Knowledge base · Part IX — The Verb: Structure, Transitivity, and Verbal Number
58. Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa
How does the language mark number on verbs, and what is the distinction between participant number and event number?
この言語では動詞にどのように数を標示し、参与者数と事象数の区別は何か?
The closed set of suppletive singular/plural verb stems and the plural suffix -pa: controller arguments, participant-vs-event number, double marking, and the agreement-vs-pluractional debate.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:verb/suppletive-verbal-number read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 185 | 93 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 150 | 6 | 78 |
| Satō 2008 | 128 | 65 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 87 | 47 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 58 | 34 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 53 | 27 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 36 | 21 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 23 | 13 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 9 | 6 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 7 | 6 | |
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 5 | ||
| Bugaeva 2014 | 5 | 3 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 5 | 3 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 5 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 3 | 3 | |
| Endō 2022 | 2 | 2 | |
| Corbett 2000 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2025 | 1 | ||
| Murasaki 1979 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva, Nichols & Bickel 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2004 | 1 | 1 | |
| Shiraishi 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yoshikawa 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×22
- Index of Subjects ×5
- The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template ×4
- Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality ×3
- Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement ×3
- Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity ×2
- Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation ×2
- Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect ×2
- The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te ×1
- The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism ×1
- Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood) ×1
- Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person ×1
- Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax ×1
- A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu ×1
- Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction ×1
- Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy ×1
- Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification ×1
- Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology) ×1
- The Structure of the Noun Phrase ×1
- The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs ×1
Forms mentioned
rayke 3ci 3oka 2ronnu 2-ke 2-pa 2hci 2utar 1okay 1arpa 1oman 1ronno 1a=eci=rayke 1eram(u)an 1eramuoka 1an 1ek 1-n 1-p 1-ka 1-te 1rikinka 1piru 1pirpa 1suwe 1supa 1ani 1anpa 1si- 1he- 1ho- 1situri 1siturpa 1turi 1turpa 1hopuni 1hopunpa 1hoyupu 1hoyuppa 1hosippa 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The category and its locus 36 claims ·12 sentences
What is the grammatical category of verbal number and where is it expressed in the clause?
- The vast majority of Ainu verbs do not have a morphological number distinction.アイヌ語の動詞の大多数は形態論的な数の区別を持たない。asserts nakagawa2022, nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:141 asserts checked
- Intransitive verbs with a number distinction alternate to grammatically agree with nominative personal affixes.数の区別を持つ自動詞は、主格人称接辞と文法的に一致して語幹を交替させる。asserts nakagawa2022, nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:145 asserts checked
- The plural form of verbs can function to denote plurality of action or repetition.動詞の複数形は動作の複数性または反復を表す機能を持つ。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- While the plural form of the verb clearly expresses plurality, the singular form functions as an unmarked default form.動詞の複数形が明確に複数性を表すのに対し、単数形は無標のデフォルト形として機能する。proposes nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 proposes checked
- Ainu verbal number is better analyzed as a default/plural contrast rather than a singular/plural contrast.アイヌ語の動詞の数は単数/複数の対立というよりはデフォルト/複数の対立として分析されるべきである。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- supports: While the plural form of the verb clearly expresses plurality, the singular form functions as an unmarked default form.— The analysis of verbal number as a default/plural opposition is supported by the singular stem behaving as an unmarked default.
- Plurality marking in verbs refers to the S argument in intransitive verbs and to the O or patientive A argument in transitive verbs.動詞における複数標識は、自動詞ではS項を、他動詞ではO項または被動者的なA項の複数を指す。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:470–471 asserts checked
- Some verbs distinguish singular and plural number via suppletive stems or affixes.動詞によっては単数形か複数形かが語幹や接辞によって区別される。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- Ainu possesses verbal number.アイヌ語は動詞数の体系を持つ。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.1 asserts checked
- For intransitive verbs, verbal number refers to the number of subject participants, whereas for transitive verbs it refers to the plurality of object participants or multiple results of actions.アイヌ語において、自動詞の文法数は主語参与者の数を指し、他動詞の文法数は目的語参与者の複数性または動作の複数回の結果を指す。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:1.4 asserts checked
- Number in Ainu is basically expressed by stem alternation rather than nominal agreement.アイヌ語の数は基本的に語幹交替によって表される。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.1 asserts checked
- Stem alternations marking verbal number exhibit comparatively little dialect variation across Ainu.アイヌ語の動詞語幹交替には方言差が比較的少ない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.1 asserts checked
- Verbal stem alternations expressing number in Ainu can morphologically be classified into three types: suppletion (Type-A), -n/-p alternation (Type-B), and -V/-pa alternation (Type-C).アイヌ語で数を表す動詞語幹交替は形態論的に補充法(Type-A)、-n/-p交替(Type-B)、-V/-pa交替(Type-C)の3種に分類される。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The distinctions among the three morphological types of verbal stem alternation in Ainu correlate closely with the semantics of the verb and the transitivity distinction.アイヌ語の動詞語幹交替の3類型の区別は、動詞の意味論および自動詞・他動詞の区別と密接に関係している。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs with a number distinction are basically achievement or accomplishment verbs, expressing the number of times an action is accomplished or the number of changes that the object undergoes.数の区別を持つ他動詞は基本的に到達動詞または達成動詞であり、動作が達成される回数、すなわち対象が被る変化の回数を表す。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- What transitive verbs in Ainu express by means of number is event number rather than participant number.アイヌ語の他動詞が数によって示すものは、関与体数ではなく事象数である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- When an intransitive verb occurs with first- or second-person subject personal affixes, verbal number agrees with those affixes.自動詞が1人称または2人称の主語人称接辞を伴う場合、動詞の数は人称接辞と一致する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- Ainu verbal number is realized in two formal categories: verb stem alternation and clitics.アイヌ語の動詞の数は、動詞語幹交替と接語という2つの形式で実現される。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- Verbs that show number via stem alternation are highly limited in number and subject to semantic restrictions.語幹交替によって数を表す動詞は数が非常に限られており、意味的な制限も持つ。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- The verb mina 'laugh' does not change its form depending on whether the subject is singular or plural.mina「笑う」などの動詞は主語の単複による語形変化を起こさない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:141 asserts checked
- Ainu expresses plurality on verbs through reduplicated forms, the Sakhalin plural suffix -(a)hci, the verb suffix or auxiliary verb ci, and the auxiliary verb pa, in addition to stem alternation.アイヌ語において動詞の複数性を表示する形式には、語幹交替のほかに、重複形、樺太の複数接尾辞 -(a)hci、動詞接尾辞または助動詞 ci、助動詞 pa がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:151 asserts checked
- Some verbs change their form according to number.一部の動詞は数に応じて語形を変化させる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:29 asserts checked
- Some verbs change their stem form according to number.動詞の中には数に応じて語幹の形を変えるものがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:29 asserts checked
- Some Ainu verbs have the same form in the singular and the plural, such as itak 'speak'.itak「話す」のように、単数形と複数形が同形である動詞が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- Some verbs distinguish singular and plural forms, but beyond this Ainu verbs are not conjugated.一部の動詞は単数形と複数形を区別するが、それ以外においてアイヌ語の動詞は活用しない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:140 asserts checked
- The plural form of verbs may be employed in four functions: plurality of subject, plurality of object, plurality of action, and respect.動詞の複数形は、主語の複数性、目的語の複数性、動作の複数性、敬意という4つの機能で用いられ得る。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts anchored
- The plural form of a verb may denote respect towards persons of higher standing.動詞の複数形は、目上の人物に対する敬意を表すために用いられることがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts checked
- Verbs with distinct singular and plural forms are frequently intransitive verbs of existence or motion, or transitive verbs denoting actions that cause essential changes in the quality or shape of the object, like 'kill' or 'cut'.単複二形を持つ動詞は,自動詞では存在,移動を意味するもの,他動詞では「殺す」,「切る」のように対象に性質や形の本質的な変化を起こす動作を意味するものであることが多い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:101 asserts checked
- The plural form of an intransitive verb indicates plurality of the subject, whereas the plural form of a transitive verb in principle indicates plurality of the object.自動詞の複数形は主語の複数を表すが,他動詞の複数形は,原則,目的語の複数を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:101 asserts checked
- When a plural objective person affix attaches to a transitive verb that distinguishes singular and plural stems, the verb may take its plural form.複数目的格人称接辞が付くと単複の区別のある他動詞では複数形を取ることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:121 asserts checked
- For verbs that distinguish singular and plural stems, the plural stem must be used when forming an imperative addressed to multiple people.単複の区別のある動詞の場合、複数の相手に対する命令文を作る際には動詞も複数形にしなければならない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:129 asserts checked
- When second-person honorific personal affixes attach to verbs that distinguish singular and plural stems, the plural stem of the verb is used.二人称敬称の人称接辞が単複の区別のある動詞に付く場合には、動詞の複数形が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:211 asserts checked
- There are verbal suffixes as well as suppletive verbal forms for the plural subject and the plural object.複数主語および複数目的語を表す動詞接尾辞や補充動詞形が存在する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:6 asserts checked
- Ainu has a verbal category distinguishing singular and plural forms in both transitive and intransitive verbs, co-occurring with a plural object or subject.アイヌ語には単数形と複数形を区別する動詞範疇が存在し、他動詞と自動詞の双方がこの区別に感応して複数の目的語または主語と共起する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:50 asserts checked
- Verbs that distinguish number are usually used in agreement with the grammatical number of the subject or the object.単数・複数の区別を持つ動詞は、ふつう主語または目的語の文法上の数と一致した数のものが用いられる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:18 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, several verbs show a singular–plural distinction through stem alternation.樺太アイヌ語では、語幹交替によって単数・複数の区別を示す動詞がいくつか存在する。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
- For verbs of existence and motion in Karafuto Ainu, stem alternation indicates whether the existing or moving entities are singular or plural (roughly more than 4 or 5), agreeing with the subject.樺太アイヌ語の存在動詞や移動動詞では、語幹交替によって存在するものが単数か複数(大体4〜5以上)かが示され、主語の単複と一致する。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
Type A: suppletive stems 64 claims ·11 sentences· 3 examples
Which verbs exhibit suppletive singular and plural stems, and what semantic domains do they cover?
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the motion verb 'go' has the singular stem 'oman and the suppletive plural stem paye.樺太アイヌ語において、「行く」を表す移動動詞は単数語幹 'oman、補充複数語幹 paye をとる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:21 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:52 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:52 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:63 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:63 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the motion verb 'come' has the singular stem 'eh and the suppletive plural stem 'ariki.樺太アイヌ語において、「来る」を表す移動動詞は単数語幹 'eh、補充複数語幹 'ariki をとる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:21 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:67 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:67 asserts checked
- refines: The intransitive motion verb 'come' has the singular stem ek and the suppletive plural stem arki.— Phonological adaptation of the pan-Ainu ek/arki pair in Sakhalin Ainu.
- In Saru Ainu, the intransitive motion verb 'go' has the singular stem arpa and the suppletive plural stem paye.沙流アイヌ語において、「行く」を表す自動詞は単数語幹 arpa、補充複数語幹 paye をとる。asserts nakagawa2022, nakagawa2024, sato2008
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:141 asserts checked
- sato2008:311 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in dialect): In Sakhalin Ainu, the motion verb 'go' has the singular stem 'oman and the suppletive plural stem paye.— Sakhalin uses singular 'oman where Saru uses arpa, both sharing plural paye.
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the verb 'wake up, get up' has the singular stem numa and the suppletive plural stem payki.樺太アイヌ語において、「起きる」を表す動詞は単数語幹 numa に対し補充複数語幹 payki をとる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:27 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:93 asserts checked
- The intransitive motion verb 'come' has the singular stem ek and the suppletive plural stem arki.「来る」を表す自動詞は単数語幹 ek に対し補充複数語幹 arki をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:142 asserts checked
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- The motion verb 'go ashore, land' has the singular stem yan and the plural stem yap.「上陸する」を表す移動動詞は単数語幹 yan、複数語幹 yap をとる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:289 asserts checked
- sato2008:318 asserts checked
- A small number of transitive verbs exhibit stem suppletion according to singular versus plural object, such as uk (sg.) / uina (pl.) and raike (sg.) / ronnu (pl.).他動詞には単複によって語幹を異にするものが稀にあり、uk (単) / uina (複)、raike (単) / ronnu (複) などがある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The verbs ashin / aship 'to go out', san / sap 'to go forward', ran / rap 'to descend', rikin / rikip 'to ascend', and yan / yap 'to land' belong to Class II Type iii.ashin/aship(外へ出る)、san/sap(前へ出る)、ran/rap(降る)、rikin/rikip(昇る)、yan/yap(上陸する)の諸動詞はこの種(第II類第iii種)の活用をなす。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Class II verbs whose singular and plural stems are entirely different are classified as Type iv.第II類動詞のうち、単複の語幹が全く異なるものを第iv種とする。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Iburi (except the Mukawa area), okai is used as the plural stem of the existential verb an.胆振地方(鵡川地方を除く)では、存在動詞 an の複数語幹に okai を用いる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Verbs exhibiting completely distinct singular and plural stems include ek / arki 'to come', oman, arpa / paye 'to go', a / rok 'to sit', ash / roshki 'to stand', and un / ush 'to adhere, be attached'.単複の語幹が全く異なる動詞には、ek/arki(来る)、oman, arpa/paye(行く)、a/rok(坐る)、ash/roshki(立つ)、un/ush(附いている)がある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Motion verbs meaning 'go' and 'come' differ in form depending on whether the subject is singular or plural, and all of them are intransitive verbs (v1) taking one NP.「行く」「来る」のように移動を表す動詞は主語が単数か複数かによって形がちがい、これらはみんなNPを一つとる自動詞(v1)である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:21 asserts checked
- 'okay functions as the plural form of the existential verb 'to be, to exist'.'okay は存在動詞「ある、いる」の複数形として機能する。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:51 asserts checked
- Type-A suppletive verbal number pairs have completely different singular and plural stems and are limited to a small set of high-frequency verbs expressing existence and change of location.Type-Aの補充法による動詞語幹交替は単数形と複数形の語幹が完全に異なり、存在や位置変化を表す少数の高頻度動詞に限られる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The intransitive existential verb has the suppletive stems an for singular and oka for plural.存在を表す自動詞は単数語幹 an に対し複数語幹 oka をとる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The intransitive motion verb 'come' has the suppletive stems ek for singular and arki for plural.「来る」を表す自動詞は単数語幹 ek に対し複数語幹 arki をとる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The posture verb 'stand' has the suppletive stems as for singular and roski for plural as an intransitive verb, and asi (sg) and roski (pl) as a transitive verb 'put up'.「立つ」を表す自動詞は単数 as/複数 roski、他動詞「立てる」は単数 asi/複数 roski と補充的交替を示す。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The posture verb 'sit' has the suppletive stems a for singular and rok for plural.「座る」を表す自動詞は単数語幹 a に対し複数語幹 rok をとる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The intransitive verb 'wander' has the suppletive stem omanan for singular and payeoka or payoka for plural.「歩き回る」を表す自動詞は単数語幹 omanan に対し複数語幹 payeoka または payoka をとる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The transitive verb 'kill' has the suppletive stems rayke for singular and ronnu for plural.「殺す」を表す他動詞は単数語幹 rayke に対し複数語幹 ronnu をとる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The transitive verb 'take' has the suppletive stems uk for singular and uyna for plural.「取る」を表す他動詞は単数語幹 uk に対し複数語幹 uyna をとる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- The transitive verb 'put' has the suppletive stems anu for singular and ari for plural.「置く」を表す他動詞は単数語幹 anu に対し複数語幹 ari をとる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- In Ainu, suppletive verbs with a number distinction include intransitive verbs such as an/oka 'exist', a/rok 'sit', as/roski 'stand', arpa/paye 'go', ek/arki 'come', and transitive verbs such as uk/uyna 'take' and rayke/ronnu 'kill'.アイヌ語において補充法により数を示す動詞には、自動詞 an/oka「ある、いる」、a/rok「座る」、as/roski「立つ」、arpa/paye「行く」、ek/arki「来る」、他動詞 uk/uyna「取る」、rayke/ronnu「殺す」などが含まれる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- Type-A suppletive number verbs are a subset of basic transitive and intransitive verbs expressing existence or motion, and they indicate participant number.Aタイプの補充動詞は存在や移動を表す基本的な他動詞および自動詞のサブセットであり、参加者の数を表す。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- Stem-suppletive number alternation, where singular and plural stems are completely distinct, is found in a small set of basic verbs expressing existence or motion.単数形と複数形の語幹が全く異なる語幹交替型は、「存在」や「移動」を表すごく一部の基本的な動詞に見られる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:146 asserts checked
- The intransitive verb for 'be, exist' has the singular suppletive stem an and the plural suppletive stem oka(y).「いる、ある」を表す自動詞は、単数語幹 an に対して複数語幹 oka(y) をとる語幹交替型である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:146 asserts extracted
- The intransitive verbs for 'go' include singular suppletive stems arpa and oman, corresponding to the plural stem paye.「行く」を表す自動詞は、単数語幹 arpa および oman に対して複数語幹 paye をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:146 asserts extracted
- In the stem-alternating class of intransitive verbs, the singular for 'stand' is as and the plural is roski.語幹交替型自動詞において、「立つ」の単数形は as、複数形は roski である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- In the stem-alternating class of intransitive verbs, the singular for 'sit' is a and the plural is rok.語幹交替型自動詞において、「座る」の単数形は a、複数形は rok である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- The plural of omanan 'walk around' has dialectal forms payeka, payekay, payoka, and payokay.omanan「歩き回る」の複数形には payeka, payekay, payoka, payokay という方言形がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- In dialects such as Saru that usually use oka, the form becomes okay before pe 'thing' or pa p 'things'.沙流方言など通常 oka を使う方言でも、pe「もの」pa p「もの(複数)」の前では okay という形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- The stem-alternating transitive verb 'erect' has singular asi and plural roski.語幹交替型他動詞において、「〜を立てる」の単数形は asi、複数形は roski である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- The stem-alternating transitive verb 'kill' has singular rayke / rayki and plural ronnu / ronno.語幹交替型他動詞において、「〜を殺す」の単数形は rayke / rayki、複数形は ronnu / ronno である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- eram(u)an and eramuoka form a singular/plural pair only in the Saru, Chitose, and Shizunai dialects, while examples of eramuoka(y) are very rare elsewhere.eram(u)an と eramuoka が単複のペアになっているのは、沙流・千歳・静内の諸方言のみで、他の地域では eramuoka(y) の用例は非常に少ない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- The stem-alternating transitive verb 'take' has singular uk and plural uyna.語幹交替型他動詞において、「〜を取る」の単数形は uk、複数形は uyna である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- In Saru and Chitose, anu and ari form a singular/plural pair for 'put', whereas in Yakumo and Obihiro, ama and are form the pair.沙流・千歳では anu—ari、八雲・帯広では ama—are が「〜を置く」の単複のペアを成している。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:148 asserts checked
- For 'raise', the singular is exceptionally rikinka in many regions (Saru, Chitose, Horobetsu, Bihoro, etc.), whereas rikinke is concentrated in northern areas such as Nayoro, Soya, and Sakhalin.「〜を上げる」だけは例外的に rikinka となる地域が多く(沙流、千歳、幌別、美幌など)、rikinke となる地域は名寄、宗谷、樺太など北のほうに固まっている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:149 asserts checked
- In Saru Ainu, hotuypa is used almost exclusively as the verb 'shout' regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural, while hotuye is used exclusively as a noun meaning 'shout'.沙流方言では動詞「叫ぶ」として使われるのは主語の単複に関わらずほとんど hotuypa のみで、hotuye のほうはもっぱら「叫び」という名詞として用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:151 asserts checked
- Some Ainu verbs have completely different stems in the singular and plural, such as an versus oka 'exist'.an と oka「存在する」のように、単数形と複数形で語幹が完全に異なる補充的な動詞が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- Closed verbs do not distinguish singular and plural forms.閉鎖動詞は単数形と複数形を区別しない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:140 asserts checked
- Only a minority of verbs have corresponding plural forms at all.対応する複数形を持つ動詞はごく一部にすぎない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts checked
- A number of frequently used verbs have plural forms that are suppletive and totally different from the singular.頻出する動詞のいくつかには、単数形とはまったく異なる補充形の複数形を持つものがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- A number of frequently used verbs have suppletive plural stems completely distinct from their singular stems, including ek/arki 'come', oman/paye 'go', an/oka 'exist', a/rok 'sit', and as/roski 'stand up'.頻用される動詞の中には、ek/arki「来る」、oman/paye「行く」、an/oka「存在する」、a/rok「座る」、as/roski「立つ」など、単数形とまったく異なる補充複数形をもつものがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- paye is the plural suppletive form of arpa 'to go'.paye は arpa「行く」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:34 asserts checked
- The existential verb oka 'exist, be' is a plural form used when the subject is plural, whereas an is its singular counterpart.oka は「ある,いる」という意味だが、主語が複数の場合に用いられる複数形であり、単数形は an である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:60 asserts checked
- The auxiliary earpa 'go to do' has the suppletive plural form epaye.助動詞 earpa「〜しに行く」には複数形 epaye がある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:80 asserts checked
- Theoretically a plural form *earki for eek 'come to do' could exist, but there are no attested examples so far.eek「〜しに来る」には理論的には複数形の *earki という形式もあり得るが、これまでのところ例がない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:81 asserts checked
- paye is the plural form of the verb arpa 'to go'.paye は arpa「行く」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:100 asserts checked
- Verbs with completely suppletive stems between singular and plural are almost exclusively an/oka(y), a/rok, as/roski, asi/roski, arpa/paye, ek/arki, and rayke/ronnu.単数形と複数形で語形が全く異なる動詞は,ほぼ an/oka(y), a/rok, as/roski, asi/roski, arpa/paye, ek/arki, rayke/ronnu に限られる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:102 asserts checked
- oka takes the form okay before the noun pe 'thing'.oka は pe「もの」の前では okay という形になる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:102 asserts checked
- As a rule, verbs that change stem form according to the singular or plural number of the subject are intransitive verbs, whereas transitive verbs typically do not change form according to subject number but rather according to object number.主語の単複によって動詞の形が変わるのは原則として自動詞であり、通常、他動詞は主語の単複によって形を変えず、目的語の単複によって形を変える。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:115 asserts checked
- As an exception to the rule that transitive verbs change stem form according to object number rather than subject number, the verb eramuan (singular) / eramuoka (plural) 'to understand' changes form according to the number of its subject.他動詞が主語の単複ではなく目的語の単複で形を変えるという規則の例外として、eramuan「わかる」(単数)/ eramuoka(複数)は主語の単複によって形が変わる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:115 asserts checked
- The verb korpare is the plural form of kore 'give'.korpare は kore「あげる」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:120 asserts checked
- arki is the plural verb stem corresponding to singular ek 'to come'.arki は ek「来る」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:289 asserts checked
- The verb yan 'go ashore / go from sea to land' is a singular stem.動詞 yan「海から陸へ行く / 上陸する」は単数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:290 asserts checked
- haweoka is a plural verb meaning 'to say'.haweoka は「言う」の複数形動詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:367 asserts checked
- hopunpa is the plural stem of hopuni 'to get up'.hopunpa は「起きあがる」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:368 asserts anchored
- okay is a variant of the plural existential verb oka 'to be, to exist'.okay は複数形存在動詞 oka「ある,いる」の異形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:371 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the plurality of a third-person subject can be indicated by the suffix -pa or by suppletive plural verb forms.古典アイヌ語において、3人称主語の複数は接尾辞 -pa または補充複数動詞形によって標示されうる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the plurality of an object noun can be indicated by the suffix -pa or suppletive plural verb forms.古典アイヌ語において、目的語名詞の複数は接尾辞 -pa または補充複数動詞形によって標示されうる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
- Certain verbs exhibit stem suppletion for number, such as rayke / ronnu 'kill', arpa / paye 'go', ek / arki 'come', and an / oka(y) 'exist'.特定の動詞において数による語幹補充法が見られ、rayke / ronnu「殺す」、arpa / paye「行く」、ek / arki「来る」、an / oka(y)「ある・いる」などが該当する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:50 asserts checked
- Most verbs do not distinguish singular and plural, but a few verbs belonging to the basic vocabulary make this distinction (e.g. 'án/'oká, 'árpa/payé, ráyke/rónnu).大部分の動詞は単数・複数の区別を持たないが、基礎語彙に属する動詞の中に、この区別を持つものが若干ある(例:'án/'oká, 'árpa/payé, ráyke/rónnu)。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:18 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, res-ke 'raise, bring up' has the same stem for singular and plural, contrasting with Hokkaido Ainu res-u/res-ka (singular) and res-pa (plural).樺太アイヌ語の res-ke「育てる」は単複同形であり、北海道アイヌ語の単数形 res-u/res-ka、複数形 res-pa と対照的である。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, the verb 'get up' has the singular stem numa and plural stem payki, contrasting with Hokkaido Ainu hopun-i (singular) and hopun-pa (plural).樺太アイヌ語の「起きる」は単数語幹 numa、複数語幹 payki であり、北海道アイヌ語の単数形 hopun-i、複数形 hopun-pa と対照的である。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
Types B and C: segmentable alternations 79 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples
What segmentable alternations mark number on verbs, and which verb classes do they apply to?
- In the Shizunai dialect, all verbs that form plurals by alternating stem-final -n with -p denote directional movement.静内方言において、語尾の -n を -p に交替させて複数形を形成する動詞はすべて方向性のある移動を表す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the plural formation alternating stem-final -n with -p derives from suffixation of /-pa/ with subsequent loss of stem-final -n and the suffix vowel -a.静内方言において、語尾 -n から -p への複数形形成は、接尾辞 /-pa/ の付加に伴い語幹末の -n と接尾辞末尾の -a が脱落することによる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- cispa is the plural form of the verb cis 'to cry, weep', derived with the plural suffix -pa.cispa は動詞 cis「泣く」に複数接尾辞 -pa が付加された複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:346 asserts checked
- sato2008:367 asserts checked
- ipepa is the plural form of the verb ipe 'to eat', derived with the plural suffix -pa.ipepa は動詞 ipe「食べる」に複数接尾辞 -pa が付加された複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:347 asserts checked
- sato2008:368 asserts anchored
- Direct causatives with -ke cannot be derived from plural forms of motion verbs; instead, productive -re/-e/-te derives both direct and indirect causatives from them.複数形の移動動詞からは-keによる直接使役が派生できず、生産的な-re/-e/-teによって直接・間接使役化の両方がなされる。asserts bugaeva2014
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- The plural of the intransitive verb soyne is soyenpa, where an e is inserted between y and n because the sequence *soyn-pa is illicit under Ainu syllable phonotactics.自動詞 soyne の複数形は soyenpa であり、アイヌ語の音節構造上 *soyn-pa が許容されないため、y と n の間に e が挿入されていると考えられる。asserts bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:20.6 asserts checked
- Object plurality (plurality of the direct object) is formed by suffixing -pa to the verb stem.目的物複数法は語幹に -pa を添えることで形成される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When a transitive verb stem consists of a root plus a non-independent vowel formant, the vowel formant is dropped before suffixing -pa.他動詞語幹が語根と独立性のない母音形成素から成る場合、その母音を脱落させて -pa を添える。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When the formant of a transitive verb stem is an independent suffix or ending, -pa is suffixed directly without dropping the vowel.形成素が独立性を有する接尾辞または語尾であるときは、母音を落とさずそのまま -pa を添える。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The vowel of a root is not dropped; consequently, monosyllabic transitive verbs whose stem is identical to the root take -pa directly.語根の母音は脱落しないため、語幹が語根そのものである単音節語にはそのまま -pa を添える。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In polysyllabic transitive verbs, vowels that belong or are perceived to belong to the root are not dropped before -pa.2音節以上の語でも語根に属しまたは属すると意識される母音は -pa の前で脱落しない。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The transitive verb kari 'turn' forms kar-pa when analyzed as root kar plus formant -i, but forms kari-pa or kari-m-pa when perceived as an indivisible root kari.他動詞 kari「廻す」は √kar + i と意識されるときは kar-pa となり、√kari と意識されるときは kari-pa または kari-m-pa となる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Consonant-final transitive verb stems take -pa directly without modification.子音で終わる他動詞語幹にはそのまま -pa を添える。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- For transitive verbs derived from intransitives, object plurals are formed by transitivizing the intransitive verb's plural-subject stem.自動詞から派生した他動詞においては、その動主複数形をそのまま他動詞化して目的物複数形とする。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Class II division i verbs, the plural suffix -pa can optionally be added to plural forms (e.g. itak(-pa)-an, echi-itak(-pa), itak(-pa)).第II類第 i 種動詞において、複数形には複数接尾辞 -pa を随意に付加することができる(例:itak(-pa)-an, echi-itak(-pa), itak(-pa))。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, verbal plural distinction occurs via three mechanisms: irregular forms (suppletion), plural personal affixes such as second-person plural -yan and third-person plural =(a)hci, and stem-final alternation in topographical motion verbs ending in -n.樺太アイヌ語における動詞の単数・複数の区別法には、不規則形(補充形)、二人称複数接辞 -yan や三人称複数接辞 =(a)hci などの人称接辞の複数形、および -n で終わる地形移動動詞の語尾交替の3つがある。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
- Topographical motion verbs ending in -n form their plural by alternating the stem-final consonant with -h,-p, as in yan / yah,-p, repun / repuh,-p, and 'ahun / 'ahuh,-p.-n で終わる地形移動動詞は語尾が交替して複数形を作り、yan / yah,-p、repun / repuh,-p、'ahun / 'ahuh,-p などのようになる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
- In Type-B verbal number pairs, the singular form ends in -n and the plural form ends in -p.Type-Bの動詞数交替では、単数形が -n で終わり複数形が -p で終わる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- Type-B verbal number alternation is limited to a small number of intransitive verbs relating to motion by the subject.Type-Bの動詞数交替は、主語の移動に関する少数の自動詞に限られる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- In Type-C verbal number pairs, the singular form ends in a vowel and the plural form ends in -pa.Type-Cの動詞数交替では、単数形が母音で終わり、複数形が -pa で終わる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- Type-C verbs are comparatively numerous and are primarily transitive verbs bringing about a change in the state of the object, corresponding to achievement or accomplishment verbs.Type-Cに属する動詞は比較的数が多く、対象の状態変化をもたらす他動詞(達成動詞あるいは到達動詞)である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.2 asserts checked
- An intransitive verb derived from a Type-C transitive verb generally behaves like a Type-B intransitive verb stem, changing its form to agree with the derived subject (agent).C型他動詞からこのようにして作られた自動詞は、一般にB型自動詞語幹と同様に振る舞い、派生動詞の主語(=動作主)に応じて語形変化する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.4 asserts checked
- The prefixes e- 'head of ~' and o- 'rear end of ~' do not change the valency of the verb, and when attached to Type-C transitive verbs the derived verb remains transitive and reflects event number.「〜の頭」を意味する接頭辞e-と「〜の尻」を意味するo-は動詞の結合価を変えず、C型他動詞に付いた場合も他動詞のままであり、事象数を反映して交替する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.4 asserts checked
- Type-B -n/-pa alternating verbs are basically intransitive verbs of movement, and they indicate participant number.Bタイプの-n/-pa交替動詞は基本的には移動の自動詞であり、参加者の数を表す。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- Type-C -V/-pa alternating verbs are basically transitive achievement or accomplishment verbs, and they express the number of completed state changes in the object while often also indicating object plurality.Cタイプの-V/-pa交替動詞は基本的には他動詞の到達動詞または達成動詞であり、達成される目的語の状態変化の回数を表すが、同時に目的語の複数性を表すことも多い。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- Among transitive verbs, those derived from intransitive verbs may alternate between singular and plural forms according to the number of their subject, like the base intransitive verb.他動詞のうち、自動詞から派生した動詞の中には、もとの自動詞と同じく主語に応じて単複が交替するものがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:142 asserts checked
- The transitive verb eramuan / eramuoka 'understand' is derived from the applicative prefix e-, ramu 'mind', and the intransitive verb an / oka 'be', alternating according to the subject person affix.他動詞 eramuan / eramuoka「理解する」は、e-「〜について」、ramu「心」、自動詞 an / oka「ある」から成り、主語の人称接辞に応じて交替する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:143 asserts checked
- Intransitive verbs derived from transitive verbs also select their singular or plural form according to the person and number of the subject affix.他動詞から派生した自動詞も、主格人称接辞の単複に応じて単数形または複数形をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:145 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs derived from number-distinguishing intransitive verbs via the causative suffix -re alternate according to the number of the causee/object (the subject of the underlying intransitive verb).単複のある自動詞から使役接尾辞 -re で派生した他動詞は、もとの自動詞の主語(使役動詞における目的語)の単複に対応して交替する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:146 asserts checked
- Intransitive verbs of the -n/-p type end in -n in the singular and -p in the plural, and are restricted to verbs expressing motion directed toward a specific direction.-n/-p 型の自動詞は単数形が -n、複数形が -p で終わり、特定の方向に向かっての移動を表す動詞に限られる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:148 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs corresponding to the -n/-p type intransitive verbs are derived from them, and stem alternation corresponds to the number of the original intransitive subject (the moving entity).-n/-p 型の他動詞はその自動詞からの派生形になり、単複の交替はもとの自動詞の主語、つまり移動する主体の数に応じて行われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:148 asserts checked
- makan 'step forward / go inland' is confirmed only in Saru, Samani, Kushiro, and Sakhalin, and its plural makap is confirmed only in Samani, Kushiro, and Sakhalin.makan「前へ出る/奥に行く」は限られた地域(沙流、様似、釧路、樺太)でしか確認されておらず、複数形の makap は様似、釧路、樺太でしか実例が確認されていない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:148 asserts checked
- While the singular repun 'go out to sea' is attested across dialects, its plural repup is currently only attested in the Shiranuka dialect.単数形 repun は諸方言に見られるが、複数形の repup は今のところ白糠方言でしか確認できない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:148 asserts checked
- In the V/-pa type, the singular ends in a vowel and the plural replaces that final vowel with -pa.V/-pa 型では、単数形が母音で終り、複数形がその母音を -pa に替えた形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:149 asserts checked
- Verbs of the V/-pa type are as a rule transitive, and intransitive verbs of this type are derived from transitive verbs, with the exception of soyne : soyenpa (soyonpa, soyunpa) 'go outside'.V/-pa 型の動詞は原則として他動詞であり、自動詞でこの型になるものは他動詞からの派生形であるが、例外として自動詞 soyne:soyenpa(soyonpa、soyunpa)「外に出る」がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:149 asserts checked
- In Saru and Shizunai dialects, the singular form soyene exists, likely formed by back-formation from soyenpa.沙流方言と静内方言には、soyenpa から逆形成されたと思われる soyene という単数形も見られる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:149 proposes checked
- Most base transitive verbs of the V/-pa type denote causing a change in the patient, and often share a root with an intransitive verb formed with an intransitivizing suffix.基本形で V/-pa 型に属する他動詞の大部分は、対象に変化を与えることを表す意味を持つ動詞であり、語根が同じで自動詞形成接尾辞によって作られた自動詞をペアとして持つことが多い。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:149 reports checked
- When intransitive verbs are derived from V/-pa type transitive verbs with prefixes such as si- 'self', he- 'head', or ho- 'buttocks', they also have V/-pa singular/plural alternation agreeing with the subject.V/-pa 型の他動詞に si-「自分」、he-「頭」、ho-「尻」などの派生接頭辞をつけて作られた自動詞もまたこのタイプの単複を持ち、基本的に主語の単複に対応する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:150 asserts checked
- For the verb kor 'have', causative forms with plurality can appear as either kor-e pa (with auxiliary pa) or kor-pa-re (with suffix -pa), the latter of which can further take auxiliary pa as in korpare pa.動詞 kor「持つ」では使役接尾辞がついた場合に kor-e pa(助動詞 pa)と kor-pa-re(複数接尾辞 -pa)の双方が現れ、korpare にはさらに助動詞 pa を後置して korpare pa とすることもできる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:159 asserts extracted
- Forms like kus 'pass along' vs. kuspare 'cause to pass along' show suffixation of the auxiliary pa.kus「〜〈場所〉を通る」に対する kuspare「〜を〜〈場所〉に通す」などは、助動詞 pa が接辞化した例である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:159 asserts checked
- The plural suffix -pa on verbs derives plural transitive verbs from roots, functioning both as a plural marker and as a transitive-forming suffix.V/-pa 型の複数を表示する接尾辞 -pa は、語根から他動詞の複数形を作り、複数表示と同時に他動詞形成接辞としても働く。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:199 asserts checked
- The suffix pair -kosanu and -kosanpa appears formally to be a V/-pa singular/plural pair, but in practice little difference in usage is felt between them.-kosanu と -kosanpa は形の上では V/-pa 型の単数形と複数形のペアのように見えるが、実際にはあまり用法の違いは感じられない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:204 asserts checked
- Some Ainu verbs form their plural by dropping the final vowel and adding -pa, such as hosipi forming hosippa 'come back'.hosipi が hosippa「戻る」になるように、語尾の母音を脱落させて -pa を付加することで複数形を形成する動詞が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- Some Ainu verbs form their plural by changing final -n into -p, such as ahun forming ahup 'come in'.ahun が ahup「入る」になるように、語末の -n を -p に交替させて複数形を形成する動詞が存在する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs exhibit the same types of plural formation as intransitive verbs.他動詞も自動詞と同じ型の複数形形成を示す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- Verbs that distinguish number form the plural in three ways: by reduplication, by adding the suffix -pa/-p, or with a suppletive allomorph.数交代を持つ動詞は、重複、接尾辞 -pa/-p の付加、または補充形(異形態)という3つの異なる方法で複数形を形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts checked
- The plural suffix -pa can attach to transitive as well as to intransitive verbs ending in a vowel or in -n.複数接尾辞 -pa は、母音または -n で終わる他動詞および自動詞の双方に付加することができる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts checked
- When the plural suffix -pa attaches to a vowel-final verb, the stem-final vowel is dropped.複数接尾辞 -pa が母音終わりの動詞に付加される際、語幹末の母音は脱落する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts checked
- The plural suffix -pa belongs among the adjunct-neutral suffixes.複数接尾辞 -pa は付加語中立的な接尾辞に属する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:187 asserts checked
- hosippa is the plural form of hosipi 'to return', and sap is the plural form of san 'to descend'.hosippa は hosipi「戻る」の複数形であり,sap は san「下る」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:100 asserts checked
- tuye 'to cut' is a singular verb used when the cutting action occurs only once.tuye「切る」は切る動作が一回のみの場合に用いられる単数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:100 asserts checked
- tuypa is a plural verb indicating that the cutting action is performed multiple times.tuypa は切る動作が複数回行われることを意味する複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:101 asserts checked
- Some verbs form plurals by suffixing -pa directly to the singular stem (e.g. easkay-pa, kor-pa, ku-pa, mi-pa, o-pa, teyne-pa, yaynu-pa), but it is also possible to express plural meaning without attaching -pa.単数形に -pa を付けて複数形を作る動詞(easkay-pa, kor-pa, ku-pa, mi-pa, o-pa, teyne-pa, yaynu-pa など)があるが,-pa を付加しなくても複数の意味で用いることは可能である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:103 asserts checked
- Plural verbs formed by suffixing -pa directly to the stem often express subject plurality even when the verb is transitive, although a few transitive verbs mark object plurality.単数形に -pa を付けて複数形を作る動詞は,他動詞であっても主語の複数を表すことが多いが,少数ながら目的語の複数を表す例もある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:103 asserts checked
- The plural suffix -pa can also be attached to plural verbs that already have suppletive stems, as in okay-pa.語幹の異なる複数形動詞に,さらに -pa が付加されることがある(例:okay-pa)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:104 asserts checked
- Double attachment of -pa to a plural already marked by -pa has been reported by Kindaichi (1931: 127), but no such examples have been found in the Chitose dialect.-pa が付いて形成された複数形にさらに -pa が付く例が金田一(1931)に報告されているが,千歳方言ではそのような例は見出されない。reports sato2008
- sato2008:104 reports checked
- When the first-person plural subject affix -an attaches to an intransitive verb, -pa is rarely placed after -an, yielding forms like yaynu-an-pa, while *yaynu-pa-an is rejected.自動詞に一人称複数主格人称接辞 -an が付く場合,稀に -pa が -an の後に付いて yaynu-an-pa のようになり,*yaynu-pa-an とはならない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:104 asserts checked
- In the verb class where singular ends in a vowel and plural ends in -pa, plural intransitive verbs mark subject plurality, while plural transitive verbs mark object plurality.単数形が母音で終わり複数形が -pa で終わる動詞の類では,自動詞ならば主語の複数,他動詞ならば目的語の複数を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:104 asserts checked
- soyne 'to go out (sg)' and soyen-pa 'to go out (pl)' belong to the vowel/-pa alternation class, but the singular form soyne is irregular.soyn-e「外に出る(単数)」と sóyen-pa「同(複数)」はこの類に属するが,単数形の形が不規則である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:104 asserts checked
- In other dialects such as Upper Saru and Shizunai, the singular form soyene 'to go out' occurs, but it was not actually used in Chitose despite the consultant's passive familiarity with it.沙流川上流方言や静内方言などの他方言には soyen-e という単数形が現れるが,千歳方言の話者は知ってはいたものの実際に用いた例はない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:104 asserts checked
- Verbs exhibiting the singular -n vs. plural -p stem alternation are almost exclusively ahun / ahup, ran / rap, san / sap, and yan / yap.単数形が -n で終わり複数形が -p で終わる動詞は,ほぼ ahun/ahup, ran/rap, san/sap, yan/yap に限られる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:105 asserts checked
- In the Asahikawa dialect, the verb 'to exit' belongs to the -n/-p alternation type (asin sg. vs. asip pl.), but in the Chitose dialect, asin is restricted to expressions like kunneasin 'to get up at night to use the toilet', while soyne is normally used for 'to go outside'.旭川方言などでは「出る」が asin(単数)/ asip(複数)という -n/-p 型の対をなすが,千歳方言では asin は kunneasin「夜にトイレに起きる」のような限られた表現にしか現れず,普通は soyne が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:105 asserts checked
- sina 'to bind (sg)' / sinanpa (pl) and kopasirota 'to scold/revile (sg)' / kopasirotappa (pl) form plural stems with a consonant plus -pa.sina「縛る(単数)」/ sinanpa「同(複数)」や kopasirota「罵る」/ kopasirotappa「同(複数)」は,子音+-pa を付けて複数形を作る特殊な動詞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:105 asserts anchored
- The verb atuspa is the plural form of atusa 'become naked'.atuspa は atusa「裸になる」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:120 asserts checked
- A series of verbs derive a singular transitive verb by adding -e to an intransitive verb, and derive a plural transitive verb by adding -pa; these often express physical changes applied to an object and are better called transitivization rather than causatives.自動詞に -e を付けて他動詞単数形を作り、-pa を付けて他動詞複数形を作る一連の動詞があり、これらは対象に物理的変化を加える意味を表すものが多く、使役というよりはむしろ「他動詞化」と呼ぶほうが適切である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:238 asserts checked
- kay means 'to break (intransitive)', kay-e means 'to break (transitive singular)', and kay-pa means 'to break (transitive plural)'.kay は「折れる」、kay-e は「折る(単数形)」、kay-pa は「折る(複数形)」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:238 asserts checked
- tuy means 'to be cut (intransitive)', tuy-e means 'to cut (transitive singular)', and tuy-pa means 'to cut (transitive plural)'.tuy は「切れる」、tuy-e は「切る(単数形)」、tuy-pa は「切る(複数形)」を意味する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:238 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs can be formed by attaching singular transitive suffixes such as -a, -e, -i, -o, -u, or -ka to a bound root, paired with plural transitive suffixes such as -pa.語根に -a, -e, -i, -o, -u, -ka などの他動詞単数形接尾辞が付く形と、-pa などの他動詞複数形接尾辞が付く形によって他動詞が形成される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:274 asserts anchored
- The verb sikirpa 'to turn (plural)' is the plural form of sikiru 'to turn'.sikirpa「向く(複数)」は sikiru「向く」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:310 asserts checked
- hosippa is the plural form of hosipi ('to return').hosippa は hosipi「戻る」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:311 asserts checked
- The verb mosospa is the plural form of mososo 'to wake (someone) up'.mosospa は mososo「起こす」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:345 asserts checked
- The verb sanpesiturpa is the plural form of sanpesituri 'to feel relieved / be at peace'.sanpesiturpa は sanpesituri「安心する」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:347 asserts checked
- -pa is a verbal plural suffix.-pa は複数接尾辞である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:350 asserts checked
- ekimnepa is the plural stem of ekimne 'to go hunting'.ekimnepa は ekimne「猟に行く」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:367 asserts checked
- kipa is the plural stem of ki 'to do'.kipa は ki「する」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:369 asserts checked
- mosospa is the plural stem of mosos 'to wake up (transitive)'.mosospa は「起こす」の複数形である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:370 asserts checked
- The verbal plural suffix is consistently -pa regardless of the stem vowel, allowing o-a vowel sequences across morpheme boundaries as in kom-pa 'to bend many things'.動詞の複数接尾辞は語幹母音に関わらず一貫して -pa であり、kom-pa「多くのものを曲げる」のように形態素境界を挟んで o-a の連なりを生じる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:16 asserts checked
- The most regular way to derive plural verb forms is the addition of the suffix -pa to verbal roots, while some forms replace their final segment with p.動詞複数形を派生する最も規則的な方法は動詞語根への接尾辞-paの付加であり、語尾音韻をpに交替させる形式もある。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:50 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin dialect, as well as in one of its uses in Classical and Hokkaido Ainu, the suffix -pa indicates iterative action.樺太方言において(また古典アイヌ語および北海道アイヌ語における同接尾辞の用法の1つとしても)、接尾辞-paは反復動作を表す。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
The postverbal plural clitics 53 claims ·14 sentences· 3 examples
What postverbal elements mark plurality, and how do they vary across dialects?
- To explicitly indicate that a third person subject is plural, the suffix -pa is added to the verb (e.g., kar-pa 'they make', ki-pa 'they do').第三人称が複数であることを明示しようとする時は、動詞に -pa を接尾させる(例: kar-pa「彼等が造る」、ki-pa「彼等が為す」)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Iburi, -chi is rarely used instead of -pa to indicate a plural third person subject (e.g., kar-chi, ki-chi).胆振では稀に -chi を用いて三人称複数を示す(例: kar-chi、ki-chi)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The plural suffix -pa on transitive verbs can also indicate plurality of the subject.目的複数法の -pa は主語の複数をも示す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts extracted
- The suffix -pa can be used as an honorific marker on verbs.接尾辞 -pa は敬相としても用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When plural -pa and honorific -pa are used together on the same verb stem, the second -pa represents the honorific meaning.複数の -pa と敬相の -pa が重用された場合、後者の -pa が敬相である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu verbal inflection, one is singular and two or more is grammatically plural, so that a plural verb form and the third-person plural personal affix =hci are obligatory for two subjects.樺太アイヌ語の動詞活用において一つは単数、二つ以上は複数と文法的に規定されており、二人の場合でも動詞の複数形を用い三人称複数接辞 =hci を付加しなければ非文法的である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
- In dialects such as Saru, Chitose, and Ishikari, there is an independent clitic/auxiliary verb pa (pa²) that can follow both singular and plural verb forms, distinct from the Type-C pluralizing suffix -pa (pa¹).沙流、千歳、石狩などの方言には、単数形にも複数形にも後続できる接語/助動詞の独立した形式pa(pa²)が存在し、Type-Cの複数形形成接尾辞-pa(pa¹)とは区別される。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, clitic pa² can follow intransitive verb personal suffixes such as -as and -an, whereas suffix pa¹ cannot follow them.沙流方言において、接語pa²は自動詞の人称接尾辞-asや-anの後に後続できるが、接尾辞pa¹はそれらの後に後続できない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts anchored
- Unlike Type-C verbs, clitic pa² is not restricted to achievement or accomplishment verbs and attaches to a semantically varied set of verbs.Type-C動詞とは異なり、接語pa²は到達動詞や達成動詞への意味的制限を受けず、意味的に極めて多様な動詞に後続する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- When clitic pa² is added to intransitive verbs without a singular/plural alternation, it indicates the plurality of the subject.単複交替を持たない自動詞に接語pa²が付加されると、主語の複数性を示す。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- With transitive verbs lacking a singular/plural distinction, clitic pa² can indicate the plurality of either the subject or the object.他動詞において接語pa²は、主語の複数性を示す場合も目的語の複数性を示す場合もある。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- Among verbs that have a singular/plural alternation, clitic pa² does not follow the singular form of intransitive verbs.単複の交替を持つ動詞において、接語pa²は自動詞の単数形には後続しない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- When clitic pa² follows the plural form of an intransitive verb, it emphasizes the plurality of the subject rather than expressing event number.接語pa²が自動詞の複数形に後続する場合、事象数を示すのではなく、主語の複数性を強調する機能を果たすことが多い。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- When clitic pa² follows the singular form of a transitive verb, it indicates the plurality of the subject.他動詞の単数形に接語pa²が後続する場合、主語の複数性を示す。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- The addition of clitic pa² is optional rather than obligatory.接語pa²の付加は義務的ではなく任意である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- While suffix pa¹ occurs across all Ainu dialects including Sakhalin, clitic pa² is primarily found in Saru, Chitose, and Ishikari, and is absent from eastern Hokkaido and Sakhalin.接尾辞pa¹は樺太を含む全域に見られるのに対し、接語pa²は主として沙流、千歳、石狩方言に見られ、道東方言や樺太方言には見られない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts anchored
- In the Shizunai dialect, the form ci acts as a clitic/auxiliary verb following transitive and intransitive verbs to indicate a large number of subjects or objects.静内方言において形式ciは、他動詞や自動詞に後続して主語または目的語が多数であることを示す接語/助動詞として機能する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- The clitic ci of eastern Hokkaido and the clitic pa² of southwestern/central Hokkaido (Saru, Chitose, Ishikari) exhibit a near-complementary distribution.道東部(静内や白糠など)に見られる接語ciと、道中西部(沙流、千歳、石狩など)に見られる接語pa²は、相補分布に近い分布を示す。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- In the Horobetsu dialect, ci is a suffix occurring inside personal affixes, primarily lexicalized on the verb iki as iki-ci and rarely with other verbs as kar-ici or kor-ici.幌別方言においてciは人称接辞の内側に現れる接尾辞であり、主としてiki「する」に付加してiki-ciを形成し、kar-iciやkor-iciなど他の動詞での例は極めて少ない語彙化された形式である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts anchored
- In the Shiranuka dialect, auxiliary verb ci basically shows the number of the subject, though following a plural verb or with iki ci it can mark event number, or express surprise/unexpectedness.白糠方言において助動詞ciは基本的に主語の数を示すが、動詞の複数形の後やiki ciの場合には事象数を示すと解釈でき、また驚きや意外性のモダリティを表すこともある。reports nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 reports anchored
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the clitic (a)hci/(a)hsi is phonologically realized as ahci/ahsi after consonant-final stems and as hci/hsi after vowel-final stems.樺太アイヌ語において、接語(a)hci/(a)hsiは子音終わりの語幹の後ではahci/ahsi、母音の後ではhci/hsiとして現れる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, attachment of clitic -ahsi/-hci is optional, not obligatory.樺太アイヌ語において、接語-ahsi/-hciの付加は義務的ではなく任意である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, clitic -hci does not follow intransitive verbs with the second-person plural subject prefix eci-, because plurality is already unambiguously marked by eci-.樺太アイヌ語において、2人称複数主語接頭辞eci-を持つ自動詞の後には接語-hciは後続しない。なぜならeci-によってすでに複数が明示されているためである。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the first-person plural personal affix -an is used for singular 'I' with plural intransitive verbs, which motivates the addition of ahci (-an ahci) to distinguish true plural number.樺太方言において、自動詞の複数形に付加する1人称複数接辞-anは単数の「私」にも用いられるため、真の複数を区別するために人称接辞-anの後にahci(-an ahci)が付加される動機となっている。proposes nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 proposes anchored
- Saru, Chitose, and Ishikari dialects use the plural clitic pa, while Shizunai and Shiranuka use ci, and Sakhalin dialects use hci or hsi.沙流・千歳・石狩方言は複数接語paを用い、静内・白糠方言はciを用い、樺太方言はhciまたはhsiを用いる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts anchored
- The plural clitic pa (pa²) is distinct from the suffix pa¹ found in Type-C -V/-pa stem alternation, and it shares properties with the clitics ci and hci.複数接語pa(pa²)は、Cタイプの-V/pa交替に見られるpa¹とは別のものであり、接語ciやhciと共通の性質を持つ。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- The plural clitic pa² basically expresses participant, especially agent, plurality, but when the verb stem itself already marks agent plurality, pa² adds emphasis or indicates event plurality.複数接語pa²は基本的に参加者、とりわけ動作主の複数性を表すが、動詞自体がすでに動作主の複数性を表している場合には、pa²の付加は強調を加えたり動作の複数性を表したりする。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- Forms including ci were historically widely distributed across Hokkaido and Sakhalin, but in dialects such as Saru and Ishikari, pa² developed through analogy with pa¹ and spread, replacing ci, while in Horobetsu both survived only in a lexically frozen set.歴史的にはciを含む形式が北海道と樺太に広く分布していたが、沙流や石狩のような方言ではpa¹からの類推で発達したpa²が広まってciを置き換え、幌別方言では両者の競合の結果、語彙的に極めて限定された固定形式でのみ残るに至ったと推定される。proposes nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 proposes checked
- Except in a few dialects such as Saru and Chitose, there exists a postverbal element ci across Ainu dialects.沙流方言や千歳方言などの一部の方言を除いては、動詞の後ろに置かれる ci という形式がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:155 asserts checked
- In the Horobetsu dialect, -ci is mostly fossilized and only found as a suffix on a few verbs such as iki-ci 'do' and kar-ici 'make'.幌別方言では ci はほとんど化石化して、iki-ci「する」、kar-ici「~を作る」のような一部の動詞に接尾辞として見られるのみである。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:155 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, ci functions as an auxiliary verb following verbs to indicate that the subject or object is plural, or that an action is repeatedly performed.静内方言では ci は助動詞として機能し、動詞に後続して主語または目的語が複数であること、あるいは行為が継続的に繰り返されていることを表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:155 asserts anchored
- Auxiliary-like uses of ci are reported in the Shiranuka dialect and apparently exist in the Abuta dialect as well.助動詞的な用法の ci は白糠方言にもあることが報告されており、虻田方言にもあるらしい。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:156 reports checked
- In place of ci, the auxiliary verb pa is used heavily in Saru and Chitose, and is also used in Tokachi and Ishikari.ci がない代わりに、特に沙流方言や千歳方言で多用され、十勝方言や石狩方言でも助動詞 pa が使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:156 asserts checked
- The auxiliary verb pa is etymologically identical to the verbal plural suffix -pa, but is synchronically distinct from it.助動詞 pa は語源的には複数接尾辞 -pa と同一であるが、共時的には接尾辞 -pa とは別のものであり助動詞と考えられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:156 asserts checked
- Auxiliary pa can attach to the singular form of a transitive verb that distinguishes singular and plural stems (e.g., rayke pa).助動詞 pa は、単複を持つ他動詞の単数形の後ろにつく場合もある(例:rayke pa)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:157 asserts checked
- Auxiliary pa can further attach to the plural form of verbs that distinguish singular and plural stems (e.g., osur-pa pa, sinew-pa pa).助動詞 pa は、単複を持つ動詞の複数形の後ろにさらにつくこともできる(例:osur-pa pa, sinew-pa pa)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:157 asserts checked
- Unlike the suffix -pa, auxiliary pa has no lexical restrictions and appears after independent verbs with diverse semantic content.助動詞 pa には V/-pa 型と違って語彙的な制限が無く、自立的なさまざまな意味内容の動詞の後ろに現れる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:157 asserts checked
- Auxiliary pa expresses either plurality of the subject agent or pluractionality (multiplicity of action).助動詞 pa は動作主体の複数性と動作の複数性の両方を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:157 asserts checked
- When auxiliary pa attaches to a plural verb stem, it denotes multiplicity of action if the verb itself expresses subject plurality, and subject plurality if the verb itself expresses multiplicity of action.動詞の複数形にさらに pa がついた場合、動詞自体が主体の複数性を表している場合には動作の複数性を、動詞が動作の複数性を表している場合には主体の複数性を表す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:158 asserts checked
- The verb iki 'do' uniquely allows both iki=an pa (auxiliary pa) and iki-pa=an (suffix -pa) in the fourth person, an exceptional flexibility not shared by other verbs.iki「する」は4人称で iki=an pa と iki-pa=an の両形をとりうるが、このような現象が見られるのは iki だけであり特殊な事例である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:159 asserts extracted
- Auxiliary ci and auxiliary pa are in a roughly complementary distribution across dialects: ci is frequent in Shizunai where pa is rare, whereas pa is heavily used in Saru and Chitose where ci is not used at all.ci と pa は方言間である程度相補分布的な関係にあり、静内方言のように ci が多用される方言では pa の頻度は低く、沙流方言や千歳方言では pa が多用される一方 ci は全く使われない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:159 asserts checked
- A plural meaning can be added to verbs without singular/plural distinctions, or added additionally to plural verbs, through postverbal elements such as Sakhalin (a)hci, Shizunai/Horobetsu/Shiranuka ci, and Saru/Chitose/Ishikari pa.動詞後続要素(樺太の (a)hci、静内・幌別・白糠の ci、沙流・千歳・石狩の pa など)によって、単複の区別のない動詞に複数意味を付加したり、動詞の複数形にさらに複数意味を付加したりすることができる。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts anchored
- In Hokkaido Ainu, the postverbal plural marker ci is an older form, which was replaced in the Saru, Chitose, and Ishikari dialects by the innovated form pa.北海道アイヌ語において、動詞後続の複数標識 ci はより古い形と考えられ、沙流・千歳・石狩方言では新たに発達した pa によって置き換えられた。proposes nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 proposes checked
- Plurality of action expressed by verb plural forms denotes repetition or occasionally duration of an action.動詞の複数形によって表される動作の複数性は、動作の反復あるいは時に継続を意味する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:149 asserts checked
- The plural suffix -pa sometimes serves in an iterative function.複数接尾辞 -pa は反復の機能で機能することがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin dialect, plural verb forms (marked with -hci) co-occur more consistently with plural subjects of both intransitive and transitive clauses as well as plural objects.樺太方言では、動詞複数形(-hci標示など)が自動詞・他動詞双方の複数主語および複数目的語と、より一貫して共起する傾向が見られる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, plural verb forms involve both suppletive forms and the unique suffix -hci.樺太アイヌ語において、動詞の複数形には補充形と特有の接尾辞-hciの双方が関与する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin dialect, the plural verbal suffix -hci may be attached to auxiliary verbs.樺太方言では、動詞複数接尾辞-hciが助動詞にも付加され得る。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- Unlike the causative suffix, the plural suffix -hci is attached after vowel addition to syllable-final r, taking the shape -hci rather than -ahci.使役接尾辞とは異なり、複数接尾辞-hciは語末rへの母音添加の後に付加されるため、-ahciではなく-hciの形をとる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.2 asserts extracted
- The verbal suffix -hci and nominal suffix -hcin express plurality of participants in Karafuto Ainu.樺太アイヌ語において、動詞接尾辞 -hci および名詞接尾辞 -hcin は参与者の複数を表す。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
- The plural suffixes -hci/-hcin take the allomorphs -hci/-hcin after a vowel and -ahci/-ahcin after a consonant.複数接尾辞 -hci/-hcin は母音の後では -hci/-hcin、子音の後では -ahci/-ahcin の形態をとる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, the plural marker -ahci/-hci on a transitive verb can agree with a plural subject even when the object is singular.樺太アイヌ語において、他動詞の複数標識 -ahci/-hci は、目的語が単数であっても複数主語と一致しうる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
- In Karafuto Ainu, the verbal plural marker -hci can agree with a plural object when the subject is singular.樺太アイヌ語において、主語が単数であっても、動詞の複数標識 -hci は複数目的語と一致しうる。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked
Mismatches between semantic and stem number 56 claims ·7 sentences· 3 examples
In which contexts does semantic number not match the verb stem number, and what triggers the plural stem?
- In the Shizunai dialect, only very few transitive verbs possess distinct plural forms.静内方言において、複数形を持つ他動詞はごくわずかしか存在しない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, a subject expressing an exact number of entities often occurs with the singular form of verbs that distinguish number.静内アイヌ語において、正確な数量を表す主語は、数の区別を持つ動詞の単数形を伴うことが多い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, when a subject containing an exact number greater than one takes a pronominal affix, the predicate always takes the plural form if available.静内アイヌ語において、1を超える正確な数を含む主語が人称接辞をとる場合、述語動詞に複数形があれば常に複数形をとる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in scope): In Shizunai Ainu, a subject expressing an exact number of entities often occurs with the singular form of verbs that distinguish number.— While numeral subjects usually take singular verb stems in Shizunai, the attachment of a pronominal affix obligatorily conditions the plural stem.
- Previous literature states as an absolute rule that a subject containing a numeral cannot co-occur with a plural verb in Hokkaido Ainu.先行研究では、数詞を含む主語は複数形の動詞と共起できないという絶対的な規則が立てられている。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports checked
- refsing1986 reports checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, a subject containing a numeral can co-occur with a plural verb when a pronominal affix is attached, and the restriction is not consistently observed even without pronominal affixes.静内アイヌ語では、人称接辞が付着している場合などに数詞を含む主語が複数動詞と共起することがあり、規則は一貫していない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in dialect): Previous literature states as an absolute rule that a subject containing a numeral cannot co-occur with a plural verb in Hokkaido Ainu.— Refsing finds that Shizunai permits plural verbs with numerals under certain conditions, directly contradicting the absolute prohibition reported by Chiri and Tamura.
- Repetition of an action marked by the habitual auxiliary ranke does not trigger a plural stem on an intransitive verb if the subject is singular.反復を表す補助動詞 ranke によって動作が反復されても、主語が単数であれば単数形自動詞は複数形にはならない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- supports: Unlike transitive verbs, the plural form of an intransitive verb reflects only the semantic number of the subject and cannot mark pluractionality.— The failure of habitual ranke to trigger plural stems on singular intransitive verbs supports the generalization that intransitive plural stems mark only subject number, not event pluractionality.
- Even when the object of a transitive verb is semantically plural and the action is performed multiple times, the plural verb form is not necessarily used.他動詞において目的語が意味的に複数で事象が複数回生起する場合でも、必ずしも動詞の複数形が用いられるわけではない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts anchored
- In transitive verbs, the singular verb stem can be used even when the objective personal prefix is plural.他動詞において、目的語の人称接辞が複数(eci-)であっても動詞の単数形が用いられうる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts anchored
- refines(differs in scope): Even when the object of a transitive verb is semantically plural and the action is performed multiple times, the plural verb form is not necessarily used.— The occurrence of singular transitive verb stems with the second-person plural object prefix eci- provides a specific grammatical instance of singular stems occurring with plural objects.
- Unlike transitive verbs, the plural form of an intransitive verb reflects only the semantic number of the subject and cannot mark pluractionality.他動詞とは異なり、自動詞の複数形は主語の意味的な数のみを反映し、動作の複数性を表示する機能は持たない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:145 asserts checked
- Plural marking or suppletion on Ainu verbs should be analyzed as selectional restriction choosing a plural nominal argument rather than as number agreement.アイヌ語の動詞における複数標示または語幹補充は、数の一致ではなく、複数の名詞項を選択する選択制限として分析されるべきである。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 asserts checked
- contradicts(differs in framework): Intransitive verbs with a number distinction alternate to grammatically agree with nominative personal affixes.— Shibatani analyzes verbal number as lexical selectional restriction rather than agreement, whereas Nakagawa describes intransitive stem alternations as grammatical agreement with nominative personal a
- The plurality of a noun is in some cases indicated on the verb that it governs.名詞の複数はある場合にはその支配する動詞において示される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Certain uncountably conceived abstract and mass nouns always govern verbs of plural meaning such as at, ot, ush, and ash.一個二個と数えられない抽象名詞や物質名詞の中には、常に複数を表す動詞(at, ot, ush, ash)を支配するものがある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- The verb ash possesses a plural concept, as shown by its use as a first-person plural affix =as.ash が複数観念を持つことは、それが第1人称複数の接辞となることによって明らかである。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The verbs at and ot exist only as plural verbs (meaning 'many are present').複数としてのみ存在する動詞に at, ot がある。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The plural-only verbs at and ot are usually used only in the third person.複数動詞 at, ot は通常第III人称にのみ用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In intransitive verbs, unlike transitive verbs, forms in which a plural personal affix is attached to a singular verb stem do not occur.自動詞においては他動詞と異なり、複数人称接辞が単数形動詞語幹に付加された形は生起しない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts anchored
- The singular verb form can sometimes be used with the numeral iwan 'six'.動詞の単数形は数詞 iwan「6」とともに用いられることがある。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- In many dialects, including Saru, the quantifier poro-n-no 'many' can cooccur with both singular and plural verb forms.沙流方言を含む多くの方言において、poro-n-no「たくさん」は動詞の単数形および複数形の両方と共起する。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.3 asserts checked
- A small set of verbs, including kor 'have', kar 'make', kus 'pass through', and iki 'do', can take pa inside personal affixes or causative suffixes, behaving morphosyntactically like affix pa¹ despite lacking Type-C morphology.kor「持つ」、kar「作る」、kus「通る」、iki「する」などのごく少数の動詞は、Type-C形態を持たないにもかかわらず、人称接辞や使役接尾辞の内側にpaが現れ、接語というより接尾辞pa¹のように振る舞う。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- In a wide range of Hokkaido dialects, the plural causative of kor 'have' is kor-pa-re, where pa appears inside the causative suffix -re and is morphosyntactically pa¹.沙流、千歳、幌別、虻田、石狩を含む北海道の広範な方言において、kor「持つ」の使役形の複数形はkor-pa-reであり、paが使役接尾辞-reの左側に現れるため形態統語論的にpa¹である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- The plural of the causative of kar 'make' nearly always appears as kar-pa-re, with no attested examples of kar-e-pa².kar「作る」の使役形の複数形はほぼ常にkar-pa-reとして現れ、kar-e-pa²の例は見られない。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts checked
- In the intransitive verb iki 'do', pa¹ and pa² can freely interchange before or after the personal affix -an without a discernable difference in meaning.自動詞iki「する」においては、人称接尾辞-anの前または後にpa¹とpa²が意味上の明確な違いなく交替可能である。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.5 asserts anchored
- When co-occurring with a numeral expression or referring to an unrealized event, the singular verb form is used in principle, while the plural form is used when it is necessary to clearly express plurality of the verb itself.数詞表現と共起する場合や未実現の事象を指す場合、原則として単数形が用いられ、動詞自体の複数性を明確に表す必要があるときに複数形が用いられる。asserts nakagawa2022
- nakagawa2022:17.6 asserts checked
- Nouns in Ainu do not have a grammatical distinction of number, and singular/plural distinction in verbs does not necessarily correspond to the semantic number of the subject noun.アイヌ語では名詞には数の区別がなく、動詞の単数複数は必ずしも主語となる名詞の意味的な単数複数には呼応していない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:124 asserts checked
- Among verbs that distinguish number, intransitive verbs in principle take the plural form when their subject is semantically plural.単複の区別を持つ動詞のうち、自動詞は原則的に主語が意味的に複数の場合に複数形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:142 asserts checked
- For the vast majority of transitive verbs with a number distinction, singular and plural forms alternate according to the number of the object or the frequency of the action, rather than the subject.単複を持つ大多数の他動詞は、主語ではなく、目的語の数あるいは動作の回数に応じて単複が交替する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:143 asserts checked
- The singular transitive verb rayke 'kill' can be used even when the object is explicitly marked as second-person plural by the prefix combination a=eci=.他動詞の単数形 rayke「殺す」は、人称接辞 a=eci= によって目的語が2人称複数であることが明示されている場合でも用いられうる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:144 asserts checked
- While the plural form of a transitive verb expresses multiplicity of the patient or the event, the singular form is the default form and does not necessarily imply that the patient is singular or the action is performed only once.他動詞の複数形が用いられる場合には対象や動作の複数性が表されるが、単数形はデフォルトの形式であり、必ずしも対象が単数で動作が一回きりであるとは限らない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:145 asserts extracted
- In Tokachi Ainu, the plural form ronno exists without a corresponding singular form rayke, classifying it as a verb without a singular/plural distinction.十勝方言では ronno はあるが対応する rayke という形が無く、単複の区別がない動詞に分類される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 asserts checked
- eraman and eramuan can both be used in the same region and by the same speaker, appearing to be a difference of tone/delivery rather than dialect.eraman と eramuan は同じ地域・同じ話者でもどちらも使うこともあり、方言差というより、口調の差であるように思われる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:147 proposes checked
- In dialects such as Saru, asin / asip is not used for 'go outside'; instead, soyne / soyenpa is normally used.沙流方言などでは「外に出る」という場合 soyne - soyenpa を使うのが普通で、asin - asip は使われない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:148 asserts checked
- In polite imperative sentences with a final particle such as yan, verbs that distinguish singular and plural must appear in the plural form, even when addressing a single person.yan などの終助詞を加えた丁寧な命令文では、単複形のある動詞は相手がひとりであっても複数形を使わなければならない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:160 asserts checked
- In some dialects where the fourth person is used to express respect toward the addressee, the verb takes the plural form even if the addressee is a single person.話し相手に対する敬意を示すために4人称を使う方言では、相手がひとりであっても動詞は複数形になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:160 asserts checked
- In the majority of dialects excluding Saru, Chitose, Horobetsu, and similar dialects, when the protagonist of a narrative is represented in the fourth person, verbs take plural forms even though the character is clearly a single person.沙流・千歳・幌別方言などを除いた大多数の方言では、物語の主人公が4人称で表される場合、明らかにひとりであっても動詞は複数形をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:160 asserts checked
- In Saru Ainu, verbs generally appear in the singular form when the subject's number is specified by a numeral indicating two, three, or sometimes up to four.沙流方言では、数詞によって数が特定された場合、その数が2、3、または4程度までであれば動詞は普通単数形が使われると報告されている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:161 reports checked
- In Ainu, the numeral iwan 'six' is frequently used in narratives and elsewhere to indicate a large number, and verbs co-occurring with it frequently take singular forms.アイヌ語では iwan「6」が数が多いことを示すのに用いられ、これに対して動詞が単数形になる例が多数存在する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:161 asserts checked
- Although non-specific quantity expressions like poronno 'a lot' or inne 'many' are reported to take plural verbs, singular verbs also occur with poronno or inne in dialects such as Saru, Chitose, Ishikari, and Shizunai.poronno や inne などの不特定多数を表す語に対しても、沙流・千歳・石狩・静内などの各方言で述語に単数形動詞が用いられる例がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:162 asserts checked
- Kindaichi interprets the plural forms of transitive verbs as basically denoting plurality of the object.金田一は他動詞の複数形が基本的に目的語の複数を表すものと解釈している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 reports checked
- Kindaichi states that the plural form of transitive verbs may also denote either plurality of the subject or respect towards the addressee, as a later analogical development.金田一は、自動詞の複数形からの類推による後代の発展として、他動詞の複数形が主語の複数または聞き手への敬意を表すこともあると述べている。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 reports checked
- Many verbs with the plural suffix -pa cited by Kindaichi and Chiri never appear in the plural form in Refsing's Shizunai material.金田一と知里が多く例示している複数接尾辞 -pa を伴う動詞の多くは、レフシングの静内方言資料では決して複数形として現れない。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:31 asserts checked
- A predicate with a plural pronominal affix attached consistently appears in the plural form (if it has one), even when expressions with a number or numeral are involved.複数人称接辞が付いた述語は、数や数詞を含む表現が関わる場合でも、(複数形を持つ動詞であれば)複数形で現れる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- When plurality is clear from context (such as the presence of a quantifier like poronno 'many'), the singular form of a verb may be used instead of the plural.文脈から複数であることが明らかな場合(poronno「たくさん」などがある場合),複数形ではなく動詞の単数形が用いられることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:101 asserts checked
- Transitive verbs can take a plural form when an action is performed multiple times on a single object.目的語が一つであっても,対象に対して動作が複数回行われる場合には他動詞の複数形が用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:101 asserts checked
- Unlike the colloquial register where -an is never combined with singular verbs, in the classical register -an combines with singular verb stems when referring to a first-person singular subject.口語の -an は動詞の単数形とともに用いられることは決してないが、雅語では一人称単数の意味の場合に -an は単数形動詞とともに用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:263 asserts checked
- arki is the plural form of ek 'come', and its use with the singular subject a-onaha 'my father' is an unresolved issue.arki は ek「来る」の複数形であるが、三人称単数主語 a-onaha「私の父」とともに用いられている点は問題として残る。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:352 asserts checked
- While plural agreement via personal affixes is strictly observed, the selection of plural arguments by plural verb forms is optional.人称接辞による複数の項一致が厳密に遵守されるのに対し、動詞複数形による複数項の選択は極めて随意である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 asserts checked
- Plural verb forms are selected in syntactic contexts such as imperatives where number agreement by personal affixes is absent.人称接辞による数一致が存在しない命令文などの統語的文脈においても動詞複数形が選択される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 asserts checked
- When the plurality of the subject or object is specified by numerals, only singular verb forms are usable according to Kindaichi (1931).金田一(1931)によれば、主語や目的語の複数が数詞によって明示される場合、単数動詞形のみが使用可能である。reports shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 reports checked
- Plural verb forms are most regularly chosen when intransitive subjects are plural, whereas singular verb forms frequently co-occur with plural objects.動詞複数形は自動詞主語が複数である場合に最も規則的に選ばれるのに対し、目的語の複数は無視されることが多く、単数動詞形が複数の目的語と共起することが頻繁にある。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 asserts checked
- Plural verb forms typically co-occur with a plural subject when the verb is intransitive and with a plural object when it is transitive.動詞複数形は、自動詞では複数主語と共起し、他動詞では複数目的語と共起するのが典型的である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 asserts checked
- Sentences in which plural verbs co-occur with plural transitive subjects occur in both Classical Ainu and colloquial dialects.動詞複数形が他動詞の複数主語と共起する文は、古典アイヌ語および口語方言の双方に見られる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:52 asserts checked
- Plural marking on verbs remains optional, so that unmarked verbs occur where plural forms are expected.動詞の複数標示は任意的であり、複数形が期待される文脈でも無標の動詞が生起する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
- Plural verb forms, including suppletive forms, are used as honorific expressions.補充形を含む動詞の複数形は敬語表現としても用いられる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
- The honorific use of plural verb forms is restricted to the expression of deference toward the referent of the subject nominal.動詞の複数形の敬語的用法は、主語名詞の指示対象に対する敬意の表現に限定されているように見受けられる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
- There is no independent object-honorific use of plural verb forms in Ainu.アイヌ語において、動詞複数形が目的語敬語として用いられる独立した事例は存在しない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:58 asserts checked
- For verbs expressing actions directed at an object in Karafuto Ainu, the plural stem expresses multiple occurrences of the action rather than necessarily matching the number of the subject or object.樺太アイヌ語の対象に向かう動作を表す動詞では、複数形語幹は動作の複数回生起(複数回行われること)を表し、主語や目的語の単複とは一致しないことがある。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.6 asserts checked