148. Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism

Word-class status 3 claims ·8 sentences

What syntactic properties distinguish interjections from other word classes?

1. Interjections function to call attention to the speaker, to respond to conversational turns and transactions, or to express emotional reactions.
   感動詞の機能は、注意喚起、社会的やり取りへの応答、あるいは感情的反応の表出である。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:131 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:131 asserts checked
2. In Sakhalin Ainu, interjections are defined as words whose internal grammatical structure is unclear but which constitute an entire sentence by themselves.
   樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞は文法的構造は不明だが単独で一文を構成する語として定義される。
   terminology sakhalin universal
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
3. Interjections inherently carry modality such that a word forms a fully terminated sentence after which nothing can follow.
   間投詞はそれ自体にモダリティを帯びており、単語単体で完全な終結文を成すため、後続要素をとることができない。
   form-function ainu universal irayapka
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:405 asserts checked

The interjection inventory 13 claims ·4 sentences· 2 examples

What functional types of interjections exist and what are their attested forms?

1. Chiri (1936) documents approximately fifty interjections in Ainu.
   知里（1936）は約50語のアイヌ語感動詞を記載している。
   frequency ainu specific
   reports refsing1986
   • refsing1986:131 reports checked
   • refsing1986:131 reports checked
2. In Shizunai, ayay is an interjection expressing pain ('ouch').
   静内方言において、ayay は苦痛（「痛い」）を表す感動詞である。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai specific ayay
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:132 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
3. In Shizunai, ononno is an interjection expressing happiness and gratitude.
   静内方言において、ononno は喜びや感謝を表す感動詞である。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai specific ononno
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:132 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in dialect): The interjection ononno expresses praise or triumph.— Refsing describes ononno in Shizunai as expressing happiness and gratitude, whereas Kindaichi & Chiri gloss it as praise or triumph ('hurrah').
4. Used alone, pakno can function as an interjection, pakno pakno 'enough! enough!'.
   単独で用いられる場合、pakno は間投詞 pakno pakno「もう十分だ！」として機能しうる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai specific paknopakno pakno
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:167 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:167 asserts checked
5. In Sakhalin Ainu, 'a'ii is an interjection used to express pain.
   樺太アイヌにおいて、'a'ii は苦痛を訴える際に用いられる間投詞である。
   form-function sakhalin specific 'a'ii
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
6. In Sakhalin Ainu, the interjection hee is used by both men and women to express mild surprise.
   樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞 hee は男女ともに用いられる。
   form-function sakhalin specific hee
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
7. In Sakhalin Ainu, the interjection 'uwa 'uwa is used when negating or dissenting.
   樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞 'uwa 'uwa は否定や不同意を表す際に用いられる。
   form-function sakhalin specific 'uwa 'uwa
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
8. In Sakhalin Ainu, the interjection hore'aynoo is used to express admiration at the sight of a beautiful woman.
   樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞 hore'aynoo は美人を見て驚嘆した際に用いられる。
   form-function sakhalin specific hore'aynoo
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
9. In Sakhalin Ainu, the interjection ta'aa is used upon discovering or noticing something.
   樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞 ta'aa は何かを発見・認知した際に用いられる。
   form-function sakhalin specific ta'aa
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
10. In Sakhalin Ainu, the interjection 'acakampahsee is used when startled or shocked.
    樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞 'acakampahsee は吃驚した際に用いられる。
    form-function sakhalin specific 'acakampahsee
    asserts murasaki2025
    • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
11. In Sakhalin Ainu, the interjection yaykistee is used when exasperated or stunned.
    樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞 yaykistee は呆れた際に用いられる。
    form-function sakhalin specific yaykistee
    asserts murasaki2025
    • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
12. In Sakhalin Ainu, the interjection kee kee kee is used to urge the addressee to do something.
    樺太アイヌにおいて、間投詞 kee kee kee は相手に促す際に用いられる。
    form-function sakhalin specific kee kee kee
    asserts murasaki2025
    • murasaki2025:109 asserts checked
13. In Saru, the expression hesto hesto means 'there, didn't I tell you? / see?'.
    沙流方言において、hesto hesto は「そら見たことか」を意味する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru specific hesto hesto
    reports sato2008
    • sato2008:299 reports checked

Greeting formulae and their morphological structure 7 claims ·13 sentences· 2 examples

What greeting formulae are used and what is their morphological structure?

1. In Shizunai, iyayraykere is a formal expression of gratitude literally meaning 'it makes me kill myself'.
   静内方言において、iyayraykere は改まった感謝表現であり、字義通りには「それは私に自死させる」を意味する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai specific iyayraykere
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:132 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • supports: Many interjections have the morphological structure i- + intransitive verb stem + causative suffix.— Refsing's literal analysis of iyayraykere matches Nakagawa's productive i- + intransitive + causative template.
2. The interjection hap expresses gratitude for food.
   感嘆詞 hap は食物への感謝を表す。
   form-function ainu specific hap
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. The interjection oi oi expresses gratitude upon receiving something.
   感嘆詞 oi oi は受贈時の感謝を表す。
   form-function ainu specific oi oi
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. The word iyairaikere expresses thanks.
   iyairaikere は感謝を表す。
   form-function ainu specific iyairaikere
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
5. In Sakhalin Ainu, the greeting 'irankarahtee can be used at any time of day, anywhere, regardless of the addressee.
   樺太アイヌにおいて、挨拶表現 'irankarahtee は時間・場所・相手を問わず使用できる。
   distribution sakhalin specific 'irankarahtee
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:8 asserts checked
6. Many interjections have the morphological structure i- + intransitive verb stem + causative suffix.
   多くの間投詞は i- + 自動詞語幹 + 使役接尾辞という形態構造を持つ。
   form-function ainu major irayapkaiyairaykereiyaykiptei--re
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:292 asserts checked
7. Interjections with the shape i- + verb + causative suffix are normally not used as verbs in that form, verbal use being restricted to the base stem.
   i- + 動詞 + 使役接尾辞の構成を持つ間投詞はその形のまま動詞として用いられることは通例なく、動詞としては基底の語幹形のみが用いられる。
   distribution ainu major iyairaykereyairayke
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:292 asserts checked

Directive and affective interjections 14 claims ·5 sentences· 2 examples

What directive and affective interjections exist and how are they used?

1. In Shizunai, iramkitta is an interjection expressing amazement and disgust.
   静内方言において、iramkitta は驚きや嫌悪を表す感動詞である。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai specific iramkitta
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:132 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in scope): A set of interjections including irayapka, inunukaski, iyohaysitomare, and iramkitta express strong emotions such as surprise, pity, and annoyance.— Refsing provides Shizunai-specific semantics for iramkitta, which Nakagawa lists among affective interjections expressing strong emotions.
2. In Shizunai, hetak is an interjection meaning 'well, now' and is followed by a command.
   静内方言において、hetak は「さあ、どれ」を意味し、命令が後続する感動詞である。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai specific hetak
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:132 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
3. In Shizunai, hokure is an interjection meaning 'hurry!'.
   静内方言において、hokure は「急げ！」を意味する感動詞である。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai specific hokure
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:132 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
4. The interjections ayo and ayapo express pain.
   感嘆詞 ayo および ayapo は苦痛を表す。
   form-function ainu specific ayoayapo
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
5. The interjections ainupata, ainupotaun, and ampotaun express envy.
   感嘆詞 ainupata、ainupotaun、ampotaun は羨望を表す。
   form-function ainu specific ainupataainupotaunampotaun
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
6. The interjection achikara expresses disgust.
   感嘆詞 achikara は嫌悪を表す。
   form-function ainu specific achikara
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
7. The interjection chopara expresses derision or gloating.
   感嘆詞 chopara は嘲弄や溜飲の感情を表す。
   form-function ainu specific chopara
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
8. The interjection haí expresses pain.
   感嘆詞 haí は苦痛を表す。
   form-function ainu specific haí
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
9. The interjections hetak, keke-hetak, and hokure express invitation or urging.
   感嘆詞 hetak、keke-hetak、hokure は勧誘や促しを表す。
   form-function ainu specific hetakkeke-hetakhokure
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
10. The interjection oyoyo expresses distress or anguish.
    感嘆詞 oyoyo は苦悩を表す。
    form-function ainu specific oyoyo
    asserts kindaichi1936
    • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
11. The interjection ononno expresses praise or triumph.
    感嘆詞 ononno は称賛や歓呼を表す。
    form-function ainu specific ononno
    asserts kindaichi1936
    • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
12. The interjection shipakar expresses affection or compassion.
    感嘆詞 shipakar は愛撫や憐憫を表す。
    form-function ainu specific shipakar
    asserts kindaichi1936
    • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
13. The forms iokunnure, iokunure, and iokunnuka function both as interjections of surprise or pity and as verbs meaning 'to be surprised'.
    iokunnure、iokunure、iokunnuka は、驚きや憐れみの間投詞としても、「驚く」を意味する動詞としても用いられる。
    membership hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/southwest/horobetsuhokkaido/chitose specific iokunnureiokunureiokunnuka
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:293 asserts checked
14. A set of interjections including irayapka, inunukaski, iyohaysitomare, and iramkitta express strong emotions such as surprise, pity, and annoyance.
    irayapka、inunukaski、iyohaysitomare、iramkitta などの間投詞は、驚き・憐憫・当惑などの強い感情を表す。
    form-function ainu specific irayapkainunukaskiiyohaysitomareiramkitta
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:427 asserts checked

Ideophones and reduplicative mimetics 4 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

How does the language use reduplication to encode plurality or collectivity in nouns?

1. The forms hum, kit, pat, put, rim, and shiu, as well as mai, nai, and ser in -kosanu derivatives, are onomatopoeic roots.
   hum、kit、pat、put、rim、shiu、ならびに -kosanu 派生形における mai、nai、ser はすべて擬声語根である。
   membership ainu specific humkitpatputrimshiu
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts extracted
2. Certain repetitive and aspectual suffixes frequently attach to onomatopoeic and mimetic roots.
   特定の反復・アスペクト接尾辞は、擬声語・擬態語の語根に高頻度で後接する。
   distribution hokkaido major -natara-hitara-itara-rototke-rototo-atki
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:207 asserts checked
3. The onomatopoeic word kiriri represents the creaking sound of rowing an oar.
   擬声語 kiriri は櫓を漕ぐときのきしむ音を表す。
   form-function ainu specific kiriri
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:541 asserts checked
4. The quotative particle sekór can be analyzed etymologically as se-kor 'saying', containing a root se 'to say, do' found in compound ideophones.
   引用副詞 sekór の語源は se-kor「と言いながら」と解釈でき、複合擬声・擬態語に見られる「と言う・とする」の se を含む。
   diachrony hokkaido/southwest/saru specific sekórsekor
   proposes tamura1972
   • tamura1972:20 proposes checked

Sound symbolism: patterns and limits of the evidence 6 sentences

Is there evidence for systematic sound-symbolic associations between phonological form and meaning?

Morphosyntactic integration 5 claims ·11 sentences· 2 examples

How do interjections and mimetic words integrate into clause structure?

1. The verbalizing suffix -se forms phenomimetic (ideophonic) verbs as well as phonomimetic ones.
   動詞形成接尾辞 -se は、擬声語だけでなく擬態語（擬容語）の動詞も形成する。
   form-function ainu major -se
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
2. Like -se, the verbalizing suffix -ke forms onomatopoeic and phenomimetic verbs.
   -se と同様に、動詞形成接尾辞 -ke は擬声語および擬態語（擬容語）の動詞を形成する。
   form-function ainu major -ke
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. The suffix -po functions as an exclamatory element in interjections such as ayapo!, oyoyo(po)!, and wakkapo!.
   接尾辞 -po は、ayapo!、oyoyo(po)!、wakkapo! などの間投詞において感嘆接尾辞として現れる。
   form-function ainu specific -poayapooyoyowakkapo
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
4. Interjections constitute independent sentences on their own and enter into no grammatical relations with other elements.
   間投詞は単独で独立した文を構成し、他のいかなる統語要素とも文法的関係を結ばない。
   distribution ainu universal
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:290 asserts checked
5. Interjections may either stand as isolated exclamations or initiate or occasionally be interpolated into larger full sentences.
   感動詞は孤立した感嘆文をなすほか、完全な文の文頭に立つことや文中に挿入されることもある。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai universal
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:131 asserts checked
   • contradicts(differs in framework): Interjections constitute independent sentences on their own and enter into no grammatical relations with other elements.— Nakagawa claims interjections never enter grammatical relations with other elements, while Refsing observes them initiating or interpolating into full sentences.