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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part V — Morphophonology and Sandhi

32. Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction

How does reduplication interact with phonological processes such as assimilation and epenthesis in Hokkaido Ainu?

北海道アイヌ語の重複はどのように同化や挿入などの音韻過程と相互作用するのか。

Base-copy templates in ideophones, intensives, and pluractionals, and how reduplication interacts with the assimilation and epenthesis processes to diagnose rule ordering and the morphology–phonology interface.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:phon/reduplication-phonology-rule-interaction read this topic as text

19claims
27statements
11sources
2examples
12sections
61first-edition sentences

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ketketcep 2rikin 2rikip 2ku= 2ci= 2cirir 1hepokiki 1ket 1sik-o 1mat-ak 1paˈraparak-ʔan 1ˈay-ʔay 1ayˈay 1i= 1omante 1iyomante 1pet-sam 1petcam 1sinot-sa 1sinotca 1*ket~ket-se-pe 1nisatcawot 1nisat-sawot 1mat 1ikor 1macikor 1rekut-i 1rekuci 1attus 1at-rus 1ahrus 1rikin~rikip 1-ka 1rikinka 1rikipka 1-p/-pe 1-p 1riki- 1riki-p 1e= 1

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Overview 19 claims ·4 sentences

What is the general phonological process of reduplication in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. Verbal reduplication functions to express plurality of action or repetition.
    動詞の重複は動作の複数性または反復を表す機能を持つ。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts refsing1986
  2. Verbal reduplication in Ainu expresses lexical aspect rather than the grammatical category of number.
    アイヌ語の動詞畳語は数のカテゴリーではなく語彙的アスペクトを表す手段である。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts nakagawa2022
  3. Full reduplication of a verb or adjective stem expresses iterative aspect.
    動詞（または形容詞）の語幹を反復するものは、反復態を表す。
    form-function generic
    asserts kindaichi1936
  4. Reduplication of the verbal root expresses iterative aspect.
    動詞の語根を反復するものは、反復態を表す。
    form-function generic
    asserts kindaichi1936
  5. Reduplication of the portion of the root following the initial consonant expresses continuative aspect.
    語根の頭音以外の部分を反復するものは、持続態を表す。
    form-function generic
    asserts kindaichi1936
  6. Reduplication of the final syllable of the verb stem expresses continuative aspect.
    語幹の最後の音節を反復するものは、持続態を表す。
    form-function generic
    asserts kindaichi1936
  7. Reduplication of adverbs (or particles) indicates emphasis.
    副詞（又は助詞）の反復は、強調を表す。
    form-function generic
    asserts kindaichi1936
  8. Reduplication of verb stems expresses repetition of an action or a high degree of a quality.
    動詞語幹の反復形は、動作の反復や程度の高いことを表す。
    form-function sakhalin generic
    asserts murasaki2025
  9. Verbal reduplication in Ainu includes root reduplication, partial stem reduplication, and full stem reduplication.
    アイヌ語には動詞語根、語幹の一部、語幹全体が重複されるものがある。
    existence ainu all
    asserts nakagawa2024
  10. Verb root reduplication indicates repetition of action for transitive verbs, and repetition of change of state or high degree of state for intransitive verbs.
    動詞語根の重複は、他動詞では「動作の反復」、自動詞では「状態変化の反復」「状態の程度が大きいこと」を表す。
    form-function ainu all
    reports nakagawa2024
  11. Partial stem reduplication of verbs expresses the continuation of the result after an action is performed.
    動詞語幹の一部の重複は「動作が行われた後の結果の持続」を表す。
    form-function ainu all
    reports nakagawa2024
  12. Full stem reduplication of verbs expresses repetition of action/change of state, continuation of action, or high degree of state.
    動詞語幹全体の重複は「動作・状態変化の反復」「動作の継続」「状態の程度が大きいこと」を表す。
    form-function ainu all
    reports nakagawa2024
  13. Reduplication of the root or part of the stem is in principle restricted to V/-pa type verbs, whereas full stem reduplication is found on various verbs.
    語根ないし語幹の一部の重複は原則的に V/-pa 型の動詞に限られるが、語幹全体の重複は V/-pa 型には限られず、いろいろな動詞に見られる。
    distribution ainu usually -pa
    asserts nakagawa2024
  14. In Ainu word formation, roots may undergo reduplication, and vowel reduplication occurs commonly in derivational morphology.
    アイヌ語の語形成において、語根が重複されることがあり、語派生において母音の重複（反復）が一般的に見られる。
    existence ainu generic
    asserts okuda2022
  15. Reduplication of the verb is mostly used to indicate repetition or duration of an action or phenomenon.
    動詞の重複は、動作や現象の反復または継続を示すために主として用いられる。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually
    asserts refsing1986
  16. Verbs formed by reduplicating a root element express the repetition of an action whose range or degree is small and affects only a part.
    語根要素の重複によって形成された動詞は、範囲や程度が小さく一部分にしか及ばない行為の反復を表す。
    form-function ainu generic moymoyeyasyaske
    asserts sato2008
  17. When an entire word is reduplicated rather than just the root element, it seems to express complete repetition of the action.
    語根部分だけでなく語全体を重複する場合は、完全な動作の反復を表すようである。
    form-function ainu generic yaskeyaske
    asserts sato2008
  18. Reduplication plays an important role in verb word formation, whereas nouns formed by reduplication (such as ramram 'scales' and taktak 'lump') are not very common.
    重複によって作られた名詞の例はさほど多くないが（ramram「鱗」、taktak「塊」など）、動詞の語形成の手段として重複は重要な役割を果たす。
    frequency hokkaido generic ramramtaktak
    asserts sato2008
  19. Reduplication of the verbal root (e.g. yas-yas-ke) is associated with an action occurring irregularly in various places, complete reduplication of the word (e.g. yaske-yaske) is associated with an action occurring to a full degree, and partial reduplication of the root (e.g. sik-mak-ak-a) is associated with the continuation of the resulting state.
    動詞において語根の重複（yas-yas-ke など）は行為があちこちで不規則に行われること、語の完全な重複（yaske-yaske など）は行為が完全な程度に行われること、語根の部分重複（sik-mak-ak-a など）は行為の結果状態の持続と関連があるようである。
    form-function hokkaido generic yas-yas-keyaske-yaskesik-mak-ak-a
    asserts sato2008

The phonological shape of the reduplicant 8 sentences

What is the phonological shape of the reduplicant in Hokkaido Ainu reduplication?

The reduplicant-base boundary: resyllabification blocking and glottal insertion 10 sentences

How does the reduplicant-base boundary behave regarding resyllabification and glottal insertion?

Sandhi at the reduplicant-affix juncture 2 sentences

How do sandhi rules apply at the junction between the reduplicated complex and a following affix?

t + s → c in reduplicated compounds 7 sentences

What happens at the underlying /t/ + /s/ juncture in reduplicated compounds?

Palatalization (t + i → ci) at the boundary 3 sentences

How does palatalization of /t/ before /i/ operate at the reduplicant-base boundary?

r-sandhi at reduplicant codas 6 sentences

How does coda /r/ trigger regressive assimilation at reduplicant codas?

Summary: sandhi rule interactions at reduplication boundaries 0 sentences

What is the summary of sandhi rule interactions at reduplication boundaries?

Coda alternation in paired reduplicants: rikin and rikip 11 sentences· 1 examples

How does coda alternation in paired reduplicants (e.g., rikin and rikip) arise?

tane rikin wa isam pe okake ta
now ascend CONJ be.gone NMLZ after LOC
‘Now, after (the god) had ascended and vanished,’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 7 [aa-irc/005#251]

Person-prefix attachment to reduplicated stems 5 sentences

How do person prefixes attach to reduplicated stems and affect accent placement?

Corpus illustration 2 sentences· 1 examples

What corpus example illustrates the absence of sandhi at the internal reduplicant-base boundary?

caricari wa isam ru-we ne kuni a=ramu kor
be.scattered CONJ be.gone track-POSS COP COMP 4.A=think while
‘(while she was) thinking that (things) had been scattered and vanished,’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 9 [aa-irc/009#127]

Dialectal variation 3 sentences

What dialectal variation exists in regressive cluster assimilations in eastern Hokkaido reduplication?