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Nam 2021

Nam, Deokhyun 南徳鉉 (2021). Some evidence for the origin of the Ainu antipassive prefix i-.

db.aynu.org/2021-nam-deokhyun-some-evidence-for-the-origin-of-the-ainu-antipassive-prefix-i prior-analysis general text held locally OCR pdftotext-pieces: 16 leaves, 0 with a printed page

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Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels 3

1. The construct suffix allomorph -ihi is historically the original form, dating back to the generic noun *ihi 'thing, place, time'.
   所属辞の異形態 -ihi は歴史的に本来の形式であり、一般名詞 *ihi「もの、場所、時」に遡る。
   reports
2. The short allomorphs of the construct suffix represented as -V developed through erosion of the older long allomorphs represented as -VhV.
   -V で表される所属辞の短い異形態は、より古い形式である -VhV で表される長い異形態の脱落・摩耗によって生じた。
   reports
3. The initial i of ihi may be a supporting vowel, making hi the older root.
   ihi の語頭の i は支持母音であり、hi のほうが古い語根である可能性がある。
   reports

The Antipassive / Detransitive i- 9

1. The Ainu antipassive prefix i- is assumed to have originated from the generic noun *hi or *ihi rather than *i.
   アイヌ語の使身接頭辞 i- は、一般名詞 *i ではなく *hi または *ihi に由来すると想定される。
   proposes
2. The antipassive prefix in Ainu occurs only as i-, and not as *hi-.
   アイヌ語の使身接頭辞は i- としてのみ現れ、*hi- として現れることはない。
   asserts
3. The antipassive prefix i- and the nominalizing suffix -i both developed from the generic noun hi (or ihi) via phonological reduction from /hi/ to /i/.
   作目非対格（逆受動）接頭辞 i- と名詞化接尾辞 -i は、ともに形式名詞 hi（または ihi）から /hi/ から /i/ への音変化を経て発達したと考えられる。
   proposes
4. The Ainu antipassive prefix i- originates from the generic noun (i)hi 'thing, place, time' via object incorporation.
   アイヌ語の使役・逆受動態接頭辞 i- は、目的語抱合を経て一般名詞 (i)hi「もの、場所、時」に起源を持つ。
   asserts
5. The fourth person bound pronoun i- was argued by Bugaeva to have developed from the antipassive prefix i- through its patient-defocusing function becoming able to indirectly mention a speech act participant.
   4人称拘束代名詞 i- は、使身接頭辞 i- の被動者脱焦点化機能によって談話参加者を間接的に言及できるようになり、そこから派生したとブガエワにより主張されている。
   reports
6. The verbal prefix i- appearing in detransitivized constructions was traditionally analyzed in Ainu linguistics as an indefinite object marker.
   非他動詞化構文において動詞に現れる要素 i- は、アイヌ語研究において伝統的に「不定目的語標識」として理解されていた。
   reports
7. Ainu has antipassive constructions marked by the verbal prefix i-.
   アイヌ語には動詞接辞 i- によって標示される逆受動態構文が存在する。
   asserts
8. The antipassive marker i- detransitivizes originally transitive predicates so that they appear without overt object expressions.
   逆受動態標識 i- は、もともと他動詞であった述語を非他動詞化し、明示的な目的語表現を欠くようにする。
   asserts
9. In Ainu, antipassive verbs do not allow any overt expression of the object.
   アイヌ語において、使身動詞（反受動態動詞）は目的語の明示的な表現を許さない。
   reports

The o- Applicative 1

1. A complete loss of an original initial h has occurred historically for the applicative prefix o- as well as prefixal e- and o- in directional compounds.
   本来語頭にあった h の完全な消失は、適用接頭辞 o- や、方向複合語における接頭辞的な e- および o- においても歴史的に実際に生じたと想定されている。
   reports

Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form 2

1. Ainu nouns have construct forms marked by the construct suffix -hV ~ -V(hV), which signal that the referent of the noun is possessed by somebody or something.
   アイヌ語の名詞には接尾辞 -hV 〜 -V(hV) で標示される連語形（所属形）があり、名詞の指示対象が誰かまたは何かに所属・所有されていることを示す。
   asserts
2. In Ainu linguistics, the construct forms are also referred to as 'concrete forms', 'possessive forms', 'belonging forms', or 'affiliative forms'.
   アイヌ語学において、連語形（construct forms）は「具体形」、「所属形」、「所有形」、または「所属形（affiliative forms）」としても知られている。
   reports

The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) 1

1. The generic noun hi can function as a subject or a possessor.
   形式名詞 hi は主語や所属者（所有者）としても機能しうる。
   reports

The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing 2

1. Ainu has a bound person pronoun i- that is homophonous with the antipassive prefix i-.
   アイヌ語には、逆受動態接頭辞 i- と同音の結合人称代名詞 i- が存在する。
   asserts
2. The bound person pronoun i- (traditionally termed the fourth person pronoun) functions as first-person plural inclusive, second-person singular or plural honorific, and singular or plural logophoric.
   結合人称代名詞 i-（伝統的に「四人称代名詞」と呼ばれる）は、1人称複数包括、2人称単数・複数敬称、および単数・複数自称（対話導入）の各機能をもつ。
   asserts

Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways 1

1. The nominalizing suffix -i and the construct suffix -hV ~ -V(hV) in Ainu are likely to derive from the generic noun *hi.
   アイヌ語の名詞化接尾辞 -i および連造形（所属形）接尾辞 -hV ~ -V(hV) は、一般名詞 *hi に由来する可能性が高い。
   asserts

The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact) 6

1. The nominalizing suffix -i in Ainu possesses different allomorphs across dialects and forms.
   アイヌ語の名詞化接尾辞 -i は、方言や形式に応じて異なる異形態をもつ。
   asserts
2. Synchronically, -i rather than -hi is considered to be the main or basic variant of the nominalizing suffix.
   共時的には、名詞化接尾辞の主たる基本的異形態は -hi ではなく -i であるとされる。
   reports
3. The historically original form of the nominalizing suffix -i / -hi is the generic noun ihi or hi 'thing, place, time'.
   名詞化接尾辞 -i / -hi の歴史的な原形は、形式名詞 ihi または hi（「こと、ところ、とき」）であるとされる。
   reports
4. A construction nominalized by -h(i) can be analyzed as a modifying construction where the clause or verb modifies the generic noun h(i).
   -h(i) によって名詞化された構文は、基底の節または動詞が名詞 h(i) を修飾する構造として分析できる。
   reports
5. As a rule, the nominalizing suffix -(h)i retains h when preceded by a vowel and lacks h when preceded by a consonant.
   名詞化接尾辞 -(h)i は原則として、先行要素が母音で終わる場合には h を持ち、子音で終わる場合には h を欠く。
   reports
6. The Ainu nominalizing suffix and construct suffix both originate from the generic noun (i)hi 'thing, place, time', undergoing a parallel phonological development from (i)hi to -i.
   アイヌ語の名詞化接尾辞と所属接尾辞はともに一般名詞 (i)hi「もの、場所、時」に由来し、(i)hi から -i への共通の音変化を経ている。
   asserts

Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation 1

1. Lexical object incorporation of body-part nouns such as he 'head' and ho 'buttock' is common in Ainu.
   アイヌ語では he「頭」や ho「尻」のような身体部位名詞の語彙的目的語抱合が一般的である。
   asserts

A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu 1

1. Ainu is characterized by SOV basic word order, predominance of postpositions, person marking on verbs and nouns, a rich valency-changing system, and polysynthesis manifested by productive noun incorporation.
   アイヌ語は、SOV基本語順、後置詞優勢、動詞および名詞における人称標示、豊かな結合価変化体系、そして生産的な抱合に示される複統合性を特徴とする。
   asserts

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Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form 2

1. In Ainu linguistics, the construct forms are also referred to as 'concrete forms', 'possessive forms', 'belonging forms', or 'affiliative forms'.
   アイヌ語学において、連語形（construct forms）は「具体形」、「所属形」、「所有形」、または「所属形（affiliative forms）」としても知られている。
   leaf 9 terminology reports checked · anchor 100% ainu
2. Ainu nouns have construct forms marked by the construct suffix -hV ~ -V(hV), which signal that the referent of the noun is possessed by somebody or something.
   アイヌ語の名詞には接尾辞 -hV 〜 -V(hV) で標示される連語形（所属形）があり、名詞の指示対象が誰かまたは何かに所属・所有されていることを示す。
   leaf 8 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu -hV-V(hV)

Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels 3

1. The construct suffix allomorph -ihi is historically the original form, dating back to the generic noun *ihi 'thing, place, time'.
   所属辞の異形態 -ihi は歴史的に本来の形式であり、一般名詞 *ihi「もの、場所、時」に遡る。
   leaf 9 diachrony reports checked · anchor 100% ainu -ihi-hV-V(hV)*ihi
2. The initial i of ihi may be a supporting vowel, making hi the older root.
   ihi の語頭の i は支持母音であり、hi のほうが古い語根である可能性がある。
   leaf 10 analysis reports checked · anchor 100% ainu ihihi
3. The short allomorphs of the construct suffix represented as -V developed through erosion of the older long allomorphs represented as -VhV.
   -V で表される所属辞の短い異形態は、より古い形式である -VhV で表される長い異形態の脱落・摩耗によって生じた。
   leaf 9 diachrony reports checked · anchor 100% ainu -V-VhV

The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact) 6

1. As a rule, the nominalizing suffix -(h)i retains h when preceded by a vowel and lacks h when preceded by a consonant.
   名詞化接尾辞 -(h)i は原則として、先行要素が母音で終わる場合には h を持ち、子音で終わる場合には h を欠く。
   leaf 10 alternation reports checked · anchor 100% ainu -(h)i
2. The Ainu nominalizing suffix and construct suffix both originate from the generic noun (i)hi 'thing, place, time', undergoing a parallel phonological development from (i)hi to -i.
   アイヌ語の名詞化接尾辞と所属接尾辞はともに一般名詞 (i)hi「もの、場所、時」に由来し、(i)hi から -i への共通の音変化を経ている。
   leaf 10 diachrony asserts extracted · anchor 82% ainu -(h)i-i(i)hi
3. Synchronically, -i rather than -hi is considered to be the main or basic variant of the nominalizing suffix.
   共時的には、名詞化接尾辞の主たる基本的異形態は -hi ではなく -i であるとされる。
   leaf 6 alternation reports checked · anchor 100% ainu -i-hi
4. The historically original form of the nominalizing suffix -i / -hi is the generic noun ihi or hi 'thing, place, time'.
   名詞化接尾辞 -i / -hi の歴史的な原形は、形式名詞 ihi または hi（「こと、ところ、とき」）であるとされる。
   leaf 6 diachrony reports checked · anchor 100% ainu -i-hiihihi
5. A construction nominalized by -h(i) can be analyzed as a modifying construction where the clause or verb modifies the generic noun h(i).
   -h(i) によって名詞化された構文は、基底の節または動詞が名詞 h(i) を修飾する構造として分析できる。
   leaf 6 analysis reports checked · anchor 100% ainu -h(i)h(i)
6. The nominalizing suffix -i in Ainu possesses different allomorphs across dialects and forms.
   アイヌ語の名詞化接尾辞 -i は、方言や形式に応じて異なる異形態をもつ。
   leaf 5 alternation asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu -i

The o- Applicative 1

1. A complete loss of an original initial h has occurred historically for the applicative prefix o- as well as prefixal e- and o- in directional compounds.
   本来語頭にあった h の完全な消失は、適用接頭辞 o- や、方向複合語における接頭辞的な e- および o- においても歴史的に実際に生じたと想定されている。
   leaf 10 diachrony reports checked · anchor 100% ainu o-e-e-kim-neo-kim-ne

The Antipassive / Detransitive i- 9

1. The Ainu antipassive prefix i- originates from the generic noun (i)hi 'thing, place, time' via object incorporation.
   アイヌ語の使役・逆受動態接頭辞 i- は、目的語抱合を経て一般名詞 (i)hi「もの、場所、時」に起源を持つ。
   leaf 10 diachrony asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu i-(i)hi
2. The antipassive prefix i- and the nominalizing suffix -i both developed from the generic noun hi (or ihi) via phonological reduction from /hi/ to /i/.
   作目非対格（逆受動）接頭辞 i- と名詞化接尾辞 -i は、ともに形式名詞 hi（または ihi）から /hi/ から /i/ への音変化を経て発達したと考えられる。
   leaf 6 diachrony proposes checked · anchor 100% ainu i--ihiihi
3. Ainu has antipassive constructions marked by the verbal prefix i-.
   アイヌ語には動詞接辞 i- によって標示される逆受動態構文が存在する。
   leaf 1 existence asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu i-
4. The antipassive marker i- detransitivizes originally transitive predicates so that they appear without overt object expressions.
   逆受動態標識 i- は、もともと他動詞であった述語を非他動詞化し、明示的な目的語表現を欠くようにする。
   leaf 2 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu i-
5. The verbal prefix i- appearing in detransitivized constructions was traditionally analyzed in Ainu linguistics as an indefinite object marker.
   非他動詞化構文において動詞に現れる要素 i- は、アイヌ語研究において伝統的に「不定目的語標識」として理解されていた。
   leaf 2 analysis reports checked · anchor 100% ainu i-
6. In Ainu, antipassive verbs do not allow any overt expression of the object.
   アイヌ語において、使身動詞（反受動態動詞）は目的語の明示的な表現を許さない。
   leaf 3 distribution reports checked · anchor 100% ainu
7. The Ainu antipassive prefix i- is assumed to have originated from the generic noun *hi or *ihi rather than *i.
   アイヌ語の使身接頭辞 i- は、一般名詞 *i ではなく *hi または *ihi に由来すると想定される。
   leaf 3 diachrony proposes checked · anchor 100% ainu i-*hi*ihi*i
8. The fourth person bound pronoun i- was argued by Bugaeva to have developed from the antipassive prefix i- through its patient-defocusing function becoming able to indirectly mention a speech act participant.
   4人称拘束代名詞 i- は、使身接頭辞 i- の被動者脱焦点化機能によって談話参加者を間接的に言及できるようになり、そこから派生したとブガエワにより主張されている。
   leaf 4 diachrony reports extracted · anchor 75% ainu i-
9. The antipassive prefix in Ainu occurs only as i-, and not as *hi-.
   アイヌ語の使身接頭辞は i- としてのみ現れ、*hi- として現れることはない。
   leaf 5 distribution asserts extracted · anchor 70% ainu i-*hi-

The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur) 1

1. The generic noun hi can function as a subject or a possessor.
   形式名詞 hi は主語や所属者（所有者）としても機能しうる。
   leaf 6 distribution reports checked · anchor 100% ainu hi

A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu 1

1. Ainu is characterized by SOV basic word order, predominance of postpositions, person marking on verbs and nouns, a rich valency-changing system, and polysynthesis manifested by productive noun incorporation.
   アイヌ語は、SOV基本語順、後置詞優勢、動詞および名詞における人称標示、豊かな結合価変化体系、そして生産的な抱合に示される複統合性を特徴とする。
   leaf 1 analysis asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu

The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing 2

1. Ainu has a bound person pronoun i- that is homophonous with the antipassive prefix i-.
   アイヌ語には、逆受動態接頭辞 i- と同音の結合人称代名詞 i- が存在する。
   leaf 2 existence asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu i-
2. The bound person pronoun i- (traditionally termed the fourth person pronoun) functions as first-person plural inclusive, second-person singular or plural honorific, and singular or plural logophoric.
   結合人称代名詞 i-（伝統的に「四人称代名詞」と呼ばれる）は、1人称複数包括、2人称単数・複数敬称、および単数・複数自称（対話導入）の各機能をもつ。
   leaf 2 form-function asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu i-

Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation 1

1. Lexical object incorporation of body-part nouns such as he 'head' and ho 'buttock' is common in Ainu, as seen in intransitive henoye 'to return' and honoye 'to lean' derived from transitive noye 'to twist'.
   アイヌ語では he「頭」や ho「尻」のような名詞の語彙的目的語抱合が一般的であり、例えば他動詞 noye「よじる」から自動詞 henoye「戻る」や honoye「傾く」が派生する。
   leaf 4 existence asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu hehohenoyehonoyenoye

Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways 1

1. The nominalizing suffix -i and the construct suffix -hV ~ -V(hV) in Ainu are likely to derive from the generic noun *hi.
   アイヌ語の名詞化接尾辞 -i および連造形（所属形）接尾辞 -hV ~ -V(hV) は、一般名詞 *hi に由来する可能性が高い。
   leaf 5 diachrony asserts checked · anchor 100% ainu -i-hV-V(hV)*hi

Chapters citing this source

Sentences of the first edition citing this source

1. The second is the derivational antipassive prefix , which enables the body-part noun to be incorporated without possessive morphology — functioning as a non-possessed-noun (NPN) marker, comparable in function to a nominal absolutive ; . 62–74 External Possession and Possessor Raising
2. A reflexive or reciprocal prefix occupies the object position itself, so a subject index and an object index for the same participant never co-occur , and the antipassive i- absorbs the object of a transitive stem, as in ruska 'be angry at' → i-ruska 'be angry' ; . 62–64 The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template
3. The valency-changing operations that feed the calculus — the applicatives, the causatives, the antipassive i-, and the reflexive and reciprocal prefixes — are catalogued in , , , , , and ; ; . no page Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity
4. The fourth-person object i= must be kept apart from the homophonous detransitivising prefix i- ‘something’, whose origin is itself debated ; the detransitiviser belongs to the valency system and is treated under the antipassive. 62–74 Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms
5. The two items belong to different grammatical layers: the object marker i= is a personal index in the paradigm, while the detransitivising i- belongs to valency-changing morphology and patterns with the reflexive and the reciprocal ; . 62–74 Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses
6. Older accounts derive the detransitive prefix from the fourth-person object; Bugaeva argues in the opposite direction, connecting the antipassive to O-incorporation of a generic noun; Nam proposes a generic-noun source *hi/*ihi 'thing, place' for the detransitive prefix directly ; ; ‹contested›. 62–74 The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing
7. The antipassive or indefinite-object prefix detransitivises a transitive verb whose object is indefinite or backgrounded; the resulting predicate is intransitive, and its sole argument — which is an agent — takes the S set, formally identical to that of any intransitive experiencer ; . 62–74 The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core
8. The prefix must also be distinguished from the fourth-person object pronoun i=, which is an O-form of the indefinite/fourth series alongside A-form a= and S-form =an; the two are kept apart by the transitivity class of their host, not by the meaning of the argument ; . 62–64 The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core
9. Its origin is a separate dispute: the older line relates it to the fourth-person object index i=; Bugaeva derives the antipassive from incorporation of a generic noun and then the pronoun from the antipassive; Nam reconstructs the source as *hi or *ihi ‘thing, place, time’, the generic noun he also ties to the nominalizer and the possessed suffix ‹contested›. 63–74 Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview
10. Both are segmentally identical, and both can appear on the same verb surface, but their distributional profiles diverge ; . 62–63 The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
11. The 1PL.EXCL intransitive suffix =as cannot attach to a transitive verb, so its presence on i-nu=as and i-ku=as 'we drank (alcohol)' unambiguously proves the intransitive status of these antipassive derivatives . 62 The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
12. The traditional view, associated with Kindaichi, Tamura, and Shibatani and reported through Nam, derives the antipassive from the bound fourth-person pronoun: the clitic was grammaticalized into a derivational voice prefix as its object-demoting function became conventionalized ‹contested›. 64 The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
13. Cross-linguistic parallels include Winnebago wa- and Bantawa kha, both generic-noun-origin antipassive markers ‹contested›. 65–74 The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
14. The width of the antipassive's semantic scope — extending to non-human objects and to ritual 'thing/place' readings (i-omante, i-mak 'behind') — fits the generic-noun hypothesis better than the pronoun-first account, since a grammaticalized human pronoun would be expected to bias the antipassive toward human Patients rather than generating the observed range ‹speculative›. §4.1 The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
15. A diachronic line also links Object NI to the antipassive prefix : Bugaeva proposes that i- arose from grammaticalization of O-incorporation of a generic noun, with the 4th-person pronoun i= derived secondarily from the antipassive , while Nam reconstructs the source as a distinct generic-noun stem ; the dispute belongs to ‹contested›. 63–74 Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation