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Bugaeva 2021

Bugaeva, Anna (2021). Unspecified participant: A case of antipassive in Ainu. Antipassive: Typology, diachrony, and related constructions (TSL 130). John Benjamins, Amsterdam & Philadelphia.

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1. Her work on Ainu applicatives provided a cross-linguistically situated analysis of the three applicative prefixes e-, ko-, and o-; her analysis of the antipassive placed Ainu within the comparative typology of antipassive constructions; and her work on possession and causatives has refined the standard valency analysis. no page The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research
2. The valency-changing operations that feed the calculus — the applicatives, the causatives, the antipassive i-, and the reflexive and reciprocal prefixes — are catalogued in , , , , , and ; ; . no page Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity
3. Older accounts derive the detransitive prefix from the fourth-person object; Bugaeva argues in the opposite direction, connecting the antipassive to O-incorporation of a generic noun; Nam proposes a generic-noun source *hi/*ihi 'thing, place' for the detransitive prefix directly ; ; ‹contested›. 235–239 The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing
4. The prefix must also be distinguished from the fourth-person object pronoun i=, which is an O-form of the indefinite/fourth series alongside A-form a= and S-form =an; the two are kept apart by the transitivity class of their host, not by the meaning of the argument ; . 235–239 The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core
5. Her Lesson 9 account of i- as an antipassive filling the object position with a generic 'thing/place' meaning aligns in substance with the Bugaeva line; Satō uses a derivational-prefix label without the term 'antipassive' ; ; ‹contested›. 235–236 The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core
6. Satō’s textbook treats the identical prefix as a derivational i- ‘people, someone’ and uses no antipassive label ; ; ; ‹contested›. no page Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview
7. Antipassive i- reduces a transitive to intransitive by absorbing the object slot with a generic argument; re-adding an applicative restores transitive valency with a new object, which is then accessible to further incorporation or relativization by the same logic as any other applied object ; : no page Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization
8. Bugaeva's antipassive reanalysis argues from three converging criteria that i- meets the typological definition of an antipassive: it systematically demotes the Patient/Theme/Recipient from a core object position; its output always carries an unspecified or generic object reading; and it is discourse-conditioned, appearing precisely where the speaker defocuses the Patient to foreground the Agent or the activity ; . 232–237 The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
9. Both are segmentally identical, and both can appear on the same verb surface, but their distributional profiles diverge ; . no page The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
10. The antipassive thus preceded the pronoun ; ‹contested›. 235–239 The Antipassive / Detransitive i-
11. A diachronic line also links Object NI to the antipassive prefix : Bugaeva proposes that i- arose from grammaticalization of O-incorporation of a generic noun, with the 4th-person pronoun i= derived secondarily from the antipassive , while Nam reconstructs the source as a distinct generic-noun stem ; the dispute belongs to ‹contested›. 235–239 Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation
12. The prefix is analysed as an antipassive on syntactic, semantic, and discourse grounds by Bugaeva (2021), and labelled accordingly by Nakagawa (2024: 190–192) and Ijäs (Lesson 9) ; . no page Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate
13. ANTIP glosses the detransitivizing prefix i- throughout the grammar, following Bugaeva's explicit antipassive analysis . no page Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions