Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation
82. Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization
How do multiple applicative prefixes interact in terms of stacking and ordering, and what operations do they feed?
複数の適用接頭辞はどのように積み重なり順序づけられ、どのような操作を供給するのか。
How multiple applicatives stack and order, and how applicative promotion extends the relativization accessibility hierarchy and feeds incorporation.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:valency/applicative-stacking-relativization-feeding read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shibatani 1990 | 14 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 12 | 3 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 12 | 9 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 8 | 1 | |
| Dal Corso 2020 | 4 | 4 | |
| Keenan & Comrie 1977 | 4 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva 2006 | 4 | 2 | |
| Kaiser 1998 | 3 | 3 | |
| Bugaeva 2014 | 3 | 2 | |
| Baker 1988 | 3 | 3 | |
| Shibatani 1988 | 2 | ||
| Satō 2022 | 1 | ||
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2023 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2021 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bugaeva 2015 | 1 | 1 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×9
- Index of Subjects ×6
- The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate ×3
- The e- Applicative ×2
- The Reciprocal u- ×2
- Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding ×2
- The ko- Applicative ×1
- Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation ×1
- Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy ×1
- External Possession and Possessor Raising ×1
- Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview ×1
- The o- Applicative ×1
- Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate ×1
Forms mentioned
ko- 10e- 5o- 2i- 2e-ko- 1ko-e- 1isoytak 1ani 1ta 1kusu 1tumi osma 1o-tumi-osma 1o-ni-pici 1ni o-pici 1mokor 1mokor a=e-wen 1sake a=e-niste 1e-tuye 1un 1tura 1sir-ko-peker 1sir-peker 1ku=sir-ko-peker 1maw-ko-wen 1kur-ko-tunas 1yay- 1si- 1yay-ipe-e-ko-sunke 1wh 1-re 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
·
Overview 7 sentences
How do applicative prefixes feed oblique incorporation?
Applicative stacking 7 claims ·8 sentences· 4 examples
How many applicative prefixes can stack on one verb, and in what orders?
- The applicative prefixes ko- and e- can co-occur on the same verb stem in either order (ko-e- or e-ko-), each promoting a different participant.適用詞接頭辞ko-とe-は同一動詞語幹上でいずれの順序（ko-e-またはe-ko-）でも共起し、それぞれ異なる参与者を昇格させることができる。asserts bugaeva2006
- bugaeva2006:188 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): Applicative promotion can apply to two different adjuncts on the same verb, producing stacked applicative prefixes such as e-ko-.— Specifies that the stacked applicatives are specifically ko- and e- in either order.
- Double applicatives are restricted to combinations of ko- and e- (ko-e- or e-ko-), where ko- introduces an addressee or recipient and e- introduces content, with no apparent difference between the orders.二重適用辞はko-とe-の組み合わせ（ko-e-またはe-ko-）に限られ、ko-が受話者／受取手を、e-が内容を導入し、語順による明らかな差異はない。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): The applicative prefixes ko- and e- can co-occur on the same verb stem in either order (ko-e- or e-ko-), each promoting a different participant.— Restricts double applicatives exclusively to ko- and e- combinations and specifies their semantic roles.
- refines(differs in scope): A second applicative prefix may attach to a verb stem, though such occurrences are very limited.— Identifies the specific combinations to which rare second applicative occurrences are restricted.
- Applicative promotion can apply to two different adjuncts on the same verb, producing stacked applicative prefixes such as e-ko-.適用詞形成は同一動詞の2つの異なる付加詞に適用され、e-ko-のような累積した適用詞接頭辞を生じさせることができる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:66 asserts checked
- A second applicative prefix may attach to a verb stem, though such occurrences are very limited.動詞語幹に2つ目の適用詞接頭辞が付くことがあるが、そのような生起例は極めて限られている。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- Earlier grammars report combinations of valency-changing prefixes such as u-e-, u-ko-, and yay-ko-.先行文法書では、u-e-、u-ko-、yay-ko-といった結合価変化接頭辞の組み合わせが報告されている。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:32 reports checked
- The combination yayko- expresses action towards oneself and combines with uepekere to form the lexicalized verb yaykouepekere 'think deeply, worry'.yayko-の結合は「自身に向かって」という意味を表し、uepekereと結合して「深く考える、心配する」と語彙化した動詞yaykouepekereを形成する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
- supports: Earlier grammars report combinations of valency-changing prefixes such as u-e-, u-ko-, and yay-ko-.— Provides a Shizunai lexicalization illustrating the reported combination yayko-.
- The verb uepekere 'tell (a story)' is lexicalized from reciprocal u-, applicative e-, the root peker 'be bright', and causative -e.動詞uepekere「（話を）語る」は、相互のu-、適用詞e-、語幹peker「明るい」、使役接尾辞-eから語彙化されたものである。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:183 asserts checked
The feeding of oblique incorporation 13 sentences· 3 examples
Why must an oblique be promoted by an applicative before it can incorporate into the verb?
The feeding of relativization 13 sentences· 1 examples
How does applicative promotion affect the accessibility of nominals for relativization?
Competing analyses of the applied-object position 14 sentences
What grammatical relation does an applied object bear, according to competing analyses?
The two-slot ceiling, re-applicativization, and chained feeding 10 sentences· 1 examples
How does the two-person-index ceiling limit the number of applied objects, and how are extra objects handled?