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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation

81. The o- Applicative

What is the function of the applicative prefix that promotes locative, source, and goal obliques to direct object status?

場所、起点、到達点の斜格を直接目的語に昇格させる適用接頭辞の機能は何か？

The o- applicative promoting locative/source/goal ('at, from, into') obliques, the spatial applicative, and allied spatial valency operators.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/applicative-o read this topic as text

14claims
24statements
18sources
5examples
5sections
42first-edition sentences

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  1. Compared to e- and ko-, the applicative prefix o- is considerably less frequent and is predominantly used in verse.
    e- や ko- に比べて o- はかなり頻度が少なく、おもに韻文中で用いられる。
    frequency hokkaido generic o-e-ko-
    asserts nakagawa2024

Sections

·

Applied-object roles and the place restriction 8 claims ·12 sentences

What roles does the o- applicative assign to applied objects, and what restriction applies to the noun type?

  1. The applicative prefix o- can express an ablative relation or point of origin ('from').
    適用接頭辞 o- は出発点または奪格関係（「〜から」）を表すことができる。
    form-function ainu o-orowa
    asserts kindaichi1936, shibatani1990
  2. The applicative prefix o- indicates location, meaning '(there)at, (there)in, (there)to' and can alternate with the postpositions ta or un.
    充当相接頭辞o-は位置を示し、「（そこ）に」「（そこ）へ」を意味し、後置詞taやunで置き換えることができる。
    form-function generic o-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. The prefix o- converts Class II verbs into Class I verbs.
    o- もまた第II類の動詞を第I類にする。
    form-function all o-
    asserts kindaichi1936
  4. Attaching the applicative prefix o- to the intransitive verb arpa 'to go' derives the transitive verb o-arpa (+2) 'to go to <place>', allowing a destination to be expressed as a direct object.
    自動詞 arpa「行く」に接頭辞 o- をつけると o-arpa「〜〈場所〉へ行く」となり、目的地を目的語として取ることができるようになる。
    form-function ainu arpao-arpa
    asserts nakagawa2024
  5. The prefix o- is used to indicate location in space, or more often a vague location within a specific set of circumstances expressed in preceding sentences.
    接頭辞 o- は空間的な位置を表すか、より頻繁には先行文で表された特定の状況内での漠然とした場所を表すために用いられる。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic o-
    asserts refsing1986
  6. The applicative prefix o- attaches to the intransitive verb ipe 'to eat' to derive the transitive verb oype (from oipe) 'to eat with / at'.
    充当接頭辞 o- は一項動詞 ipe「食べる」に付いて二項動詞 oype (< oipe)「〜で食べる」を派生する。
    form-function hokkaido o-ipeoype
    asserts sato2008
  7. The applicative prefix o- attaches to the intransitive verb pásirota 'to speak ill' to derive the transitive verb opasirota 'to speak ill behind someone's back'.
    充当接頭辞 o- は一項動詞 pásirota「悪口を言う」に付いて二項動詞 opasirota「〜で悪口を言う」を派生する。
    form-function hokkaido o-pásirotaopasirota
    asserts sato2008
  8. The applicative prefix o- attaches to the intransitive verb sirepa 'to arrive' to derive the transitive verb osirepa 'to arrive at'.
    充当接頭辞 o- は一項動詞 sirepa「着く」に付いて二項動詞 osirepa「〜に着く」を派生する。
    form-function hokkaido o-sirepaosirepa
    asserts sato2008

The place restriction: spatial goals versus animate goals 2 claims ·6 sentences· 4 examples

How does the o- applicative differ from the ko- applicative in terms of the semantic type of the applied object?

  1. The applicative prefix o- attaches to the intransitive verb ahun 'enter' to yield a transitive verb o-ahun, promoting an allative/Goal participant to a core object.
    適用接頭辞 o- は自動詞 ahun「入る」に付加して他動詞 o-ahun を派生し、着点（Allative/Goal）の参与者を中核目的語へと昇格させる。
    form-function ainu example_only o-ahuno-ahun
    asserts bugaeva2006
  2. The applicative prefix o- expresses direction toward a place, requiring a location as its object unlike ko-.
    接頭辞 o- は「〜〈場所〉へ」を表し、ko- が〈場所〉を要求しないのに対して、o- は〈場所〉を要求する。
    form-function hokkaido generic o-ko-
    asserts nakagawa2024
tumi o-ek
war APPL-come
‘War came to [the village].’
nakagawa2024:198 CHI Nakagawa ex. 192
pet ku=o-arpa
river 1SG.A=APPL-go
‘I went to the river.’
constructed
e=oarpa kuni p ne kusu taptap a=e=kar na
2SG.A=APPL-go PURP NMLZ COP CONJ like.this 4.A=2SG.O=do FIN
‘Since you are going, I shall do thus and so for you.’
biratori1969 SAR 平賀さだも, uwepeker ‘ケソランㇷ゚ カムイ イレス’ [biratori/007/002#361]
kamuy or oarpa hine ora nea menoko a=kor wa
god place APPL-go CONJ CONJ DEM woman 4.A=have CONJ
‘He went to the place of the kamuy (heaven), and then took that (human) woman as his wife.’
biratori1969 SAR Kurokawa Teshime [biratori/024/003#145]

Lexicalized forms and productive use 2 claims ·6 sentences

Which derived verbs with o- are lexicalized, and how does their frequency compare to productive uses?

  1. A complete loss of an original initial h has occurred historically for the applicative prefix o- as well as prefixal e- and o- in directional compounds.
    本来語頭にあった h の完全な消失は、適用接頭辞 o- や、方向複合語における接頭辞的な e- および o- においても歴史的に実際に生じたと想定されている。
    diachrony ainu generic o-e-e-kim-neo-kim-ne
    reports nam2021
  2. When the prefix o- is added to inkar 'to look, direct one's eyes', it derives oinkar 'to look at/in', a transitive verb taking a locational object, and like koinkar it is restricted to special contexts such as 'a god watches over'.
    inkar「見る, 目を向ける」に派生接辞 o- が付加されると、oinkar「〜で見る」という場所を目的語に取る他動詞となり、これも日常的な状況でなく「神が見守る」というような特殊な状況に限定して用いられるようである。
    distribution ainu generic o-inkaroinkar
    asserts sato2008

The verb o, the affiliative o-, and disambiguation by arity 10 sentences· 1 examples

How can the applicative prefix o- be distinguished from other homophonous elements using arity?

wor a=o wa
there 4.A=put.in CONJ
‘and put [them] into that [water] …’
ainukoraci1991 SAR Kanzaki Masayoshi, 'Nisew', Ainu Times no. 66, line 19

Noun incorporation and allied spatial operators 1 claims ·8 sentences

What role does the o- applicative play in noun incorporation of spatial obliques?

  1. The phrasing tosir corpoke oponsuatte p nep ta an? in riddle (1219) uses the applicative prefix o- and the incorporating verb construction o-pon-su-atte, rendering its style closer to elevated poetic diction (gago) than everyday speech.
    なぞなぞの例(1219)に見られる tosir corpoke oponsuatte p nep ta an? という言い回しは、充当接辞 o- の使用や o-pon-su-atte のような抱合的動詞構成を用いており、日常会話の言葉より雅語に近い文体となっている。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/horobetsu example_only o-oponsuattepon su atte
    asserts nakagawa2024