Knowledge base · Part VII — Possession and the Affiliative System
46. Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction
How does the language mark adnominal possession within a noun phrase?
その言語は名詞句内で連体所有をどのように標示するか?
NP-internal possession marked by a personal possessor prefix plus the affiliative suffix (ku= sapa-ha 'my head'), and the appositive/juxtaposed possessor-NP construction (sisam kotanuhu).
candidate topic from the first edition topic:nominal/adnominal-possession-double-marking read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bugaeva, Nichols & Bickel 2022 | 84 | 43 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 25 | 13 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 21 | 16 | |
| Satō 2008 | 19 | 8 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 15 | 13 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 13 | 8 | |
| Nakagawa 2022 | 8 | 7 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 5 | 5 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 3 | 3 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 2 | 2 | |
| Nichols 1986 | 2 | 2 | |
| Hokkaidō Utari Kyōkai 1994 | 2 | ||
| Bugaeva 2014 | 2 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Tamura 2000 | 1 | 1 | |
| Tamura 1996 | 1 | 1 | |
| Chudá 2025 | 1 | ||
| ILCAA Ainu materials 1976 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2016 | 1 | 1 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 1 | 1 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×7
- Index of Subjects ×5
- Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels ×3
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×2
- Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns ×2
- Kinship and Honorific Possession ×2
- Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam ×2
- Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms ×1
- Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding ×1
- Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation ×1
- Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics ×1
- The Structure of the Noun Phrase ×1
- The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification ×1
- Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms ×1
- Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental ×1
- The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses ×1
- Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka) ×1
Forms mentioned
kor 15ku= 2haw-e 2utar 2ku=tek-ehe 1ku=kor seta 1e=paro 1e= 1ku=sápa 1e=páro 1eci= 1a= 1a=sapá 1eci=sapá 1k= 1ci= 1c= 1k=ótop-i 1-hV₁ 1teke(he) 1sapa(ha) 1sik-ihi 1haw 1hawe 1aste 1iteki [[e=haw-e] aste] 1e=haw-e 1ku 1kuwehe 1utari(hi) 1[__ ku=kor] seta 1a=kor a kotan 1kor-ninkari 1a=kor pon menoko 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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The two possessive constructions 6 claims ·7 sentences
What are the two main constructions for adnominal possession and how do they relate to alienability?
- Ainu lacks genitive case marking for expressing possession.アイヌ語には所有を表す属格格標示が存在しない。asserts bugaeva2021poss, shibatani1990
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- shibatani1990:36 asserts checked
- Possessive constructions in Ainu are typologically typical and are fully accounted for by the cross-linguistic framework of nominal argument structure, valence, and appositive possession.アイヌ語の所有構文は極めて典型的であり、名詞の項構造・結合価と同格所有に関する通言語的枠組みによって十全に説明される。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- Ainu can be interpreted as a remnant of an earlier, larger group of North Asian Circum-Pacific languages with appositive possession, the others having been absorbed by expansions of Tungusic, Japonic, Korean, Sinitic, and Austronesian.アイヌ語は、同格所有を有していた北アジア環太平洋諸言語のかつて存在したより大きな集団の残存として解釈でき、他の言語群はツングース系、日琉系、朝鮮系、中国系、オーストロネシア系の拡大に吸収された。proposes bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss proposes checked
- Possessive expressions corresponding to Japanese 'Noun1 no Noun2' take three types of constructions in Ainu: (1) N1 kor N2 (concept), (2) N1 N2 (affiliative), and (3) N1 (concept) N2 (concept).日本語で「名詞₁の名詞₂」と訳されるアイヌ語の所有表現には、(1) 名詞₁ kor 名詞₂(概念形)、(2) 名詞₁ 名詞₂(所属形)、(3) 名詞₁(概念形)名詞₂(概念形)の3通りの構文がある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:217 asserts extracted
- refines: Alienable nouns in Ainu use a relative construction with 'have' (kor) in which the possessor is marked as the subject of kor and the possessed noun is the gapped object of kor.— Construction type (1) corresponds to the kor relative clause construction
- refines: The nominal possessive expression takes the form of the possessor noun followed by the possessive (affiliative) form of the possessed noun.— Construction type (2) corresponds to the affiliative ordering construction
- In possessive constructions (1) and (2), Noun1 can be replaced by a transitive subject personal prefix, whereas in the juxtaposition construction (3) it cannot.所有構文(1)と(2)の名詞₁は他動詞の主格人称接辞に置き換えることができるが、(3)の構文では置き換えることができない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:218 asserts checked
- A genitive precedes the head noun in Ainu.アイヌ語において属格名詞は主要部名詞に先行する。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:22 asserts checked
- supports: The nominal possessive expression takes the form of the possessor noun followed by the possessive (affiliative) form of the possessed noun.— Both assert possessor-before-possessed ordering
Personal possessive prefixes on inalienable nouns 2 claims ·16 sentences· 1 examples
How are personal possessive prefixes used on inalienable nouns and what do they index?
- The third-person possessor prefix is zero, so a possessed noun form standing alone by default means 'his/her/its ...'.三人称所有者接頭辞はゼロであるため、所有接尾辞形の名詞が単独で立つ場合のデフォルトの解釈は「彼/彼女/それの…」となる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- A noun in its affiliative person form indexes the possessor internally and can stand alone to express a possessed meaning, so an independent possessor noun phrase is grammatically optional.名詞の人称形は人称接辞によって名詞内部に所有者の人称が表示されているため単独で完結した所属の意味を表すことができ、対応する所有者名詞句は文法的に必須ではない。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:156 asserts checked
Overt possessor NPs and the double-marking configuration 6 claims ·13 sentences· 2 examples
How is an overt possessor noun phrase expressed and what marking does it receive?
- The affiliative form of a noun indexes the person and number of the possessor via the A-series (transitive-subject) cross-reference prefixes.名詞の所属形には、A(他動詞主語)系列の相互参照接頭辞によって所有者の人称・数が標示される。asserts bugaeva2014, bugaeva2021poss, nakagawa2022pos
- bugaeva2014 asserts checked
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- nakagawa2022pos:14.4 asserts checked
- supports: A noun in its affiliative person form indexes the possessor internally and can stand alone to express a possessed meaning, so an independent possessor noun phrase is grammatically optional.— Internal indexing of possessor makes overt NP optional
- Because using genitive pronouns is mechanically simpler than forming concrete forms for each noun, the genitive construction expanded and led to double marking such as akor amachihi ('my wife').領格代名詞を用いる表現は機械的で労力が少なくて済むため歓迎されて領域を拡大し、最終的にはakor amachihiのような二重標示表現を生むに至った。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- refines: By analogy from kor mat = kor machihi, forms such as akor machihi or ekor machihi have begun to appear even among Ainu speakers, though traditional elders strictly avoid this.— The analogical error claim is a more specific evaluative consequence of the diachronic expansion
- By analogy from kor mat = kor machihi, forms such as akor machihi or ekor machihi have begun to appear even among Ainu speakers, though traditional elders strictly avoid this.kor mat = kor machihi からの類推により、akor machihi や ekor machihi のような誤った表現がアイヌ自身の間でも用いられそうになっているが、古格を守る古老の言語では絶対に生じない。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- In Ainu possessive constructions with an overt possessor NP and an affiliative noun, other syntactic elements such as particles can intervene between the possessor NP and the possessed noun.アイヌ語の「名詞句+名詞所属形」の表現では、所有者名詞句と被所有名詞の間に助詞などの要素が介在して分断されることがごく普通に起きる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:156 asserts checked
- In Ainu, expressions consisting of a (pro)noun plus a personal form of a noun do not strictly form a single tight noun phrase corresponding to Japanese 'A no B', but rather have a weak bond between A and B.アイヌ語の「(代)名詞+人称形」は、厳密には「AのB」というひとまとまりの句をなしているわけではなく、AとBの結びつきは弱い。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:157 asserts checked
- The nominal possessive expression takes the form of the possessor noun followed by the possessive (affiliative) form of the possessed noun.名詞の所有表現は、所有者名詞に被所有名詞の所有形(所属形)が後続する形をとる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:36 asserts checked
Nested possession 1 claims ·5 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language handle nested possession where a possessor is itself a possessed noun?
- Inalienable and alienable possessive constructions can combine into larger syntactic structures.譲渡不能所有構文と譲渡可能所有構文は組み合わさってより大きな統語構造を形成することができる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
The kor appositive construction 29 claims ·15 sentences· 1 examples
How does the language express possession of alienable nouns using the verb 'kor'?
- The particle/verb kor can only be used to express possession when the possessor has personhood.所属されるものが人格を有するときに限り、kor をもって属格を表すことができる。asserts kindaichi1936, shibatani1990
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- shibatani1990:36 asserts checked
- supports: The kor construction with human nouns and human attributes is used with high frequency partly due to an extended affective function expressing affection.— Restriction to human/personhood domain explains high frequency with human nouns
- contrasts(differs in scope): Alienable nouns in Ainu use a relative construction with 'have' (kor) in which the possessor is marked as the subject of kor and the possessed noun is the gapped object of kor.— Kindaichi & Chiri restrict kor to human possessors; Bugaeva's analysis covers alienables more broadly
- Ainu has an appositive classifier system that uses verbs.アイヌ語には動詞を用いる同格分類詞体系が存在する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- In Ainu possessive marking of alienables, the possessor is coded not as a dependent in an NP but as an argument in a finite clause, and the appositive word is a verb.アイヌ語の譲渡可能所有標示において、所有者は名詞句内の従属部としてではなく定形節の項としてコード化され、同格語は動詞である。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- supports: Alienable nouns in Ainu use a relative construction with 'have' (kor) in which the possessor is marked as the subject of kor and the possessed noun is the gapped object of kor.— Both characterize the kor construction as verbal/clausal rather than nominal
- When Ainu was still the daily language of a large speech community, it had multiple alienable class constructions.かつてアイヌ語が大規模な言語共同体の日常言語であった際、複数の譲渡可能名詞クラス構文を有していた。proposes bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss proposes checked
- supports: The several possessive classifiers of earlier Ainu have shrunk to just one in the modern variety.— Earlier multiple classes → modern single classifier
- Alienable nouns in Ainu use a relative construction with 'have' (kor) in which the possessor is marked as the subject of kor and the possessed noun is the gapped object of kor.アイヌ語の譲渡可能名詞は「持つ」(kor)を用いた関係節構文を使用し、所有者が「持つ」の主語として標示され、被所有名詞は「持つ」の空所化された目的語となる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The person markers used in the Ainu alienable possessive construction are unambiguously verbal person markers.アイヌ語の譲渡可能所有構文で用いられる人称標識は、明白に動詞の人称標識である。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- supports: In Ainu, the appositive verb modifying a possessed noun is finite.— Verbal person markers imply the appositive is a finite verb form
- In Ainu, the appositive verb modifying a possessed noun is finite.アイヌ語において、被所有名詞を修飾する同格動詞は定形である。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The kor construction with human nouns and human attributes is used with high frequency partly due to an extended affective function expressing affection.人間名詞や人間の属性を表す名詞においてkor構文の頻度が高いのは、愛情を表す派生的な用法の存在が一因と考えられる。reports bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss reports checked
- In oral literature, a number of transitive verbs other than kor functioned as possessive classifiers specifying the type of possessive relation in prenominal relative clauses.口承文芸において、kor以外のいくつかの他動詞が前置名詞修飾関係節において所有関係の種類を指定・分類する所有分類詞としての機能を果たしていた。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- supports: A larger verbal classifier system is reconstructible for earlier Ainu, in which classifiers relate to the history and cultural status of possession.— Oral literature evidence supports reconstruction of larger classifier system
- The verb un 'attach to, belong' functions as a classificatory possessive verb in expressions like a-un cise 'my house'.動詞un「〜につく、〜に属する」は、a-un cise「私の家」のような表現において分類的所持動詞として機能する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The verb mut 'wear (a sword)' functions as a classificatory possessive verb in expressions like a-mut emusi 'my sword'.動詞mut「(刀を)帯びる」は、a-mut emusi「私の刀」のような表現において分類的所持動詞として機能する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The verb ante (causative of an 'exist') functions as a classificatory possessive verb meaning 'husband' in e-an-te hoku 'your husband'.動詞ante(an「存在する」の使役形)は、e-an-te hoku「あなたの夫」において「夫」を表す分類的所持動詞として機能する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts anchored
- The verb hekote 'be married to' functions as a classificatory possessive verb with spouse and family terms.動詞hekote「〜と結婚している」は、配偶者や親族の語とともに分類的所持動詞として機能する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts anchored
- The verb mi 'wear' functions as a classificatory possessive verb in expressions like a-mi kosonde 'my kimono'.動詞mi「着る」は、a-mi kosonde「私の着物」のような表現において分類的所持動詞として機能する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts anchored
- The possessive relative clause predicate kor 'have' can optionally be marked for verbal plurality.所有関係節述語 kor「持つ」は、任意で動詞の複数性標示を受けることができる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The possessive relative clause predicate kor 'have' can optionally be marked for perfectivity.所有関係節述語 kor「持つ」は、任意で完了相標示を受けることができる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The possessive relative clause predicate kor 'have' can optionally be marked for mirativity.所有関係節述語 kor「持つ」は、任意でミラティビティ標示を受けることができる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The possessive relative clause predicate kor 'have' can take adverbial modifiers.所有関係節述語 kor「持つ」は副詞的修飾語を伴うことができる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- When the possessor is third person, kor 'have' lacks overt person marking and tends to form a single phonological unit with the following possessum head noun, preceded by a pause after the possessor NP.所有者が3人称の場合、kor「持つ」は明示的な人称標示を欠き、所有者名詞句の後に休止を伴って後続の被所有主要部名詞と単一の音調単位を形成する傾向がある。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- Ainu has a one-classifier verbal appositive possessive system.アイヌ語は分類詞を1つだけ持つ動詞同格所有体系を有する。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- refines: The sole classifier of Ainu is a verb.— Sole-classifier-is-verb specifies the membership of the one-classifier system
- contrasts(differs in scope): The verbal appositives in Ainu form a small system of one or two verbs, usually meaning 'own' or 'have'.— One claim says exactly one classifier; the other says one or two verbs
- The sole classifier of Ainu is a verb.アイヌ語における唯一の分類詞は動詞である。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The verbal appositives in Ainu form a small system of one or two verbs, usually meaning 'own' or 'have'.アイヌ語における動詞同格語は、「所有する」または「持つ」を意味する1つまたは2つの動詞からなる小さな体系である。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- In older Ainu, larger appositive classifier systems add subdivisions of food by preparation type, clothing, instruments and objects by function, fire and fire-related things, houses, various items by history of acquisition, and others.より古い時代のアイヌ語における大規模な同格的所有分類詞体系では、調理形態による食物の細分化、衣服、機能による道具や物品、火および火に関連する事物、家屋、獲得の経緯による様々な品目などが付け加わる。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- The several possessive classifiers of earlier Ainu have shrunk to just one in the modern variety.より古い段階のアイヌ語に存在した複数の所属類別詞は、現代の変種においてはただ1つにまで減少している。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- supports: Ainu has a one-classifier verbal appositive possessive system.— Diachronic reduction explains the synchronic one-classifier state
- A larger verbal classifier system is reconstructible for earlier Ainu, in which classifiers relate to the history and cultural status of possession.初期のアイヌ語には、分類詞が所有の歴史や文化的地位に関与する、より大規模な動詞的分類詞体系が再構可能である。asserts bugaeva2021poss
- bugaeva2021poss asserts checked
- refines: In older Ainu, larger appositive classifier systems add subdivisions of food by preparation type, clothing, instruments and objects by function, fire and fire-related things, houses, various items by history of acquisition, and others.— Older-ainu-larger-classifier-subdivisions gives the specific semantic categories of the reconstructed system
- supports: When Ainu was still the daily language of a large speech community, it had multiple alienable class constructions.— Both assert a richer earlier system
- Most expressions of possession in Shizunai Ainu are constructed with the attributive postposition kor.静内アイヌ語における所有表現の大半は、連体格後置詞 kor を用いて構成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:87 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in dialect): Possessive expressions corresponding to Japanese 'Noun1 no Noun2' take three types of constructions in Ainu: (1) N1 kor N2 (concept), (2) N1 N2 (affiliative), and (3) N1 (concept) N2 (concept).— Shizunai shows kor-dominant pattern; general Ainu description posits three construction types
- When the verb kor 'have' is placed directly between two nouns or between a pronominal affix and a noun representing possessor and possessed respectively, it functions as an attributive postposition.動詞 kor「持つ」が、それぞれ所有者と被所有者を表す2つの名詞の間、あるいは人称接辞と名詞の間に直接置かれるとき、連体助詞として機能する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:161 asserts checked
- refines(differs in dialect): The verb kor 'to have' is also used as a marker expressing possession ('of') in Chitose Ainu.— Shizunai description specifies structural position; Chitose description is more general
- contradicts(differs in framework): In Ainu possessive marking of alienables, the possessor is coded not as a dependent in an NP but as an argument in a finite clause, and the appositive word is a verb.— Refsing analyzes kor as a postposition; Bugaeva analyzes it as a finite verb with the possessor as its argument
- The verb kor 'to have' is also used as a marker expressing possession ('of') in Chitose Ainu.動詞 kor「持つ」は、「〜の」という所有を表す形式としても用いられる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:100 asserts checked
- The genitive relation of personal pronouns can be expressed by the verb kor 'to have' with an appropriate personal affix followed by the possessed noun.人称代名詞の属格関係は、適切な人称接辞を伴う動詞 kor「持つ」に被所有名詞が後続する形によって表されうる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:36 asserts checked
- refines(differs in framework): Alienable nouns in Ainu use a relative construction with 'have' (kor) in which the possessor is marked as the subject of kor and the possessed noun is the gapped object of kor.— Shibatani describes the same construction without the relative-clause analysis