Knowledge base · Part XI — Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation · this topic as a network

82. Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization

How do multiple applicative prefixes interact in terms of stacking and ordering, and what operations do they feed?

7 sentences from 19 sources · every sentence names the pages it rests on

Applicative stacking

How many applicative prefixes can stack on one verb, and in what orders?

The applicative prefixes ko- and e- can co-occur on the same verb stem in either order (ko-e- or e-ko-), each promoting a different participant. (Bugaeva 2006: 188) Double applicatives are restricted to combinations of ko- and e- (ko-e- or e-ko-), where ko- introduces an addressee or recipient and e- introduces content, with no apparent difference between the orders. (Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022: 15.4) Applicative promotion can apply to two different adjuncts on the same verb, producing stacked applicative prefixes such as e-ko-. (Shibatani 1990: 66) A second applicative prefix may attach to a verb stem, though such occurrences are very limited. (Shibatani 1990) Earlier grammars report combinations of valency-changing prefixes such as u-e-, u-ko-, and yay-ko-. (reported in Refsing 1986: 32) The combination yayko- expresses action towards oneself and combines with uepekere to form the lexicalized verb yaykouepekere 'think deeply, worry'. (Refsing 1986: 183) The verb uepekere 'tell (a story)' is lexicalized from reciprocal u-, applicative e-, the root peker 'be bright', and causative -e. (Refsing 1986: 183)

e-ko-isoytak

APPL-APPL-speak

‘tell stories to someone about something’

Bugaeva 2006: 188 · HK

usa-oruspe a=e-yay-ko-tuyma-si-ram-suy-pa

various-rumor 4.A=APPL-REFL-APPL-far-REFL.POSS-heart-sway-PL

‘We keep wondering about various rumours.’

Shibatani 1990: 73;Bugaeva 2014 · HK

yay-ipe-e-ko-sunke

REFL-food-APPL-APPL-lie

‘eat meagre meals’

Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022: §4.1.1 · HK

a=mun-ko-tata a=toy-ko-tata ayne

4.A=grass-APPL-chop 4.A=soil-APPL-chop then

‘chopping along with the grass, chopping along with the soil, and then …’

Nakagawa 2024: 197 · CHI

The feeding of oblique incorporation

Why must an oblique be promoted by an applicative before it can incorporate into the verb?

nea cep pone tura a=kuykuy

that fish bone with 4.A=bite

‘I bit the fish together with its bones.’

Shibatani 1990: 67 · HK

nea cep pone a=ko-kuykuy

that fish bone 4.A=APPL-bite

‘I bit the fish together with its bones.’

Shibatani 1990: 67 · HK

nea cep a=pone-ko-kuykuy

that fish 4.A=bone-APPL-bite

‘I bone-bit the fish.’

Shibatani 1990: 67 · HK

The feeding of relativization

How does applicative promotion affect the accessibility of nominals for relativization?

sirkorkamuy a=e-tuye emus

standing.tree 4.A=APPL-cut sword

‘the sword with which [someone] cut the standing tree’

· constructed

The two-slot ceiling, re-applicativization, and chained feeding

How does the two-person-index ceiling limit the number of applied objects, and how are extra objects handled?

tokaci wa ek pewre kur monrayke e-i-kasuy

Tokachi from come young man work APPL-ANTIP-help

‘A young man from Tokachi helped with the work.’

Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022: §4.2.3 · SAR