Knowledge base · Part X — The Personal-Affix System and Alignment
63. First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)
What are the first- and second-person singular verbal affixes in Hokkaido Ainu, and how do they distinguish or merge subject and object roles?
北海道アイヌ語では、一人称・二人称単数は動詞にどのような接辞で標示され、主語と目的語の区別やアライメントはどうなっているか。
The SAP-singular core: 1sg subjective ku= vs objective en=, and 2sg e= (syncretic across A/S/O), with their morphophonology and distribution.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:person/first-second-person-singular-affixes read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Satō 2008 | 53 | 28 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 34 | 21 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 29 | 12 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 24 | 13 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 21 | 14 | |
| Tamura 1972 | 13 | 5 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 11 | 3 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 8 | 5 | |
| Bugaeva 2008 | 6 | 2 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 6 | 5 | |
| Bugaeva 2006 | 4 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi 2022 | 4 | 2 | |
| Satō 2025 | 2 | ||
| Tamura 1971 | 1 | ||
| Sakaguchi 2024 | 1 | ||
| Nichols 1986 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2023 | 1 | ||
| Dal Corso 2025 | 1 | ||
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Okuda 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2016 | 1 | 1 | |
| Satō 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×22
- The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism ×4
- Index of Subjects ×4
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×2
- Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses ×2
- Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns ×1
- The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering ×1
- The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing ×1
- Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate ×1
- Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction ×1
- A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text ×1
Forms mentioned
en= 9ku= 6e= 5eci= 4kani 2eani 2u 2=an 2=as 2k= 1a 1e 1o 1ek 1k=ek 1eramuan 1eunkeray 1k=eramuan 1k=eunkeray 1k(u)= 1= 1i 1kore 1epakasnu 1eci=en= 1i= 1kanpisos e=kore 1*ku=e= 1*ci=e= 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- The use of the first-person singular/plural object prefix i- is restricted to oral literature.1人称単数/複数目的語接頭辞 i- の使用は口承文芸に制限される。asserts sato2016
- sato2016 asserts checked
- In Ainu oral literature, the inflectional prefix i- functions as the first-person objective marker.アイヌ語の口承文芸において、屈折接頭辞 i- は1人称目的格標識として機能する。asserts satoni2022
- satoni2022:16.4 asserts checked
Sections
·
Forms and alignment 9 claims ·8 sentences
For first- and second-person singular, does Hokkaido Ainu use distinct affixes for subject and object, or is there syncretism?
- Second-person verbal agreement follows a neutral alignment with no distinction between A, S, and O, marking the singular with e= and the plural with eci=.2人称の動詞一致はA・S・Oの区別のない中立型アラインメントに従い、単数を e=、複数を eci= で標示する。asserts bugaeva2006, bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2006:186 asserts checked
- bugaeva2008 asserts anchored
- First-person singular verbal agreement exhibits a nominative/accusative alignment, marking subjects (A and S) with ku= and objects (O) with en=.1人称単数の動詞一致は主格・対格型アラインメントを示し、主語(AおよびS)を ku= で、目的語(O)を en= で標示する。asserts bugaeva2006, bugaeva2008
- bugaeva2006:186 asserts checked
- bugaeva2008 asserts anchored
- contrasts: Second-person verbal agreement follows a neutral alignment with no distinction between A, S, and O, marking the singular with e= and the plural with eci=.— 1sg follows nominative-accusative alignment whereas 2nd person shows neutral alignment without distinction between A, S, and O
- In the Saru dialect, second-person singular is marked by e- for both subjects (1-, 2-, and 3-argument verbs) and objects, and second-person plural is marked by eci- for both subjects and objects.沙流方言において、2人称単数は主語(1項、2項、3項動詞)および目的語の双方で e- によって標示され、2人称複数も主語および目的語の双方で eci- によって標示される。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.2 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, first-person singular subject is marked by ku- across 1-argument, 2-argument, and 3-argument verbs, and first-person singular object is marked by en-.沙流方言において、1人称単数主語は1項・2項・3項動詞を通じて ku- で標示され、1人称単数目的語は en- で標示される。asserts bugaevakobayashi2022
- bugaevakobayashi2022:15.2 asserts checked
- In the classical language, a second-person subject acting on a first-person object is marked by prefixing e-i- (singular subject) or echi-i- (plural subject).雅語において、第2人称主格から第1人称目的格への作用は、単数主語では接頭辞 e-i-、複数主語では echi-i- を動詞に添えて表される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts extracted
- In combined nominative-objective forms in the Shizunai dialect, the first-person nominative is always realized as a- or an- (identical to the indefinite pronominal affix).静内方言の主格・目的格結合形において、1人称主格は常に a- または an-(すなわち不定称代名接辞)として実現される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the first-person singular intransitive verb suffix -an retains its vowel a even when the stem vowel is o, as in hosipi-an 'I returned'.古典アイヌ語において、自動詞の1人称単数接尾辞 -an は、hosipi-an「私は戻った」のように語幹に o が含まれる場合でも一貫して母音 a を保つ。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, second-person and third-person (zero) subject marking are the same for both intransitive and transitive verbs.古典アイヌ語では、2人称および3人称(ゼロ)の主語標示は自動詞と他動詞の両方で同一である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- The first-person singular has the pronoun káni, the nominative affix ku-, and the objective affix 'en-, with singular grammatical number, referring to the speaker.1人称単数は代名詞 káni、主格の接辞 ku-、目的格の接辞 'en- であり、文法上の数は単数で、話し手自身を表す。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:18 asserts checked
First-person singular subject: ku= and k= 15 claims ·12 sentences· 3 examples
Which affix indexes a first-person singular subject in Hokkaido Ainu, and what allomorphs or variants does it show?
- In the Shizunai dialect, the first-person singular nominative is marked by the prefix ku-.静内方言において、1人称単数主格は接頭辞 ku- によって標示される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the first-person prefix ku- never occurs in yukar epics and belongs strictly to everyday colloquial speech.静内方言において、1人称接頭辞 ku- はユーカラ叙事詩には決して現れず、もっぱら日常の口語に属する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the use of ku- is restricted to a personal and concrete first person, and is avoided in quotations and pretended first-person contexts in favor of the indefinite person.静内方言において、ku- の用法は個人的かつ具体的な1人称に限定され、引用や仮構の1人称では回避されて代わりに不定人称が用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- In Southern Hokkaido, the prefix ku= (first-person singular A/S) loses its vowel /u/ before a vowel-initial verb stem (/a, e, o, u/), becoming k=.北海道南部方言において、1人称単数A/S接頭辞 ku= は母音(/a, e, o, u/)で始まる動詞語幹の前で母音 /u/ が脱落して k= となる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:468–469 asserts checked
- In the colloquial subjective conjugation of Class I verbs, the first-person singular is ku-, the first-person plural exclusive is chi-, and the first-person plural inclusive is a-.第I類動詞の口語主格活用において、第I人称単数は ku-、第I人称複数除外は chi-、包括は a- である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, elder speech uses the youth speech first-person plural affix 'an=/='an as its first-person singular personal affix instead of ku=.樺太アイヌ語の老人言葉では、一人称単数の人称接辞として若者言葉の ku= ではなく、若者言葉の一人称複数形 'an= / ='an を一人称単数形として用いる。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:86 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, the person affixes ku= 'I' and ci= 'we' lose their vowels /u/ and /i/ respectively before words beginning with /a, u, e, o/.沙流方言の人称接辞 ku「私が」と ci「私たちが」は、/a, u, e, o/ で始まる単語の前でそれぞれ /u/、/i/ が脱落する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:33 asserts checked
- In Western Hidaka and Chitose dialects, before verb stems beginning with a, u, e, or o, the vowel u of the first-person singular subject prefix k(u)= drops, and k fuses with the initial syllable.日高西部・千歳方言の1人称単数主格接頭辞 k(u)= は、a, u, e, o で始まる語の前で u が脱落し、k のみが後続の音節と融合する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:166 asserts checked
- The first-person singular subjective personal affix takes the form k- before vowel-initial verbs and ku- before consonant-initial verbs.一人称単数主格の人称接辞は、母音で始まる動詞の前では k-、子音で始まる動詞の前では ku- となる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:25 asserts checked
- Subject personal affixes k- and ku- cannot stand as independent words and must be placed immediately preceding the verb.主格人称接辞 k- や ku- は自立語として単独で用いることはできず、必ず動詞の直前に置かれなければならない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:29 asserts checked
- The first-person singular subjective personal affix is ku- ~ k-.一人称単数主格の人称接辞は ku- 〜 k- である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:29 asserts checked
- The first-person singular subjective prefix ku- is used before consonants, while k- is used before vowels except i.一人称単数主格の ku- は子音の前、k- は(i を除く)母音の前で使われる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:30 asserts checked
- In colloquial Ainu, the first-person singular transitive verb prefix ku- is not affected by the stem vowel, as in ku-kor 'I have'.口語アイヌ語において、他動詞の1人称単数接頭辞 ku- は、ku-kor「私は持っている」のように語幹母音の影響を受けない。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- In Colloquial Ainu, the first-person transitive subject markers are ku- for singular, ci- for exclusive plural, and a- (an-) for inclusive plural.口語アイヌ語において、1人称他動詞主語標識は単数で ku-、排他複数で ci-、包括複数で a- (an-) である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts checked
- When quoting one's own speech, the quotative first person is not used, and regular first-person forms such as káni and ku- are retained.自分の言ったことばを引用する場合は引用の1人称にならず,káni や ku- などの通常の1人称が用いられる。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972 asserts extracted
First-person singular object: en= 15 claims ·12 sentences· 3 examples
Which affix indexes a first-person singular object in Hokkaido Ainu, and what semantic roles (patient, recipient) does it cover?
- In the Shizunai dialect, the first-person singular objective is marked by the prefix en-.静内方言において、1人称単数目的格は接頭辞 en- によって標示される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- In the Shizunai dialect, the first-person singular objective prefix en- belongs exclusively to colloquial language and is restricted to concrete, personal reference.静内方言において、1人称単数目的格接頭辞 en- は排他的に口語に属し、具体的・個人的な参照に限定される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- refsing1986:215 asserts checked
- In the spoken language, the first-person singular object of a transitive verb is marked by the prefix en-.口語において、他動詞の第1人称単数目的格は接頭辞 en- で示される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the Sakhalin dialect, in- functions as a first-person objective prefix.樺太方言において in- は第一人称目的格として機能する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Saru and Chitose dialects, the combination of second-person singular subject and first-person object is expressed as en= (singular object) and un= (plural object), identical to the forms for third-person subject with first-person object, rather than e=en= and e=un= as in other dialects.沙流・千歳方言では、2人称単数主格-1人称目的格の組み合わせにおいて、他方言で e=en=、e=un= となるところを、3人称主格-1人称目的格と同じ en=、un= という形で表示する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:173 asserts checked
- The first-person singular objective personal affix is en- ('me / to me'), distinct in form from the subjective ku- (or k-).一人称単数の目的格人称接辞は en-(私を、私に)であり、主格の ku- (または k-) とは形が異なる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:31 asserts checked
- The first-person singular objective personal affix is en- 'me'.一人称単数目的格の人称接辞は en-「私を」である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:32 asserts checked
- In Chitose Ainu, the poetic/elevated first-person object personal affix meaning 'you to me' (subject/object combined) is i-.千歳方言では「お前が私を/に」の意の主格・目的格人称接辞(雅語)は i- である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:92 asserts checked
- The first-person singular objective prefix en- means 'me', but when prefixed to a ditransitive verb of giving such as kore 'give', it corresponds to indirect object 'to me'.一人称単数目的格人称接辞 en- は「私を」という意味であるが,kore「与える」のような授与動詞に付くと「私に」と訳される。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:100 asserts checked
- The objective person prefix en- basically means 'me (accusative)', but when used with verbs such as kore 'give', it can also be translated as dative 'to me'.en- は「私を」という意味の目的格人称接辞であるが, kore「あげる」のような動詞と共に用いられると「私に」と訳されることもある。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:119 asserts checked
- The first-person singular objective person affix is en- ('me').一人称単数の目的格人称接辞は en-「私を,私に」である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:120 asserts extracted
- In Chitose Ainu, an action from second-person singular or plural to first-person singular is expressed solely by en-, lacking an overt second-person subject prefix (i.e. not *e-en- or *eci-en-).千歳方言において、二人称単数および二人称複数から一人称単数への行為は en- だけで示され、予想される二人称主格人称接辞を欠く形となる(*e-en- や *eci-en- とはならない)。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:147 asserts anchored
- In colloquial speech, the second-person singular subject with first-person singular object prefix combination is not *e-en- but en-, with the second-person singular subject prefix e- not appearing, and the elevated/poetic language shares this characteristic.口語においても二人称単数主格・一人称単数目的格人称接辞は*e-en- ではなく en- となり,二人称単数主格の e- は現れないので,雅語もこの点は共通している。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:336 asserts checked
- The prefix i- marks the first-person singular objective.接頭辞 i- は一人称単数目的格を表す。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:368 asserts checked
- In Colloquial Ainu, the first-person object markers are en- for singular, un- for exclusive plural, and i- for inclusive plural.口語アイヌ語において、1人称目的語標識は単数で en-、排他複数で un-、包括複数で i- である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts extracted
Second-person singular: e= 19 claims ·12 sentences· 3 examples
Which affix marks second-person singular in Hokkaido Ainu, and does it treat subject and object alike or distinguish them?
- In the Shizunai dialect, both the nominative and objective cases of the second-person singular are marked by the prefix e-.静内方言において、2人称単数の主格および目的格はともに接頭辞 e- によって標示される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:217 asserts checked
- refsing1986:217 asserts checked
- In the colloquial subjective conjugation of Class I verbs, the second-person singular is e- (plain) or a- (honorific), and the second-person plural is echi- (plain) or a- (honorific).第I類動詞の口語主格活用において、第II人称単数は普通形が e-、敬称が a- であり、複数形は普通形が echi-、敬称が a- である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In the spoken language, the second-person singular object is marked by e- or honorific i-, and the second-person plural object is marked by echi- or honorific i-.口語において、第2人称単数目的格は e- または敬相の i- で、第2人称複数目的格は echi- または敬相の i- で示される。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Second-person subject markers always appear as prefixes regardless of whether the verb belongs to Class I or Class II, giving the order 'object/complement + (subject-)verb' when taking an object or complement.第II人稱主語は動詞が第I類・第II類を問わず常に接頭辭として現はれ、目的語または補足語をとる場合の順序は第I類の動詞における第I人稱の場合と同様である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In self-directed speech, the second-person prefix e= can be used to refer to the narrator/speaker for vividness.自問自答の場面において、臨場感を出すために叙述者自身を指して2人称の e= が用いられることがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:183 asserts checked
- The second-person singular subjective personal affix is e-.二人称単数主格の人称接辞は e- である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:29 asserts checked
- Second-person affixes have no morphological distinction between subjective and objective case, appearing as e- for singular and eci- for plural in both roles.二人称接辞には主格と目的格の形態的区別がなく、単数は e-、複数は eci- が両方の役割で用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:31 asserts checked
- The second-person singular objective personal affix is e- 'you (sg.)'.二人称単数目的格の人称接辞は e-「お前を」である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:32 asserts checked
- The second-person singular objective person affix is e- ('you sg.').二人称単数の目的格人称接辞は e-「お前を,お前に」である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:120 asserts checked
- The second-person personal affixes e- (singular) and eci- (plural) are not purely neutral forms, but correspond to informal forms like Japanese omae(ra) or anta(ra).二人称の人称接辞 e-(単数),eci-(複数)は純粋に中立的な形式ではなく、日本語の「お前(ら)」「あんた(ら)」などのくだけた言い方に相当する。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:210 asserts checked
- In Ainu, the second person is used when talking to oneself in monologue.アイヌ語では独り言を言う場合二人称を用いる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:287 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the second-person singular intransitive subject is marked by the prefix e-.古典アイヌ語において、2人称単数の自動詞主語は接頭辞 e- によって標示される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the second-person singular transitive subject is marked by the prefix e-.古典アイヌ語において、2人称単数の他動詞主語は接頭辞 e- によって標示される。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:24 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, the second-person object markers are e- in the singular and eci- in the plural.古典アイヌ語において、2人称目的語接辞は単数で e-、複数で eci- である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
- In Classical Ainu, second-person affixes e- (SG) and eci- (PL) mark both subject and object.古典アイヌ語において、2人称接辞 e-(単数)および eci-(複数)は主語と目的語の双方を標示する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
- Forms like e-kore are ambiguous between 'you give him' (with 2SG subject and zero 3rd-person object) and 'he/she gives you' (with zero 3rd-person subject and 2SG object).e-kore のような形式は、「あなたが彼に与える」(2人称単数主語、3人称目的語ゼロ)と「彼/彼女があなたに与える」(3人称主語ゼロ、2人称目的語)の間で曖昧である。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:26 asserts checked
- In Colloquial Ainu, the second-person intransitive subject markers are e- for singular and eci- for plural, with -es- unique to the Ishikari dialect.口語アイヌ語において、2人称自動詞主語標識は単数で e-、複数で eci- であり、石狩方言特有の接尾辞として -es- がある。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990 asserts anchored
- The second-person singular pronoun in the Saru dialect is 'e'áni, and the corresponding affix is 'e- without distinction between nominative and objective case.沙流方言の2人称単数の代名詞は 'e'áni であり、接辞は主格・目的格の区別なく 'e- である。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:27 asserts checked
- The second-person singular form 'e'áni ('e-) is used for a single addressee, except when a woman addresses an adult male.2人称単数の形式 'e'áni ('e-) は相手1人に対して用いるが、女が成人の男子に向かって言う場合を除く。asserts tamura1972
- tamura1972:27 asserts checked