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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part IX — The Verb: Structure, Transitivity, and Verbal Number

61. The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs

How does the language form manner and degree adverbs from verbs?

動詞から様態や程度の副詞をどのように形成するか。

The suffix -no deriving manner/degree adverbs from stative (property) verbs, set against related adverb-forming strategies.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:verb/adverbializer-no read this topic as text

30claims
43statements
8sources
5examples
3sections
30first-edition sentences

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  1. When attached to an action or change verb, the element no does not form an adverb but intensifies the meaning of the verb.
    動作や変化を表す動詞にnoが後続する場合、副詞を形成するのではなく動詞の意味を強意する。
    form-function ainu all noipe-nomokon-no
    asserts nakagawa2022pos

Sections

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Form and domain 17 claims ·9 sentences

What is the form and domain of the adverb-forming suffix?

  1. The adverbializing suffix -no is identical to the coordinative conjunctionalizer no.
    副詞化接尾辞 -no は等位接続詞化辞 no と同一である。
    analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all -nono
    asserts refsing1986
  2. The suffix -no forms adverbial phrases from verbal complexes.
    -no により動詞句から副詞句を作る。
    form-function ainu generic -no
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. In the colloquial language, suffixing -no is consciously recognized as the marker that derives adverbs from adjectives.
    口語では -no を付して副詞を作ることが副詞の標識として意識されている。
    form-function ainu generic -no
    asserts kindaichi1936
  4. While stative/property intransitive verbs generally take the suffix -no to form adverbs, a restricted set of verbs can be used directly as adverbs without -no.
    状態や性質を表す自動詞は一般に接尾辞 -no をとって副詞を作るが、一部の限られた動詞は no を加えずそのまま副詞として用いられる。
    distribution ainu usually -no
    asserts nakagawa2024
  5. In compound verbs, when an intransitive verb adverbially modifies another verb, the suffix -no does not appear.
    複合動詞の中で自動詞が副詞的に他の動詞を修飾する場合には -no は現れない。
    distribution ainu all -no
    asserts nakagawa2024
  6. The emphatic verb suffix -no and the adverbializer suffix -no appear to be mutually exclusive on particular stems; forms like retanno or hureno are not used to mean 'whitish/in a white manner' or 'reddish/in a red manner'.
    強調の -no と副詞形成の -no は排他的に使われるようで、「白く」や「赤く」という意味の副詞として retanno や hureno という形が使われることはないようである。
    distribution hokkaido usually -noretannohureno
    asserts nakagawa2024
  7. Adverb formation patterns include underived inherent forms, intransitive verb + -no forms, conversion from intransitive verbs, conversion from transitive verbs, derivation with e- and o-, and derivation with he- and ho-.
    副詞の形成法には、本来型、自動詞 -no 型、自動詞からの品詞転換、他動詞からの品詞転換、e-・o- による派生、he-・ho- による派生がある。
    analysis all -noe-o-he-ho-
    asserts nakagawa2024
  8. The suffix -no attaches productively to intransitive verbs—especially stative, property-denoting intransitive verbs—to form adverbs.
    接尾辞 -no は自動詞（特に状態や性質を表す形容詞的な意味の自動詞）について副詞を作る生産性の高い型である。
    form-function hokkaido generic -no
    asserts nakagawa2024
  9. The stative verb poro 'big' irregularly forms the adverb poron-no 'greatly, a lot', alongside the regular form porono.
    自動詞 poro「大きい」は不規則な語形変化を伴って副詞 poron-no「大きく」となる（porono という形も存在する）。
    alternation hokkaido generic poroporon-noporono
    asserts nakagawa2024
  10. The adverbializing suffix -no is considered historically identical to the conjunctive particle no, and practically the boundary between them is hard to determine.
    副詞を作る接尾辞 -no は接続助詞 no と起源的に同じと考えられるだけでなく、実質的にその境界を定めるのは困難である。
    diachrony hokkaido generic -nono
    proposes nakagawa2024
  11. When elements that are adverbs derived with the adverbializer -no outside the verb are incorporated into a verb, the suffix -no is dropped.
    -no という副詞化接辞で副詞になっている要素が動詞内に抱合される際には、-no を外して抱合される。
    alternation ainu all -no
    asserts nakagawa2024
  12. Adverbialization of adjectives is achieved with the suffix -no.
    形容詞の副詞化は接尾辞 -no によって達成される。
    form-function ainu all -no
    asserts refsing1986
  13. Adverbialization of adjectives is achieved with the suffix -no, which the author interprets as the conjunctionalizer no that can follow other verb expressions as well.
    形容詞の副詞化は接尾辞 -no によって行われるが、著者はこれを他のすべての動詞表現にも後続しうる接続助詞の no と解釈する。
    analysis hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic -nono
    asserts refsing1986
  14. The element -no following verb expressions is analyzed as the conjunctionalizer no, which can follow all kinds of verb expressions.
    動詞表現に後続する -no は、あらゆる種類の動詞表現に後続しうる接続助詞の no と解釈される。
    analysis ainu all -nono
    asserts refsing1986
  15. The suffix -no originally attaches to verbs to derive adverbial expressions.
    -no は元来、動詞に付いて副詞的形式を作る接尾辞である。
    form-function generic -no
    asserts sato2008
  16. The suffix -no also functions to overtly indicate that an already adverbial form is adverbial.
    -no は副詞的な形式に付いて、それが副詞的形式であることを明示する機能もある。
    form-function generic -no
    proposes sato2008
  17. In colloquial Ainu, the suffix -no is generally used to derive adverbs from verbs.
    口語アイヌ語では、動詞から副詞を派生するのに一般に接尾辞-noが用いられる。
    form-function ainu usually -no
    asserts shibatani1990

Manner and degree adverbs 4 claims ·11 sentences· 2 examples

How are manner and degree adverbs derived from descriptive intransitive stems?

  1. Adverbs of manner can be derived from stative verbs by suffixing -no.
    状態動詞に接尾辞 -no を付加することによって様態の副詞が派生される。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai some -no
    asserts refsing1986
  2. The prefix hamo- attaches to verbs to form negative adverbs meaning 'without doing ...'.
    接辞 hamo- は動詞に接続して「〜ないで」という打ち消しの副詞を形成する。
    form-function sakhalin generic hamo-
    asserts murasaki2025
  3. The formative -ponne attaches to verbs to form adverbs expressing a modest/restrained manner.
    接辞 -ponne は動詞に接続して控えめな表現の副詞を形成する。
    form-function sakhalin generic -ponne
    asserts murasaki2025
  4. Some adverbial expressions are derived from other word classes, such as by adding -no to stative verbs, -ne to numerals for counting entities, or case postpositions to nouns or demonstratives.
    副詞的表現の一部は他の品詞から派生し、例えば状態動詞への -no の付加、事物の数え上げにおける数詞への -ne の付加、名詞や指示詞への格後置詞の付加などによる。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai -no-ne
    asserts refsing1986
tunas-no pirka
be.fast-ADV be.good
‘Get well quickly!’
shibatani1990:33 HK
moyre-no
be.slow-ADV
‘slowly’
ijas2023 constructed

Stative and negative-manner linkage 8 claims ·10 sentences· 3 examples

How does the suffix link a stative or negated predicate as an adverbial modifier to a following predicate?

  1. The conjunctive element no 'in the state of' is used when the preceding verb phrase expresses a state or negative meaning, or when an action verb is accompanied by a negative element.
    接続要素 no「〜の状態で」は、前の動詞句が状態や否定的な意味を表す動詞か、あるいは動作を表す動詞であっても否定要素をともなっている場合に用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido generic no
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. With intransitive stative verbs, no can be regarded as an adverb-forming suffix, so that forms with no become adverbs as a result, making it difficult to draw a sharp line between an affix and a conjunctive particle.
    状態を表す自動詞の場合、no は副詞形成接尾辞ともとらえられ、no のついた形は結果的に副詞になると考えることもでき、接辞と見るか語（接続助詞）と見るかの間に明確な線を引くのは難しい。
    analysis hokkaido generic no
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. If eyamno is treated as an adverb taking a nominative personal affix, one must posit a distinct class of adverbs from postpositional adverbs that take objective personal affixes; but if no is treated as a conjunctive particle, k=eyam no is straightforwardly an inflected transitive verb phrase followed by a conjunctive particle.
    eyamno を副詞ととると主格人称接辞をとる副詞ということになって目的格人称接辞をとる後置副詞とは別種の副詞を立てなければいけなくなるが、no を接続助詞ととれば、k=eyam no は 2 項動詞に主格人称接辞がついた動詞句に接続助詞が後置していると捉えられ問題が生じない。
    analysis hokkaido/southwest/saru generic eyamnono
    asserts nakagawa2024
  4. While *ipe no soyne is unacceptable, somo ipe no soyne 'went outside without eating' is grammatical because not having eaten is a static state without temporal change.
    *ipe no soyne とは言えないが、somo ipe no soyne「食事しないで外に出た」とは言え、これは「食事していない」という状態が時間的な変化の無い静的な状態だからである。
    judgement hokkaido/southwest/saru example_only ipe no soynesomo ipe no soyne
    asserts nakagawa2024
  5. The stative verbs pirka and wen may be used adverbially without suffixing -no.
    状態動詞 pirka と wen は、-no を接尾することなく副詞的に用いることができる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai example_only pirkawen
    asserts refsing1986
  6. A clause conjunctionalized with no describes the circumstances under which the following clause is realized.
    noによって接続文化された節は、後続の節が実現する状況を述べる。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic no
    asserts refsing1986
  7. While wa mainly follows affirmative predicates, no generally follows negated predicates and stative verbs.
    waは主として肯定の述語に後続するのに対し、noは一般に否定述語や状態動詞に後続する。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually wano
    asserts refsing1986
  8. The conjunctionalizer no may attach to stative verbs to form adverbial adjuncts expressing the circumstances under which an action or event occurs.
    接続辞noは状態動詞に付加して、動作や出来事が生じる状況を表す副詞的付加詞を形成することができる。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic no
    asserts refsing1986
a=ona-ha somo mokor no kamuyoritak kor an
4.POSS=father-POSS NEG sleep ADV pray CONJ exist
‘My father was praying to the gods without sleeping.’
nakagawa2024:340 SAR Nakagawa ex. 614
ku=caranke ka somo ki no ku=hosipi
1SG.S=complain even NEG do ADV 1SG.S=return
‘I went home without complaining.’
sato2008:44 SAR
iteke ukoyki no tup ne ukosaraye yan
PROH quarrel ADV two COP share POL
‘Divide it in two and share it without quarrelling!’
refsing1986:241 SHI Refsing ex. 418