42. The Structure of the Noun Phrase

The modifier-position template 9 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

What is the order of prenominal and postnominal modifiers within a noun phrase?

1. Adnominal modifiers consistently precede the noun they modify.
   連体修飾語は一貫して被修飾名詞の前に置かれる。
   ordering ainu all
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:22 asserts checked
   • shibatani1990:38 asserts checked
2. A head noun in a noun phrase can take prepositive modifiers including determiners, adverbs, nouns, possessor NPs, and relative clauses.
   名詞句の主要部名詞は、限定詞、副詞、名詞、所有者NP、関係節などの前置修飾要素をとることができる。
   distribution hokkaido generic
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:476–477 asserts anchored
3. Noun phrases in Sakhalin Ainu have six structural types: noun alone, affiliative noun, adnominal plus noun, noun plus adnominal postposition, verb phrase plus formal noun, and noun plus locative noun.
   樺太アイヌ語のNPの構造には、(1) 名詞だけ、(2) 名詞の所属形、(3) 連体詞 + 名詞、(4) 名詞 + 連体後詞、(5) VP + 形式名詞、(6) 名詞 + 位置名詞 の6つのタイプがある。
   analysis sakhalin all
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:98 asserts checked
4. Both the conceptual form and the affiliative form of ordinary nouns can be modified by verb phrases, noun phrases, and prenominals.
   普通名詞の概念形と所属形はともに、動詞句、名詞句、連体詞によって修飾されうる。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts nakagawa2022pos
   • nakagawa2022pos:14.3 asserts checked
5. Every noun phrase, regardless of its internal syntactic composition, has an arity of -1.
   名詞句はどのような構成であるかに関わらず、すべてアリティ -1 となる。
   analysis ainu all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:368 asserts checked
6. A single noun can constitute a noun phrase by itself.
   名詞が単独で名詞句をなすことがある。
   existence hokkaido generic
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:379 asserts checked
7. Both adnouns and noun prefixes precede and modify nominals, but noun prefixes are more tightly bound to their hosts than adnouns.
   副名詞と名詞接頭辞はいずれも名詞類に先行してそれを修飾するが、名詞接頭辞は副名詞よりも後続形式に対して緊密に結合している。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:77 asserts checked
8. A minimal noun expression consists of a single nominal, which may be a general noun, a proper name, a quantity noun, or a positional.
   最小限の名詞表現は単一の名詞類から構成され、それは普通名詞、固有名詞、数量名詞、または位置名詞でありうる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:274 asserts checked
9. When more than one modifier occurs in a noun phrase, numerals precede attributive verbs.
   名詞句に複数の修飾語が生じる場合、数詞は連体修飾動詞の前に置かれる。
   ordering ainu generic
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:42 asserts checked

Demonstrative prenominals 1 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples

How does the language distinguish between on-site and discourse-anaphoric demonstratives?

1. An adnominal word (demonstrative, interrogative, or numeral) placed before a noun or noun phrase forms a noun phrase.
   指示連体詞、疑問連体詞、数連体詞などの連体詞が名詞（句）の前に置かれたものも名詞句となる。
   distribution ainu all tannehempakhinaansinewan
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:384 asserts checked

Numeral and quantifier prenominals 2 claims ·5 sentences· 2 examples

How are numerals and quantifiers positioned relative to other modifiers and the head noun?

1. When placed after a noun phrase, a numeral combines with it to form a single noun phrase.
   名詞句の直後に数詞が置かれると、その連鎖全体でひとつの名詞句を構成する。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:383 asserts checked
   • nakagawa2024:383 asserts checked
2. A pronominal affix or a stative verb may be inserted between an adnominal numeral and the noun.
   連体修飾の数詞と名詞の間には、代名詞的接辞や状態動詞が挿入され得る。
   ordering hokkaido/southwest/shizunai
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked

Property verbs and adnouns as modifiers 18 claims ·7 sentences· 2 examples

How do property verbs and adnouns function as attributive modifiers?

1. When preceding a noun, usa functions as an adnoun meaning 'a lot of / lots of'.
   usa は名詞の前に置かれると「たくさんの〜」を意味する連体詞として機能する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all usa
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
2. In attributive use, adjectives always precede the noun they modify.
   附加語的用法においては、形容詞は必ずその修飾する名詞の前に来る。
   ordering ainu all
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. The adnominal case particle un attaches to a noun to form an adnominal phrase that specifies the affiliation of a following noun.
   連体格助詞 un は名詞について連体詞句を作り、その後の名詞の所属先を示す。
   form-function ainu generic un
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:301 asserts checked
4. The construction Noun₁ + verb un + Noun₂ can express 'Noun₂ to which Noun₁ is attached', whereas the case particle un cannot express 'Noun₂ to which Noun₁ belongs'.
   名詞₁+動詞 un+名詞₂という構文では「名詞₁がそこに付いているところの名詞₂」という意味を表せるが、格助詞 un では「名詞₁がそこに属しているところの名詞₂」を表すことはできない。
   distribution ainu generic un
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:302 asserts checked
5. Adnouns only precede general nouns, and the majority of them are anaphoric, deictic, or interrogative.
   副名詞は一般名詞にのみ先行し、その大部分は前方照応的、直示的、あるいは疑問的である。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:77 asserts checked
6. Adnouns are forms which precede and modify nouns and in some cases nominalizers.
   連体詞（adnoun）は、名詞、および場合によっては名詞化辞を前置修飾する形式である。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
7. Noun prefixes are more tightly bound to the nouns they precede than adnouns are, such that nothing may be interpolated between prefix and noun, and their distribution is limited to specific groups of nouns.
   名詞接頭辞は連体詞よりも後続の名詞と緊密に結合しており（接頭辞と名詞の間に何も挿入できない）、その分布は特定の語群の名詞に限られている。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:155 asserts checked
8. Some adnouns overlap with numerals in their basic form as well as demonstrative and indeterminate pronouns.
   一部の連体詞は基本形の数詞や指示代名詞・不定代名詞と語類的に重複している。
   membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:155 asserts checked
9. The adnoun mosma means 'other -'.
   連体詞 mosma は「他の〜」を意味する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all mosma
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:155 asserts checked
10. The form oyaykino means 'various -' and functions adnominally, but can also be interpreted as an adverb.
    oyaykino は「さまざまな〜」を意味して連体的に機能するが、副詞として解釈されることもある。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all oyaykino
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
11. The adnoun sino means 'real -'.
    連体詞 sino は「本当の〜」を意味する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all sino
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
12. For the expressions anun and piskan, adnominal use is predominant, while occurrences as independent nouns are rare.
    anun と piskan については連体詞的用法が優勢であり、独立名詞としての使用例は稀である。
    frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually anunpiskan
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
13. The expression anun means 'strange(r) -'.
    anun という表現は「見知らぬ（人）〜」を意味する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all anun
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
14. The expression piskan means 'widespread -' or '- everywhere'.
    piskan という表現は「広く行き渡った〜」または「至るところの〜」を意味する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all piskan
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986 asserts checked
15. Adnouns and pronominal prefixes on a general noun are mutually exclusive.
    普通名詞において連体詞と代名詞的接頭辞は相互排他的である。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:274 asserts checked
16. The word sonno can also be used as an adnominal modifier.
    sonno は連体修飾語として使われることもある。
    distribution generic sonno
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:343 asserts checked
17. Stative verbs and other intransitive verbs modify nouns directly without any morphological change.
    状態動詞（形容詞）およびその他の自動詞は、形態上の変化を伴わずに直接名詞を修飾する。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990:40 asserts checked
18. Nominal modifiers can be derived from nouns by compounding them with verbs such as an 'exist' or sak 'lack'.
    an「ある」や sak「ない」などの動詞と名詞を複合させることによって、名詞修飾語を派生できる。
    form-function ainu generic ansak
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990:40 asserts checked

Relative-clause modifiers 6 sentences· 1 examples

How are relative clauses formed without relative pronouns or dedicated morphology?

The postpositional phrase 5 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples

What elements constitute the postpositional phrase and how do they follow the head noun?

1. Attributive postpositions attach to a noun to mark it as an adnominal modifier of a following noun.
   連体後置詞は名詞に付加され、それが後続の名詞を修飾する連体修飾語であることを標示する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:79 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:161 asserts checked
2. Coordinative postpositions are placed between nouns or noun expressions of equal weight to express enumeration.
   並列後置詞は、並置関係を表すために等位の名詞または名詞表現の間に置かれる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:79 asserts checked
3. There are three attributive postpositions: un, ne, and kor.
   連体助詞には un、ne、kor の3つが存在する。
   membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all unnekor
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:161 asserts checked
4. The postposition un is predominantly used when a noun is characterized as belonging to a specific place.
   後置詞 un は、名詞が特定の場所に属するものとして特徴づけられる場合に主として用いられる。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually un
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:161 asserts checked
5. The copula ne may be used as an attributive postposition establishing an identity or class membership relation between two nouns.
   コピュラ ne は2つの名詞間の同一性または類所属関係を確立する連体助詞として用いられることがある。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic ne
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:161 asserts checked

Apposition and attributive juxtaposition 7 claims ·7 sentences

How does the language express apposition and attributive juxtaposition with two nouns?

1. When following a sequence of two or more nouns, usa marks an open-ended enumeration meaning 'various... and various... and other things'.
   2つ以上の名詞の連続の後に後続する usa は、「様々な…や様々な…、そしてそのほかの様々なもの」という開かれた列挙を表す。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all usa
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
   • refsing1986 asserts checked
2. Attributive modification between two nouns is formed by simple juxtaposition of the dependent noun and the head noun.
   2つの名詞による連体修飾構造では、従属名詞と主要部名詞が単に並置される。
   form-function hokkaido generic
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:476–477 asserts anchored
3. The Saru dialect of Ainu lacks a particle that conjoins two noun phrases.
   沙流方言には2つの名詞句を接続する助詞が存在しない。
   absence hokkaido/southwest/saru none
   asserts nakagawa2022pos
   • nakagawa2022pos:14.6 asserts checked
4. Noun expressions may be linked together by mere juxtaposition or enumeration, which occurs mostly with general nouns.
   名詞表現は単なる並置や列挙によって結合されることがあり、これは主に普通名詞で生じる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:274 asserts checked
5. In coordinative linking of noun expressions, the coordinative postposition is often repeated after each noun expression.
   名詞表現の等位結合では、等位後置詞がそれぞれの名詞表現の後に繰り返されることが多い。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:274 asserts checked
6. When a noun is accompanied by a modifier, as in ri cikuni 'tall tree', the noun is often repeated before a locative/relational noun.
   ri cikuni「高い木」のように修飾語が付くと位置名詞の前に名詞が繰り返されることが多い。
   distribution hokkaido usually ri cikuni
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:336 asserts checked
7. A proper noun precedes the common noun in Ainu.
   アイヌ語において固有名詞は普通名詞に先行する。
   ordering ainu generic
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:24 asserts checked

The possessor slot 12 claims ·3 sentences· 2 examples

How are possessive relationships expressed within the noun phrase based on alienability?

1. In the possessive NP construction, omitting the possessor noun is most natural, especially when it is overtly indexed on the possessee.
   所有名詞句構文において、特に所属主が被所有物に明示的に指標されている場合、所属主名詞（N₁）を省略するのが最も自然である。
   distribution ainu generic
   asserts bugaeva2022
   • bugaeva2022:1.5 asserts checked
2. An affiliative-form noun and its possessor antecedent are analyzed as belonging to separate noun phrases that combine into a single noun phrase.
   所属形の名詞とその先行詞はそれぞれ別々の名詞句に属し、それが合わさってひとつの名詞句を構成すると分析される。
   analysis ainu generic
   proposes nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:369 proposes checked
3. Pronominal affixes in their nominative form can be prefixed to any noun capable of taking the belonging form, and a short verb phrase may be interpolated between the prefix and the noun.
   主格形の代名詞的接辞は所属形を取りうる任意の名詞に接頭辞として付加でき、接頭辞と名詞の間に短い動詞句を挿入することが可能である。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ku wen mataki
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:155 asserts checked
4. When a personal affix indicates the possessor of a modified noun, the attributive verb may either precede the affixed head noun or appear after the personal affix, interrupting the sequence of affix and head noun.
   修飾された名詞の所有者を示すために人称接辞が用いられる際、連体修飾動詞は接辞つき主要部名詞の前に置かれることも、接辞の後に置かれて接辞と主要部名詞の連続を断ち切ることもある。
   ordering ainu generic
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:42 asserts checked
5. In colloquial varieties of different dialectal areas, an attributive element can intervene between a possessive personal affix and the head noun.
   さまざまな方言地域の口語において、所属人称接辞と主頭名詞の連鎖の間に連体修飾要素が割り込む形式が見られる。
   distribution ainu generic
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 asserts extracted
6. In Saru Ainu, only a single attribute can be incorporated between the personal affix and the head noun, ruling out combinations with an adverbial modifier.
   沙流方言では人称接辞と主要部名詞の間に抱合されうる連体修飾要素は1つだけであり、副詞的修飾語を伴う形式などは不可能である。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru all k-earkinne-arka-sikihi
   reports shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 reports checked
7. Tamura concludes that sequences where an attribute intervenes between the possessive personal prefix and the head noun are words rather than phrases.
   田村は、所有人称接頭辞と主要部名詞の間に連体修飾要素が割り込む形式を、句ではなく語であると結論づけている。
   analysis hokkaido/southwest/saru generic
   reports shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 reports checked
8. In the Sakhalin dialect, an attributive phrase consisting of an adverb and an attributive verb can be incorporated after the personal prefix, as in e-pon-no poro setaha.
   樺太方言では、e-pon-no poro setahaのように副詞と連体修飾動詞からなる連体修飾句が人称接頭辞の後ろに抱合されうる。
   existence sakhalin example_only e-pon-no poro setaha
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 asserts checked
9. Hattori treats sequences of personal prefix plus attributes plus noun as constituting a 'word concatenation' rather than compound words, on the grounds that each unit retains its own prosodeme.
   服部は、各構成要素が独自のプロソデームを持つことなどを根拠に、人称接頭辞・連体修飾要素・名詞の連続を「複合語」ではなく「連語（word concatenation）」を成すものとして扱っている。
   analysis sakhalin generic
   reports shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990 reports checked
10. In Sakhalin Ainu, too many attributive elements cannot be inserted between the personal affix and the head noun, such that e-sine kurasno poro setaha is rejected.
    樺太アイヌ語では人称接辞と主要部名詞の間にあまりに多くの連体修飾要素を挿入することはできず、e-sine kurasno poro setahaのような形式は容認されない。
    judgement sakhalin example_only e-sine kurasno poro setaha
    reports shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 reports checked
11. A personal affix cannot be attached to both the attributive verb and the head noun within a noun phrase unit, ruling out forms such as e-kurasno poro e-setaha.
    名詞句単位内で連体修飾動詞と主要部名詞の両方に人称接辞をつけることはできず、e-kurasno poro e-setahaのような形式は許されない。
    distribution sakhalin all e-kurasno poro e-setaha
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 asserts extracted
12. Sequences with an attributive element between the personal prefix and the noun are best analyzed as cases of word formation involving the incorporation of attributive elements into the head noun.
    人称接頭辞と名詞の間に連体修飾要素が挟まる形式は、連体修飾要素が主要部名詞に抱合される語形成の事例として捉えるのが最も適切である。
    analysis ainu generic
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 asserts checked

NP-internal agreement 6 claims ·9 sentences

Is there any agreement morphology within the noun phrase?

1. The coordinating particle newa is not used in the Saru and Chitose dialects, which express noun phrase coordination by simple juxtaposition instead.
   沙流方言および千歳方言には並立助詞 newa は存在せず、名詞句の並置によって等位接続を表す。
   variation hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/chitose all newa
   asserts nakagawafukazawa2022, nakagawa2024
   • nakagawafukazawa2022:8.4 asserts checked
   • nakagawa2024:326 asserts checked
2. In the Tokachi and Kushiro dialects, usa is used like a focus particle to coordinate noun phrases in parallel.
   usa は十勝方言、釧路方言などで副助詞的に用いられ、名詞句を並列させるのに使われる。
   form-function hokkaido/central/tokachihokkaido/northeast/kushiro generic usa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:324 asserts checked
3. In dialects other than Tokachi and Kushiro, usa is mainly used as an adverb, coordinating noun phrases prenominally in the pattern usa ... usa ....
   十勝・釧路以外の方言では usa はおもに副詞として用いられ、連体詞的に usa 〜 usa 〜 という形で名詞句を並列させる。
   distribution hokkaido usually usa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:325 asserts checked
4. The coordinator newa joins two noun phrases together to form a single coordinate noun phrase, and it is used in dialects other than Saru and Chitose.
   newa は二つの名詞句をつなぎあわせてひとつの名詞句を作るものであり、沙流・千歳以外の方言で使われる。
   form-function hokkaido generic newa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:325 asserts checked
5. Unlike particles such as ka and hem, newa is not added to the final coordinate element.
   newa は ka や hem などと異なり、最後の要素にまでは newa を加えない。
   ordering hokkaido all newa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:325 asserts checked
6. Coordinated nouns or noun phrases joined by a coordinating particle such as newa constitute a single noun phrase as a whole, with an overall arity of -1.
   newa などの並列の副助詞でつなげられた名詞や名詞句は全体でひとつの名詞句を構成し、全体としてアリティ -1 となる。
   analysis ainu all newa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:370 asserts checked