   動詞人称形＋助動詞 etokoyki で「しかける」という意味を表し、「準備する」のような、もっと具体的なニュアンスがある。
   form-function hokkaido generic etokoyki
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:192 asserts anchored
7. The incipient aspect is marked by oasi, etymologically analyzed as o- 'hip' and asi 'stand/appear/arise'.
   開始（切迫）アスペクトはoasiによって表示され、これは語源的にo-「尻」とasi「立つ／現れる／起こる」から分析される。
   form-function ainu oasi
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 asserts checked

Iterative aspect 2 claims ·0 sentences

How is iterative aspect marked?

1. In Sakhalin Ainu, the verbal suffix -pa encodes iterative aspect.
   樺太アイヌ語において、動詞接尾辞 -pa は反復相（iterative aspect）を標示する。
   form-function sakhalin all -pa
   asserts bugaeva2022
   • bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts checked
2. The verb kere means 'to touch', and when reduplicated as kerekere it means 'to touch repeatedly'.
   動詞 kere は「さわる」を意味し、kerekere と重複すると「何度もさわる」のような意味になる。
   form-function ainu generic kerekerekere
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:241 asserts checked

The reduplicated a … a construction 8 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

How does the reduplicated a … a construction mark iterative aspect?

1. The auxiliary a marks an action as having duration.
   補助動詞 a は動作がある程度の持続性を持つことを標示する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all a
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
2. The reduplicated pattern ...-a...-a expresses repeated or continuous action.
   ……-a……-a という反復形式は、動作の継続や反復を表す。
   form-function ainu generic -a...-a
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. Repeating the auxiliary in the pattern ~ a ~ a (plural ~ rok ~ rok) expresses the repetition or continuation of an action.
   助動詞を 〜 a 〜 a（複数形 〜 rok 〜 rok）の形で繰り返すことで、動作の反復あるいは継続を表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru generic arok
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:306 asserts checked
4. The durative is usually expressed by repeating the verb twice and placing a after it both times.
   継続様態は通常、動詞を2回繰り返し、その両方の後に a を置くことによって表される。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually a
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:192 asserts checked
5. A single a represents a weaker expression of duration, whereas the repeated construction conveys impatience on the part of the speaker.
   単独の a の使用は継続のより弱い表現と解釈され、反復使用は話者の側の苛立ちのニュアンスを帯びる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic a
   proposes refsing1986
   • refsing1986:192 proposes checked
6. The verb form accompanied by the durative auxiliary a is usually repeated, often implying a nuance of impatience on the part of the speaker.
   持続の補助動詞 a を伴う動詞形は通常反復され、話者の苛立ちのニュアンスを伴うことが多い。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually a
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
7. The repeated construction (verb) a (verb) a is often followed by the conjunctionalizer ayne (with the final a sometimes dropped) to indicate that the overly long duration of something has finally ended and something else will follow.
   反復形式（動詞）a（動詞）a はしばしば接続詞 ayne を後続させ（その際最後の a は脱落することがある）、長すぎた持続がついに終わり別の事態が続くことを表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic aayne
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
8. When the form (verb) a (verb) a is used with a verb of instantaneous, momentary, or resultative meaning, a denotes repetition of an act.
   （動詞）a（動詞）a の形式が瞬間的・結果的な意味を持つ動詞とともに用いられる場合、a は動作の反復を表す（反復的動作様相）。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic a
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked

The iterative auxiliary ranke 11 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples

How does ranke mark iterative aspect?

1. The morpheme ranke expresses iterative meaning in both Saru and Shizunai, but functions as an auxiliary verb in Saru and as a conjunctionalizer in Shizunai.
   形態素 ranke は沙流・静内の両方言で反復の意味を表すが、沙流方言では補助動詞であるのに対し、静内方言では接続小辞として機能する。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ranke
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:246 asserts checked
2. In the Saru dialect, ranke is an iterative verb auxiliary expressing repetition of an action at intervals.
   沙流方言において ranke は非連続的に動作を繰り返す反復の補助動詞である（田村1960）。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru all ranke
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986:199 reports checked
   • refsing1986:246 reports checked
3. The particle ranke expresses iterative aspect ('repeatedly', 'always used to').
   ranke は反復態（iterative）を表す。
   form-function ainu generic ranke
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. The conjunctive particle ranke expresses doing one action after another repeatedly, or repeating the same action, characteristically with intervals between the actions ('now doing X and now doing Y', 'repeat doing').
   接続助詞 ranke はある動作が終って次に他の動作をし、さらに次の動作が行われること、または同じ動作を繰返し行うことを表し、動作と動作との間に間隔があるのが特徴である（「〜たり〜たりする、〜を繰返す」）。
   form-function sakhalin generic ranke
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:32 asserts checked
5. The auxiliary or suffix ranke expresses repeated or alternating actions ('doing ... repeatedly, doing ... and then ...').
   ranke は反復や交代動作（「～たり～たりする、～を繰返す」）を表す。
   form-function sakhalin generic ranke
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:54 asserts checked
6. The auxiliary verb ranke expresses alternative or repetitive actions ('doing ~ and doing ~').
   助動詞 ranke は《〜たり〜たり》を表す。
   form-function sakhalin generic ranke
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:94 asserts checked
7. The particle ranke expresses doing actions repeatedly or alternately with temporal intervals between the actions.
   助詞 ranke は、動作と動作との間に間隔を置きながら、ある動作を終えて次に他の動作をするか、あるいは同じ動作を繰返し行うことを表す。
   form-function sakhalin generic ranke
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:97 asserts checked
8. The auxiliary ranke expresses that an action is performed repeatedly ('do repeatedly / over and over').
   ranke はある行為が繰り返し行われることを表す（「何度も〜する」）。
   form-function ainu all ranke
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:311 asserts anchored
9. The iterative mode of action can be expressed with the conjunctionalizer ranke.
   反復の動作様態は接続詞化辞 ranke を用いて表現することができる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic ranke
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
10. In the Shizunai dialect, ranke is used in an iterative function, but it belongs to the class of conjunctionalizers rather than auxiliaries.
    静内方言において ranke は反復の機能で用いられるが、補助動詞ではなく接続小辞の類に属する。
    membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ranke
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:199 asserts checked
11. The auxiliary ranke expresses doing something repeatedly or intermittently.
    助動詞 ranke は「〜しいしいする，断続的にする」という意味を表す。
    form-function hokkaido generic ranke
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:85 asserts checked

Habitual and generic aspect 8 sentences· 1 examples

How is habitual aspect expressed?

The recent perfect nisa 5 claims ·11 sentences· 1 examples

How does nisa mark recent perfect aspect?

1. The particle nisa expresses perfective aspect.
   nisa は完了態（perfective）を表す。
   form-function ainu generic nisa
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. The auxiliary nisa expresses that an action or event has already taken place ('ended up doing / have done').
   nisa はすでに起こってしまったことを表す（「〜てしまった」）。
   form-function ainu all nisa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:311 asserts checked
3. Incorporation of intrinsic auxiliaries other than rusuy is rare, but nisa 'finish' is attested incorporated into a complex verb (e.g. sakekunisa=an).
   rusuy 以外の本来的助動詞が抱合された例は稀であるが、助動詞 nisa「〜終える」が抱合された例（sakekunisa=an など）が存在する。
   existence hokkaido/northeast/kushiro nisasakekunisa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:491 asserts anchored
4. The Shizunai dialect lacks the auxiliary nisa, which in Saru indicates completion in the immediate past, or any corresponding form.
   沙流方言で直前の過去における動作の完了を示す助動詞 nisa またはそれに対応する形式は、静内方言には見られない。
   absence hokkaido/southwest/shizunai none nisa
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:192 asserts checked
5. The auxiliary nisa expresses completion or past ('did, ended up doing').
   助動詞 nisa は「〜した、〜してしまった」という完了や過去を表す。
   form-function generic nisa
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:84 asserts checked