Knowledge base · Part XIX — Discourse and the Grammar of Oral Literature
153. The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction
What are the grammatical and lexical features of the elevated register in Hokkaido Ainu?
北海道アイヌ語の雅語における文法的・語彙的特徴は何か?
The grammar and lexicon of the elevated (雅語) register — archaic forms, verse-restricted morphology, and fixed formulae.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:register/poetic-archaic-elevated-register read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 151 | 99 | |
| Satō 2008 | 73 | 42 | |
| Endō 2022 | 34 | 13 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 24 | 19 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 21 | 19 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 10 | 10 | |
| Satō 2004 | 7 | 1 | 5 |
| Kindaichi 1935 | 3 | 3 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 3 | 3 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 2 | 2 | |
| Okuda 2022 | 1 | ||
| Satō 2009 | 1 | ||
| Chiri Yukie 1923 | 1 | 1 | |
| Biratori Ainu oral literature 1969 | 1 | ||
| Majewicz 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2016 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×14
- Index of Subjects ×10
- Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song ×5
- The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse ×4
- Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets ×4
- A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer) ×4
- The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures ×3
- Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers ×3
- Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre ×2
- Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person ×2
- The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data ×2
- Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers ×2
- ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential ×1
- The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate ×1
- The e- Applicative ×1
- The ko- Applicative ×1
- Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa ×1
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×1
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×1
- First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse ×1
Forms mentioned
atomte-itak 9=an 8a= 3i-resu huci 3kamuy nomi itak 2kane 2ku= 2ci= 2ape huci 2kamuy 2yayan-itak 1caranke 1yukar 1uwepeker 1kamuy uwepeker 1ruwe tapan 1ta 1un 1e- 1ko- 1o- 1ku=e-ko-pase- 1k=e-ko-onkami 1arki 1arki=an 1ek 1ek=an 1kamuy ne manu p 1manu 1urar ruyka a=turi kane 1=en 1=as 1asinuma 1aoka(y) 1eani 1ecioka(y) 1ona 1unu 1haca 1hapo 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
·
Overview: atomte-itak and yayan-itak 7 claims ·7 sentences
What are the names and definitions of the two registers in Hokkaido Ainu?
- Ainu makes a traditional distinction between ornate language (a=tomte itak, or elegant/poetic speech) and ordinary language (yayan itak, or colloquial/everyday speech).アイヌ語には、雅語にあたる a=tomte itak(飾られた言葉)と日常語にあたる yayan itak(普通の言葉)という区別が伝統的に存在する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:586 asserts checked
- Poetic expressions are largely expressions refined over time to satisfy the principles of poetic meter, rather than reflecting how Ainu was once spoken in everyday life.雅語の表現は、かつて日常的に話されていた形態というよりは、音律の原則を満たすために時間をかけて磨き抜かれてきた表現という側面が大きい。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:601 asserts checked
- In Ainu verse, multi-line expressions consisting of several lines function as formulas (or formula groups), because single lines of four or five syllables do not form complete meaningful units on their own.アイヌ語の韻文においては、4・5音節の1行だけでは意味をなさないため、数行にわたるひとかたまりの表現がフォーミュラ(またはフォーミュラ・グループ)を構成している。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:614 asserts checked
- The theme of brewing sake (酒を醸す) is expressed across various dialects through combinations of similar formulas mentioning six store barrels (sintoko) placed at the hearth's upper and lower seats and the fragrance filling the house.酒を醸すというテーマは、上座と下座に六つの行器を据え、酒の香りが家に満ちるという同様のフォーミュラの組み合わせによって様々な方言で表現される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:617 asserts checked
- Formulas describing a woman's farming as requiring the construction of two or three storehouses reflect the traditional cultural conception that cultivation was women's work.女性が畑仕事をすると二つ三つの倉を建てることになるというフォーミュラは、耕作が女性の仕事と考えられていたことを示している。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:619 asserts checked
- Classical Ainu (the language of yukar) is more conservative and exhibits less dialectal variation than the colloquial spoken language.古典アイヌ語(ユーカラの言語)は、口語と比べてより保守的であり、方言差が少ない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:4 asserts checked
Genre density and the elegant-language gradient 3 claims ·7 sentences
How does the density of elegant language vary across different genres?
- In Chitose prose tales, formulaic passages describing a mother teaching women's work to daughters and a father teaching men's work to sons (as well as hunting prowess) are frequently added.千歳方言の説話では、母親が娘に女の仕事を教え自分が息子に男の仕事を教えたことや狩猟の腕前を描写する定型句が加わることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:620 asserts checked
- In heroic epics, specific formulaic lines are used to depict fighting one-on-one with swords.英雄叙事詩では、一対一で刀で戦う時に特定の定型句が使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:620 asserts checked
- Ending a story with the expression '...saying so, [the narrator] died' is a common pattern in Ainu oral literature.「私は死んだのだ, と言いながら死んだ」という表現で結ぶのは、アイヌ口承文芸の終わり方としてよくあるパターンである。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:365 asserts checked
Grammatical features of atomte-itak 4 claims ·2 sentences
What are the grammatical hallmarks of the poetic register?
- In verse, expressions like 'modifier + common noun + spatial noun' often avoid being compressed into a single line, and are expanded into two lines by repeating the common noun.韻文中では、特に「修飾語 + 普通名詞 + 位置名詞」という場合に、名詞を反復して2行に分けて表現することが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:599 asserts checked
- In the elevated/poetic register, semantically empty ki is often added even when seemingly unnecessary, and in kamuy yukar it is sometimes repeated to regulate the narrative rhythm.雅語では婉曲表現が好まれるため意味的に無色な ki がしばしば付け加えられ、特に神謡では語りの調子を整える目的で ki ki と繰り返されることがある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:83 asserts checked
- In elevated poetic expressions, the head noun is often repeated after a noun accompanied by modifiers.雅語的な表現では、修飾語句の付いた名詞の後に主要部の名詞が繰り返されることがよくある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:303 asserts checked
- In Ainu (especially oral literature), it is commonly observed that a periphrastic noun phrase is used instead of a verbal expression, saying for instance 'I was a lady who died while teaching' rather than 'I died while teaching'.アイヌ語(特に口承文芸)では、「教えながら死んだ」という動詞的表現の代わりに名詞句を用いて「教えつつ死んだ奥さんであった」のように表現することが普通に見られる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:364 asserts checked
Applicative case-marking 2 claims ·6 sentences· 2 examples
How are oblique relations expressed in the elevated register compared to everyday speech?
- Oblique cases can be expressed analytically by case particles, which is typical of spoken Ainu, or synthetically by verbal prefixes, which is typical of archaic and poetic register.その他の格も格助詞または接頭辞によって表示されるが、格助詞による分析的な語法は主として口語で、接頭辞による総合的で古めかしい語法は雅語で多く用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the verse i-kamiashi ka i-ronronke, what should originally have been a-kamiashi and a-sampehe became i-kamiashi and i-sampehe by rhyming with the following verbs i-ronronke and i-hochirkar.本来 a-kamiashi, a-sampehe であるべきものが、後出の i-ronronke, i-hochirkar に押韻して i-kamiashi, i-sampehe となったものである。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
Number-agreement override 1 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples
How does number agreement differ between the poetic and everyday registers?
- Using a plural verb form for a singular referent provides a roundabout expression that may represent an honorific or elevated/poetic register usage.単数の対象に複数形動詞を用いることは遠回しな表現となり、一種の尊敬表現あるいは雅語的表現である可能性がある。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:295 proposes checked
Polysynthetic expansion and periphrasis 17 claims ·5 sentences
What polysynthetic expansions and periphrases occur in the elevated register?
- Polysynthetic and noun-incorporating verb constructions are more prominently found in Classical and elevated poetic Ainu than in everyday colloquial speech.複統合的・名詞抱合的な動詞構文は、日常の口語アイヌ語よりも古典語・雅語においてより顕著に見られる。asserts nakagawa2024, shibatani1990
- nakagawa2024:588 asserts checked
- shibatani1990:4 asserts checked
- In poetic language, incorporating and polysynthetic expressions are frequently formed as fixed formulas incorporating pleonastic morphemes (such as 'kur' or 'or') to conform to metric constraints.雅語では音律の原則に合わせるため、虚辞(kur や or など)を含めた抱合的・複統合的な表現が常套句として多数作られている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:589 asserts anchored
- In the elevated/poetic register, everyday expressions are often replaced with longer periphrastic expressions to conform to metrical principles.雅語では、日常的な表現と同じ意味を、音律の原則に合わせる形でより長い迂言的表現に置き換えることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:590 asserts checked
- A periphrastic 5-syllable expression retaining the meaning of an original 3-syllable intransitive verb can be formed by deriving the verb with a causative suffix like -re (-te, -e) or -ka and prefixing the middle-voice marker ci- ('cause oneself to V').3音節の自動詞を使役接尾辞-re(-te, -e)や-kaで使役動詞にし、中動態接頭辞ci-「自分に〜させる」をつけることで、前後に1音節ずつ加わって5音節の迂言的表現となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:590 asserts checked
- A 2-syllable intransitive verb can also form a 5-syllable periphrastic expression by adding an applicative prefix to become 3 syllables and then taking middle-voice ci- and a causative suffix.2音節の自動詞を接頭辞で3音節にし、ci-と使役接尾辞を加えて5音節の迂言的表現にする形もある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:590 asserts checked
- A 1-syllable motion verb can form a 5-syllable periphrastic expression by prefixing ci-, incorporating the corresponding locational noun with directional -na, and suffixing a causative suffix.1音節の移動動詞に対して、ci-にその移動動詞に対応した位置名詞+-naを抱合し使役接尾辞を加えることで、もとの動詞と同じ意味を表す5音節の迂言的表現が作られる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:590 asserts checked
- For 2-syllable motion verbs such as rikin, the ci- + locational noun-na + verb + causative periphrastic pattern is not formed because it would yield 6 syllables, violating metrical constraints.rikinのような2音節の移動動詞に対しては、ci-+位置名詞-na+動詞+使役接尾辞のような迂言的表現は6音節になって音律に合わないため作られない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:591 asserts checked
- Intransitive verbs cikannare 'go upward' and cipoknare 'go downward' can be formed with the structure ci-kanna-re and ci-pokna-re.ci-kanna (pokna) -reという構成で、cikannare「上方に行く」、cipoknare「下方に行く」という自動詞を作ることができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:591 asserts checked
- A transitive verb with a personal affix is often periphrastically expanded across two lines using the template 'ci- + transitive verb / personal affix + ekarkar'.他動詞に人称接辞をつけた表現を、ci-+他動詞 / 人称接辞-ekarkarという形で2行に展開する迂言的表現がよく用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:591 asserts anchored
- Expletives (虚辞) in Ainu are words or affixes that serve exclusively to adjust the poetic meter without adding any semantic content.虚辞とは、何の意味も付加せず、音律を整えるためだけに用いられる語または接辞である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:592 asserts checked
- The expletives ko and konna do not necessarily occur as a pair, but can also be used independently.koとkonnaは必ずしもセットで現れるわけではなく、片方だけでも用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:593 asserts checked
- The expletive kur is inserted within a single compound verb when the preceding word adverbially modifies the following verb.虚辞kurは、一語の中で前の語が後ろの動詞を副詞的に修飾している場合に挿入される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:594 asserts checked
- The expletive or (homophonous with the locational noun or) can be inserted after a noun to make a line 5 syllables long in contexts where no locational noun is grammatically required.位置名詞と同形の虚辞orは、位置名詞を必要としない文脈において1行を5音節にするために名詞の後に挿入されることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:594 asserts checked
- When the preceding element has 2 syllables, the expletive orkehe (3 syllables) is sometimes used to bring the line to 5 syllables.前に来る要素が2音節の場合には、結果的に5音節にするためにorkeheという形が使われることもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:595 asserts checked
- The filler element anakki is analyzed as the adverbial particle anak 'topic' plus the verb ki 'to do', having the grammatical function of expanding a verb phrase.虚辞と異なり、anakki は副助詞 anak「は」+動詞 ki「〜をする」と考えられ、動詞句を拡張するという文法的な機能を持っている。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:609 proposes checked
- Other verse filler phrases include iki korkayki 'although so', orowa kayki 'and then', and phrases built with enune or penune such as enune ayne, enune awa, penune kusu, and penune ki kor.このほかの充填句として、iki korkayki「そうであるが」、orowa kayki「そうして、それで」や、enune, penune を使った enune ayne, enune awa, penune kusu, penune ki kor などがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:610 asserts checked
- Many of the word-formation processes characterizing Ainu as a polysynthetic language occur in Classical Ainu, the language of yukar.アイヌ語を抱合語として特徴づける理論的に興味深い語形成プロセスの多くは、ユカラの言語である古典アイヌ語において現れる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
The hero-narrator person system 4 claims ·13 sentences· 1 examples
What person affix set is used for the narrative hero in verse?
- The use of first-person plural forms (the a-(an-) series and ci- series) in poetic/elevated language can be regarded as a kind of periphrasis that obscures the referent through plural marking.雅語において一人称複数形(a-(an-)系の形式およびci-系の形式)が用いられるのは、複数形を用いて指示対象を曖昧化する一種の迂言とみなすことができる。proposes sato2004
- sato2004 proposes checked
- In the classical/poetic register, the first-person singular intransitive subject affix -an attaches after the singular stem an 'to exist'.雅語では単数形 an「いる」の後に人称接辞 -an が付く。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:287 asserts checked
- The suffix -an marks the first-person singular (or plural) nominative on intransitive verbs in the elevated/poetic register.接尾辞 -an は雅語において自動詞一人称単数(複数)主格を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:366 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the first-person object prefix is i- for both singular and plural.古典アイヌ語において、1人称目的語接頭辞は単数・複数ともに i- である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
The register lexicon 36 claims ·11 sentences
What are the word pairs between everyday and elegant vocabulary?
- The complex word si-kopa-yar means 'like' and is not used in everyday language.複合語si-kopa-yarは「〜のように」を意味し、日常語では用いられない。asserts endo2022
- endo2022:10.4 asserts checked
- In divine and heroic epics, the expression 'tu ~ / re ~' ('two ~ / three ~') is commonly used to mean 'many' rather than specifying a literal number.神謡や英雄叙事詩では、「tu 〜 / re 〜」(2つの〜/3つの〜)という表現は実数ではなく「たくさん」を意味する表現としてよく用いられる。asserts endo2022
- endo2022:10.4 asserts checked
- The suffix -hitara is frequently used in verse, particularly in conventional set phrases within heroic epics.-hitara は韻文、特に英雄叙事詩中の常套句中で使われているものが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:206 asserts checked
- The suffix -kar attached to transitive verbs is used especially in verse and is considered an expletive (dummy morpheme) used for syllable count adjustment.他動詞につく -kar は特に韻文化で使われるものであり、音節数調整のための虚辞のひとつと考えられる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:209 proposes checked
- In Saru and Chitose epic poetry, an adnominal ta appears in the expression cise ta turesi 'sister of the house' to distinguish an actual sister from a wife or lover.沙流や千歳の英雄叙事詩では、turesi が「妻」や「恋人」も表すことから「実の妹」を区別するために cise ta turesi「家の妹」という言い方に連体格の ta が現れる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:302 asserts checked
- As an expression characteristic of verse, forms with ki preceding a small set of intransitive verbs (such as ki-hopuni, kicis, kihoyupu, kiparaparak, kisoyosma, kitontaro) are used, taking transitive personal affixes.韻文特有の表現として、少数の自動詞の前に ki が付随した形(ki-hopuni、kicis、kihoyupu、kiparaparak、kisoyosma、kitontaro など)が用いられ、他動詞型の人称接辞をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:376 asserts checked
- In verse and prayers, special poetic vocabulary is used instead of everyday words, such as 'iresukamuy' or 'mosirkorkamuy' instead of 'apehuci'/'huciape' for the fire god, and 'reyep' or 'mimakitar utar' instead of 'seta' for dog.祈詞や神謡などの韻文では日常語と異なる雅語的語彙が使われ、例えば火の神には apehuci / huciape の代わりに iresukamuy や mosirkorkamuy が、犬には seta の代わりに reyep や mimakitar utar が用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:586 asserts checked
- Everyday vocabulary corresponds systematically to poetic vocabulary in elevated registers, such as 'cise' vs. 'kenru' (house), 'emus' vs. 'tam' / 'ramkopastep' (sword), 'cip' vs. 'nimam' (boat), 'ru' vs. 'kiroru' (road), 'hos' vs. 'kinatuyehos' (leggings), 'numat' vs. 'sinotnumatpo' (mour breast-strap), 'tanto' vs. 'tananto' (today), 'kor'/'enuwap' vs. 'yaykosanke' (give birth to), 'ese' vs. 'ioeseciwre' (answer affirmatively), and 'iteki' vs. 'ikineypeka' (do not).日常語と雅語には体系的な語彙対応があり、例えば「家」cise に対し kenru、「刀」emus に対し tam / ramkopastep、「舟」cip に対し nimam、「道」ru に対し kiroru、「脚絆」hos に対し kinatuyehos、「今日」tanto に対し tananto、「産む」kor, enuwap に対し yaykosanke、「承諾する」ese に対し ioeseciwre、「禁止」iteki に対し ikineypeka などがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:587 asserts checked
- In Saru tradition, kamuy deities have ordinary names alongside formal 'true names' (often paired as male and female couples), such as 'apemerukoyanmat unamerukoyanmat' for the fire goddess 'kamuyhuci'.沙流地方の伝承では、kamuy には通常の名に加えて夫婦一対などの「本名」があり、例えば火の神 kamuyhuci の本名は apemerukoyanmat unamerukoyanmat である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:587 asserts checked
- The term sara turenpe denotes a visible guardian spirit.sara turenpe は目に見える憑神(顕形の憑神)を意味する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:622 asserts checked
- The term mukke turenpe denotes an invisible guardian spirit.mukke turenpe は目に見えない憑神(隠形の憑神)を意味する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:622 asserts checked
- Formulas that are used across multiple themes frequently take the form of couplets or of a nominal couplet followed by a verb.さまざまなテーマで共通して使われる汎用性の高い定型句は、対句形式あるいは名詞的対句+動詞の形式になっているものが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:622 asserts checked
- The formula 'nep a=e rusuy ka, nep a=kor rusuy ka somo ki' almost invariably appears at least once in Saru and Chitose prose tales to describe a prosperous, contented life.「nep a=e rusuy ka, nep a=kor rusuy ka somo ki」は、沙流や千歳の散文説話中でほぼ必ず一度は現れる定型句である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts checked
- The formula ramma kane katkor kane expresses an untroubled daily life, frequently occurring in the frame ramma kane katkor kane oka(y)=an (=as).定型表現 ramma kane katkor kane は平穏無事な日常を表すのに用いられ、ramma kane katkor kane oka(y)=an (=as) という形で使われることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts checked
- The formula repunkur atuy, yaunkur atuy, atuy utur expresses rowing far out to sea away from one's homeland, and can be followed by verbs such as epaye.定型表現 repunkur atuy, yaunkur atuy, atuy utur は故郷を離れて遥か遠くの海に漕ぎ出たことを表し、後続には epaye など様々な動詞が来うる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts checked
- In the formula combining repunkur atuy and yaunkur atuy, either order of the two conjuncts is acceptable.repunkur atuy と yaunkur atuy の順序はどちらが先であってもよい。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts checked
- The formula itak=an ciki e=inu katu ene an hi serves as an opening expression when revealing the truth of a matter or instructing an interlocutor on what they must do.itak=an ciki e=inu katu ene an hi は、事の真相を明かしたり相手のすべきことを告げる際の冒頭の定型句である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts checked
- The formula pirkaresu tomteresu expresses raising someone with great care, and can also appear as cipirkaresu citomteresu ekarkar.定型句 pirkaresu tomteresu は大事に育てたことを表し、cipirkaresu citomteresu ekarkar という形でも使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts checked
- While pirkaonnere ('let someone live out their natural life') exists alongside pirkaresu, the parallel form tomteonnere is not used.pirkaresu と似た pirkaonnere「天寿をまっとうさせた」という表現はあるが、tomteonnere とは言わない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts checked
- The formula depicting reverent onkami bowing/praying can be used in its full form (otu sanaske ore sanaske uenoye, tu pase onkami re pase onkami ukakuspare) or with either the first half or second half alone.うやうやしく拝礼(onkami)をする時の描写フォーミュラは、全体だけでなく前半だけでも後半だけでも用いられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:623 asserts extracted
- The formula otu henkuror ore henkuror koanu is often used when an adult admonishes a child or warmly looks after what a child does.定型句 otu henkuror ore henkuror koanu は、大人が子供に何か言い聞かせる場合や、子供のしたことを温かく見守る場合などに用いられることが多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:624 asserts checked
- The expression anramasu uesuye ('felt very pleased with') is rarely used in the third person, but is normally framed with first-person affixes as anramasu a=uesuye or anramasu c(i)=uesuye.anramasu uesuye は三人称で使われることは稀で、通常は anramasu a=uesuye あるいは anramasu c(i)=uesuye の形で使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:624 asserts checked
- The element anramasu is analyzed morphologically as ar- ('completely') plus ramasu ('agreeable, pleasant').anramasu は形態論的におそらく ar-「全く」と ramasu「好もしい」の結合であると分析される。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:624 proposes checked
- In the hyperbolic formula pak isonkur isam isonkur, pakno ('so, to that extent') is shortened to pak to form a four-syllable foot because isonkur has three syllables.pak isonkur isam isonkur では、isonkur が3音節であるため pakno が pak に短縮され、4音節にまとめる調整が働いている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:624 asserts checked
- When the head noun in the hyperbolic formula pakno nispa isam nispa is replaced by the three-syllable noun katkemat, the form is likewise pak katkemat isam katkemat rather than with pakno.pakno nispa isam nispa の名詞を3音節の katkemat に置き換えた場合も、pakno ではなく pak katkemat isam katkemat となる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:624 asserts checked
- The formulaic expression sinna(y) kane, while used to describe herds of deer separating by category, is also used across other themes such as armed groups dividing by weaponry.sinna(y) kane という表現は鹿の群れを表すフォーミュラで用いられるが、武器ごとに分かれた集団を描くなど他のテーマでも共通して使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:624 asserts checked
- The oral-literature formulaic expression sinna(y) kane, while often translated literally as 'separately', actually conveys that something exists in very large numbers.口承文芸の定型表現である sinna(y) kane は、直訳して「別々に」と訳されることが多いが、実際には非常に数が多いということを表している。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:625 asserts checked
- Verbs suffixed with -natara, -atki, or -rototke following konna appear to be frequently used when the state or action in question represents a typical or prototypical manifestation.-natara, -atki, -rototke の付いた動詞は、問題となっている性状や動作がその典型を示している場合によく用いられるようである。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:65 asserts checked
- The form rok'oka expresses a meaning similar to anan, but since it is only attested in oral literature, it may be an elevated/poetic expression.rok'oka は anan と同様の意味を表すが、口承文芸での用例しかないため、雅語的表現である可能性がある。proposes sato2008
- sato2008:79 proposes checked
- The morpheme tap is a form that appears mainly in the elevated/poetic register and is considered a kind of emphatic secondary particle, usually taking a nominalizer such as hi or ruwe before it.tap は主に雅語に現れる形式で、一種の強調の副助詞と思われ、前に hi, ruwe のような名詞化辞を取るのが普通である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:305 asserts checked
- The construction '~ ru konna + ideophonic verb' is a formulaic pattern in oral literature expressing the state of affairs where an event or entity is in its prototypical condition.~ ru konna+擬態語的動詞という構造は、口承文芸で用いられる表現のパターンで、「ある事がその典型的な状態である」という内容を表す定型的な表現である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:330 asserts checked
- The expression sonno póka has only been attested in oral literature.sonno poka は口承文芸での例しか見つかっていない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:343 asserts checked
- The expression pan supuyapo at 'a thin wisp of smoke rises' is a formulaic expression in oral literature used to depict people living on the verge of starvation.pan supuyapo at「薄い煙が上がる」は口承文芸で使われる定型的な表現で、「食べるものも食べずに餓死寸前の状態で暮らす」という場面の描写で用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:344 asserts checked
- In oral literature, the expression i-ka ta cispa (literally 'weep on me') is used idiomatically to mean 'to weep for joy over someone's safety'.口承文芸において、i-ka ta cispa は逐語的には「私の上で泣く」という意味だが、慣用表現として「無事を喜んで嬉し泣きする」という意味で用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:346 asserts checked
- sirpo uwosmare is a formulaic expression used in set phrases such as okkayo sirpo uwosmare ('become an adult man') and menoko sirpo uwosmare ('become an adult woman').sirpo uwosmare は定型的な表現で、okkayo sirpo uwosmare「一人前の男になる」、menoko sirpo uwosmare「一人前の女になる」のように使われる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:352 asserts checked
- Classical Ainu exhibits more instances of honorifics than the colloquial language.古典アイヌ語は口語よりも多くの敬語表現の例を示す。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:54 asserts checked
Prayer as a sub-register of atomte-itak 6 sentences
How does prayer as a sub-register use elevated features despite improvisation?
Debates 2 claims ·9 sentences
Is the register distinction a dichotomy or a continuum?
- Verse formulas in Ainu oral literature are not completely fixed lines; they can be altered on the spot and their ordering can be swapped across different performances of the same tale by the same narrator.アイヌ語口承文芸のフォーミュラは完全に固定された詩句ではなく、その場その場で変形することも、同一話者による上演間で順序が入れ替わることもある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:615 asserts extracted
- Even when sake-brewing formulas occur in prose tales, they follow metrical rhythmic principles (such as 4- and 5-syllable units), suggesting they originate as verse formulas.酒を醸すフォーミュラは散文説話中に現れる場合でも音律の原則(4・5音節単位など)に沿った表現になっており、本来韻文のフォーミュラであることを示唆している。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:618 asserts checked