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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation

79. The e- Applicative

What types of oblique arguments does the e- applicative promote to object?

e- 適用態はどのような斜格項を目的語に昇格させるか？

The e- applicative promoting content/theme, instrument, reason and 'about/concerning' obliques to object.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/applicative-e read this topic as text

38claims
76statements
17sources
7examples
5sections
48first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

e- 21ko- 4o- 2e-ikka 2eykaun 2i- 2ci= 1a= 1kotán 1ekótanne 1tuye 1e-tuye 1ani 1apkas 1kusu 1ta 1un 1peka 1simpay 1ikka 1ko-e-ikka 1ani X p 1ani e=kanpinuye p 1ani humi a=aste p 1ani ... p 1e= 1he-puni 1e-puni 1kaun 1ka un 1ko-e- 1e-ko- 1e-ko-isoytak 1e-i-kasuy 1i-kasuy 1at-e-uk 1at ani uk 1turepta-e-arpa 1

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A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

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Valency effect and position 5 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples

What is the valency effect and position of the e- applicative?

  1. Applicatives in e- can introduce fundamental non-peripheral roles such as Theme-Patient or Content as well as peripheral oblique relations, thereby functioning as a non-causative transitivizer.
    e-適用詞は周辺的な斜格関係だけでなく主題-被影響者や内容といった中核的・非周辺的な役割も付加することができ、非使役的な他動詞化として機能する。
    form-function ainu exists e-
    asserts bugaeva2006
  2. Thematic applicatives in Ainu are proposed to have originated from the instrumental applicative based on a three-argument schema.
    アイヌ語の主題適用補語は、3項スキーマに基づく具格適用補語に起源を持つと考えられる。
    diachrony ainu generic e-
    proposes bugaeva2012
  3. When a complete intransitive verb takes an affix (such as the applicative prefix e- 'at, with, to') and comes to require an object or complement, it shifts to Class I conjugation.
    完全自動詞も種々の接辞（e- など）を取って補語ないし目的語を要求するようになれば、第I類の活用に従う。
    alternation ainu all e-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  4. When the prefix e- is attached to a Class II (intransitive) verb, the verb shifts to Class I (transitive).
    第II類の動詞（自動詞）に接頭辞e-が付加されると、第I類（他動詞）に転ずる。
    form-function all e-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  5. The prefix e- represents three distinct morphemes: an applicative prefix with arity +1, an affiliative-equivalent nominal prefix meaning 'head of' with arity 0, and the personal affix e= with arity -1.
    接辞 e- には充当接頭辞（アリティ+1）、所属形相当の名詞的接頭辞「〜の頭」（アリティ0）、人称接辞 e=（アリティ-1）の3種類がある。
    form-function hokkaido all e-e=
    asserts nakagawa2024
sirkorkamuy emus e-tuye
standing.tree sword APPL-cut
‘He cut the standing tree with a sword.’
nakagawa2024:193 SAR Nakagawa ex. 173, after Monbetsu-chō 1969: 237

Sub-types and semantic roles of the applied object 25 claims ·9 sentences· 4 examples

What semantic roles can the applied object of the e- applicative take?

  1. The applicative prefix e- can express an instrumental relation meaning 'with' or 'by means of', corresponding to the postposition ari.
    充当接頭辞 e- は「〜で以て」「〜によって」という具格関係（後置詞 ari に相当）を表すことができる。
    form-function ainu e-ari
    asserts kindaichi1936, shibatani1990
  2. The applicative prefix e- can express an oblique topic or reference meaning 'about' or 'concerning' that entity.
    充当接頭辞 e- は先行する名詞を受けて「〜について」という話題・対象の斜格関係を表すことができる。
    form-function ainu e-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. The verb esinki 'to get tired of' is derived by attaching the applicative prefix e- to the intransitive verb sinki 'to get tired'.
    動詞 esinki「飽きる」は自動詞 sinki「疲れる」に充当接頭辞 e- が付加されて派生されたものである。
    analysis ainu esinkisinkie-
    asserts sato2008
  4. The e- applicatives expressing the semantic role of Content are the most productive of all semantic classes of applicatives in Ainu.
    内容の意図役割を表す e- 適用形は、アイヌ語の適用詞のあらゆる意味分類の中で最も生産性が高い。
    frequency ainu generic e-
    asserts bugaeva2006
  5. The applicative prefix e- indicates location, both stationary and motion, meaning 'at/in (there)' referring to a preceding noun (equivalent to postposition ta).
    充当相接頭辞e-は位置を示し、静止にも運動にも用いられ、先行名詞を受けて「（そこ）に」（taに相当）の意味を表す。
    form-function generic e-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  6. The applicative prefix e- indicates direction of motion, meaning 'to (there)' (equivalent to postposition un).
    充当相接頭辞e-は運動の方向を示し、「（そこ）へ」（unに相当）の意味を表す。
    form-function generic e-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  7. The applicative prefix e- in a-e-resu cross-references the preceding noun phrase pirka chi-e-kuni-p ('good food') and expresses the meaning 'with it' (e.g., pirka chi-e-kuni-p a-e-resu = pirka chi-e-kuni-p ari a-i-resu).
    a-e-resu における e は先行する pirka chi-e-kuni-p「善き食物」を受けて「それを以て」の意味を表す（pirka chi-e-kuni-p a-e-resu は pirka chi-e-kuni-p ari a-i-resu と同義）。
    form-function ainu example_only e-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  8. In usa-orushpe a-e-u-ko-itak, the prefix e- cross-references the preceding usa-orushpe ('various things') and expresses the meaning 'about that'.
    usa-orushpe a-e-u-ko-itak において、e は先行する usa-orushpe「色々な事」を受けて「それに就いて」という意味を表す。
    form-function ainu example_only e-u-ko-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  9. Attaching the applicative prefix e- to the transitive verb tuye 'to cut' derives the ditransitive verb e-tuye (+3) 'to cut something with something', allowing both the cut entity and the cutting instrument to appear as bare noun phrases.
    他動詞 tuye「〜を切る」に充当接頭辞 e- がつくと 3項動詞 e-tuye「〜で以て〜を切る」が派生され、切る対象と道具の両方を裸の名詞句（目的語）として取ることができる。
    form-function ainu tuyee-tuye
    asserts nakagawa2024
  10. The uses of the applicative prefix e- are broadly divided into those requiring a locational object and those not requiring a locational object.
    充当接頭辞 e- の用法は、基本的に目的語として〈場所〉を要求する用法と、〈場所〉を要求しない用法に大別される。
    form-function ainu all e-
    asserts nakagawa2024
  11. The non-locational uses of the applicative prefix e- are subdivided into those paraphrasable with the case particle ani (ari) 'with, by means of', those paraphrasable with the conjunctive particle kusu 'in order to', and those not paraphrasable by other constructions.
    充当接頭辞 e- の〈場所〉を要求しない用法には、格助詞 ani (ari)「〜で以て」で言い換えられる用法、接続助詞 kusu「〜するために」で言い換えられる用法、および他の表現では言い換えられない用法がある。
    form-function ainu all e-aniarikusu
    asserts nakagawa2024
  12. When the object of the applicative e- corresponds to a purpose clause paraphrasable with kusu 'in order to', the verb serving as its object is restricted to one-argument intransitive verbs, which are treated as nouns.
    充当接頭辞 e- が kusu で言い換えられる目的の用法をとる場合、e- の目的語となる動詞は1項動詞に限られており、名詞として扱われていると考えられる。
    distribution ainu all e-kusu
    asserts nakagawa2024
  13. The locational use of the applicative prefix e- is frequently used in verse, but is relatively rare in prose.
    充当接頭辞 e- の〈場所〉を要求する用法は、韻文中でよく使用されるが、散文で使われることは比較的少ない。
    frequency ainu usually e-
    asserts nakagawa2024
  14. The applicative prefixes e- (in its 4th use) and o- select a <place> argument and can derive locative object verbs from non-locative object verbs.
    充当接頭辞 e-（用法4）および o- はそれ自身が〈場所〉を要求するため、場所目的語動詞ではないものから場所目的語動詞にあたるものを派生できる。
    form-function hokkaido generic e-o-
    asserts nakagawa2024
  15. Unmarked nouns denoting position or goal followed by a prefixed verb are rare in Shizunai material, while unmarked nouns denoting means followed by a verb prefixed with e- are somewhat more frequent.
    静内方言資料において、位置や目標を表す無標識名詞に接頭辞付き動詞が続く構文は稀であるが、手段を表す無標識名詞に接頭辞 e- 付きの動詞が続く構文はやや頻度が高い。
    frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai e-
    asserts refsing1986
  16. The prefix e- indicates the means by which, or the circumstances under which, something happens, often referring back to the sum of what has been described directly before and presenting the result or conclusion.
    接頭辞 e- は何かが起こる手段、あるいは状況を表し、直前で述べられたこと全体を振り返って結果や結論を提示する働きをすることが多い。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic e-
    asserts refsing1986
  17. When the applicative prefix e- is attached to the intransitive verb cípo 'to operate a boat', it derives the transitive verb ecipo 'to operate a boat with (something)'.
    自動詞 cípo「舟を操る」に派生接頭辞 e- が付加されると ecipo「〜で舟を操る」という意味の他動詞になる。
    form-function ainu generic e-cípoecipo
    asserts sato2008
  18. While inkar is an intransitive verb meaning 'to direct one's eyes / look', attaching the prefix e- derives einkar, a transitive verb meaning 'to look at things with (something)'.
    inkar は「目を向ける」という意味の自動詞だが、派生接辞 e- を付加して einkar とすると、「〜で物を見る」という意味の他動詞となる。
    form-function ainu generic inkare-einkar
    asserts sato2008
  19. nomi 'to worship/celebrate' (two-argument verb) becomes enomi 'to worship/celebrate ... with ...' (three-argument verb) by adding the applicative prefix e-.
    nomi「祭る」（二項動詞）は接頭辞 e- により enomi「〜で〜を祭る」（三項動詞）となる。
    paradigm-cell ainu example_only nomienomi
    asserts sato2008
  20. otke 'to stab' (two-argument verb) becomes eotke 'to thrust/stab ... into ...' (three-argument verb) by adding the applicative prefix e-.
    otke「刺す」（二項動詞）は接頭辞 e- により eotke「〜に〜を刺す」（三項動詞）となる。
    paradigm-cell ainu example_only otkeeotke
    asserts sato2008
  21. rok 'to sit (plural)' (one-argument verb) becomes erok 'to sit at/on' (two-argument verb) by adding the applicative prefix e-.
    rok「座る」（一項動詞）は接頭辞 e- により erok「〜に座る」（二項動詞）となる。
    paradigm-cell ainu example_only rokerok
    asserts sato2008
  22. hoyupu 'to run' (one-argument verb) becomes ehoyupu 'to run accompanying (something)' (two-argument verb) by adding the applicative prefix e-.
    hoyupu「走る」（一項動詞）は接頭辞 e- により ehoyupu「〜を伴って走る」（二項動詞）となる。
    paradigm-cell ainu example_only hoyupuehoyupu
    asserts sato2008
  23. The transitive verb ekira ('run away with someone') consists of kira ('run away') affixed with the applicative prefix e-.
    ekira「〜を伴って逃げる」は kira「逃げる」に充当接頭辞 e- が付いたものである。
    analysis ainu all ekirakirae-
    asserts sato2008
  24. The applicative prefixes e- and o- can express a locative relation corresponding to the postposition ta.
    適用詞接頭辞 e- および o- は後置詞 ta に相当する場所関係を表すことができる。
    form-function ainu generic e-o-ta
    asserts shibatani1990
  25. The applicative prefixes e- and ko- can express an allative relation corresponding to the postpositions ta and un.
    適用詞接頭辞 e- および ko- は後置詞 ta や un に相当する向格関係を表すことができる。
    form-function ainu generic e-ko-taun
    asserts shibatani1990
a=kemaha a=e-apkas easkay
4.POSS=foot 4.A=APPL-walk can
‘One can walk on one's own feet.’
nakagawa2024:194 CHI Nakagawa ex. 176
turepta e-arpa
lily.bulb APPL-go
‘go to dig lily-bulbs’
nakagawa2024:195 SAR Nakagawa ex. 180
to teksama e-an
lake edge APPL-be
‘to be at the lake's edge’
nakagawa2024:195 CHI
i=corpokke e=e-hoyupu yak pirka na
4.O=under 2SG.A=APPL-run COND good FIN
‘You had better run under me.’
nakagawa2024:196 SAR Nakagawa ex. 184

Content and Theme-Patient: the dominant and non-oblique uses 1 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples

What are the most common semantic roles of the e- applicative object and what is their source?

  1. eysoytak ('to narrate sth.') consists of isoytak ('to narrate') with the applicative prefix e- attached.
    eysoytak「〜を物語る」は isoytak「物語る」に充当接頭辞 e- が付いたものである。
    analysis ainu all eysoytakisoytake-
    asserts sato2008
nep e-simpay
what APPL-worry
‘worry about something’
nakagawa2024:195 CHI Nakagawa ex. 181

Lexicalized forms and the preverb question 5 claims ·9 sentences

How does the language distinguish the applicative e- from homophonous prefixes?

  1. A prenominal modifier modifying hi meaning 'place' is ungrammatical without marking the locative relationship, e.g., *tun hotke hi is ungrammatical and must be expressed as tun ehotke hi.
    「場所」の意味の hi を修飾する場合、格関係を明示しない *tun hotke hi は非文であり、e-hotke のように e- を補って明示しなければならない。
    judgement hokkaido/southwest/saru example_only hie-
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. In some regions, the telephone is called a-e-y-nu-p, an instrumental nominalization formed from a- 'we', e- 'with which', i-nu 'hear voices/sounds', and p 'thing'.
    一部の地域では、電話は a-（我々）、e-（それによって）、i-nu（声／音を聞く）、p（もの）から構成される a-e-y-nu-p と呼ばれる。
    form-function ainu exists a-e-y-nu-p
    reports ono2022
  3. etoyta 'to plant' is formed by attaching the applicative prefix e- to toyta 'to cultivate a field', showing semantic change from its literal meaning 'to cultivate a field with (something)'.
    etoyta「植える」は toyta に派生接頭辞 e- が付いたものであり、文字通りの「〜で畑をおこす」から意味変化を起こして「植える」という意味になっている。
    analysis ainu generic etoytatoytae-
    asserts sato2008
  4. The verb etoyta is analyzed as composed of the applicative prefix e- and the incorporated verb toy-ta ('soil' + 'dig').
    動詞 etoyta は，目的語付加接頭辞（充当態接頭辞）e- と toy-ta「土・起こす」（目的語＋他動詞）から構成されると分析される。
    analysis generic etoytae-toy-ta
    asserts sato2008
  5. The verb etoyposo is analyzed as composed of the possessor-adding prefix e- and the incorporated verb toy-poso ('soil' + 'pass through').
    動詞 etoyposo は，所有者付加接頭辞 e- と toy-poso「土・を通り抜ける」（目的語＋他動詞）から構成されると分析される。
    analysis generic etoyposoe-toy-poso
    asserts sato2008

Stacking, re-applicativization, and the feeding of noun incorporation 2 claims ·12 sentences· 1 examples

Can the e- applicative stack with other applicatives, and what is the result?

  1. Most thematic applicatives are formed on derived intransitive bases containing either noun incorporation or valency-decreasing morphology (antipassive i- or anticausative si-).
    ほとんどの主題適用補語は、名詞抱合または価を減少させる形態素（逆使役i-または反使役si-）を含む派生自動詞語幹に基づいている。
    distribution ainu usually i-si-ikka
    asserts bugaeva2012
  2. The postpositional phrase construction wakka korachi notaku een poro mukar shi-sempir ta a-ani can alternate with the incorporated applicative structure wakka korachi notaku een poro mukar a-e-shi-sempir-ani, where e- cross-references the axe as direct object.
    wakka korachi notaku een poro mukar shi-sempir ta a-ani という後置詞構文は、e- が大鉞を受けて目的語とする a-e-shi-sempir-ani という輯合形式とも言い換えられる。
    alternation ainu example_only e-shi-
    asserts kindaichi1936
tokaci wa ek pewre kur monrayke e-i-kasuy
Tokachi from come young man work APPL-ANTIP-help
‘A young man who came from Tokachi helped with the work.’
bugaevakobayashi2022:§4.2.3 SAR Sunazawa 1983: 160; Handbook ex. 25c