48. Kinship and Honorific Possession

Kinship terms and the two possession constructions 5 claims ·6 sentences

What two possessive constructions exist for kinship terms?

1. In Chitose Ainu, most kinship terms other than those for parents can refer not only to blood relatives but also to unrelated strangers of the corresponding generation.
   千歳アイヌ語において、父母を除く多くの親族名称は血縁者のみならず同年代の赤の他人をも指すことができる。
   form-function hokkaido/chitose most acapo
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:213 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in dialect): Kinship terms are routinely used for mutual address even between unrelated people if there is a corresponding age difference.— Satō describes the non-blood address usage specifically for Chitose.
2. Kinship terms are not treated as <location> even when they appear in their affiliative form.
   親族名称は所属形であっても＜位置＞としては扱われないようである。
   distribution ainu generic
   asserts nakagawa2022pos
   • nakagawa2022pos:14.4 asserts anchored
3. Kinship terms that take the concept-form possessive construction are relatively few and are almost strictly restricted to referents of generations older than oneself.
   概念形構文で表される親族名称は比較的少なく、自分より年上の世代を指す場合にほぼ限られる。
   distribution hokkaido usually
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:222 asserts checked
4. The kinship term hápo has an informal, everyday nuance like 'dad/papa', whereas ona has a more formal nuance like 'father'.
   「父」を意味する語として hápo は「お父さん」のような日常的なニュアンスを持ち、ona は「父」のようなやや堅苦しいニュアンスを持つ。
   form-function hokkaido all hápoona
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:168 asserts checked
5. The noun unu means 'mother'.
   「母」は unu である。
   form-function hokkaido all unu
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:168 asserts checked

The affiliative-construction paradigm 11 claims ·9 sentences

What are the two sets in the kinship vocabulary and how do they differ?

1. In the Saru dialect, mici 'father' allows both ku=mici and ku=kor mici for the first-person singular, but other persons permit only the kor + mici construction.
   沙流方言において mici「おとうさん」は一人称単数では ku=mici と ku=kor mici の双方が用いられるが、その他の人称では kor + mici のみが許容される。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru all miciku=micikor
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:223 asserts checked
2. In the Shizunai dialect, the kinship term mici 'father' never takes the belonging form.
   静内方言において、親族名称 mici「父」は所属形をとることが決してない。
   absence hokkaido/southwest/shizunai none mici
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:87 asserts checked
   • contradicts(differs in dialect): In the Saru dialect, mici 'father' allows both ku=mici and ku=kor mici for the first-person singular, but other persons permit only the kor + mici construction.— Refsing states mici never takes a belonging form in Shizunai, while Nakagawa reports ku=mici for 1sg in Saru.
3. In the Saru dialect, 'my mother' is expressed as ku=kor hapo, and the affiliative form *ku=hapo is not used.
   沙流方言において「私の母」は ku=kor hapo と表現され、所属形 *ku=hapo は用いられない。
   absence hokkaido/southwest/saru none hapoku=kor hapo
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:223 asserts checked
4. In the Shizunai dialect, the kinship term hapo 'mother' is usually found with the attributive postposition kor.
   静内方言において、親族名称 hapo「母」は通常は連体格後置詞 kor を伴って現れる。
   frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai most hapokor
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:87 asserts checked
   • supports(differs in dialect): In the Saru dialect, 'my mother' is expressed as ku=kor hapo, and the affiliative form *ku=hapo is not used.— Both dialects show that hapo takes the kor construction rather than an affiliative personal prefix.
5. For 'elder sister', the construction kor sapo is widely used across Hokkaido dialects, whereas the expected form *kor sa(ha) is unattested.
   北海道アイヌ語において「姉」を表す表現としては kor sapo が広く用いられ、想定される *kor sa(ha) という形は確認されない。
   distribution hokkaido all sasapokor
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:223 asserts checked
6. In the Shizunai dialect, the belonging form saha 'elder sister' is rare, while ku kor sapo with the diminutive suffix -po is frequent.
   静内方言において所属形 saha「姉」は稀にしか現れず、指小辞 -po を伴う ku kor sapo が頻出する。
   frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai most sahasapo-pokor
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:87 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in dialect): For 'elder sister', the construction kor sapo is widely used across Hokkaido dialects, whereas the expected form *kor sa(ha) is unattested.— Refsing confirms that ku kor sapo predominates over saha in Shizunai.
7. In kinship expressions, both elements frequently take the affiliative form (e.g. a=yup-i utar-i), which grammatically represents two words and commonly occurs in verse for metrical reasons without differing in meaning from a=yupi utar or a=yuputari.
   親族名称では a=yup-i utar-i のように両方が所属形になることがよくあり、文法的には2語であって、a=yupi utar や a=yuputari と意味の違いはなく、韻文で音律上の理由から用いられることが多い。
   variation ainu usually a=yup-i utar-i
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:265 asserts checked
8. The kinship nouns ona 'father' and unu 'mother' usually appear in the belonging form.
   親族名詞 ona「父」および unu「母」は、通常は所属形をとる。
   frequency hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually onaunu
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:87 asserts checked
9. The noun ona can appear in expressions with the postposition kor, as in e kor ona and an kor ona in god epics (kamuyukar).
   名詞 ona は、神謡（kamuyukar）において e kor ona や an kor ona のように後置詞 kor を伴う表現としても現れる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists onakor
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:87 asserts checked
10. The noun ona 'father' has onaha as its affiliative form with the suffix -ha, but ona can also be used directly as an affiliative form as in e-ona 'your father'.
    ona「父」の所属形は -ha の付いた onaha であるが、e-ona「お前の父」のように ona のままでも所属形として使える。
    alternation hokkaido all onaonahae-ona-ha
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:168 asserts checked
11. The noun yupo 'older brother' takes personal affixes such as ku-.
    yupo「兄」は人称変化する親族名詞であり、ku- などの人称接辞を取る。
    membership hokkaido all yupoku-yupo
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:168 asserts checked

Address versus reference: the vocative split 20 claims ·5 sentences· 3 examples

How do address and reference forms differ for kinship terms?

1. In the Saru dialect, address terms for older relatives take the construction kor + conceptual form, in contrast to reference terms which take affiliative forms.
   沙流方言において年上の親族に対する呼称は kor＋概念形の形をとり、言及語としてのみ用いられる所属形と区別される。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru all korhucihapoacaposut-ihiunu-hu
   asserts nakagawa2022pos
   • nakagawa2022pos:14.4 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in dialect): Across Hokkaido dialects, kinship terms usable as vocatives for senior relatives appear in the concept form, whereas terms used for third-person reference are mainly used in the affiliative form.— Nakagawa 2022 specifies the kor + conceptual form pattern for Saru older relative address terms.
2. Across Hokkaido dialects, kinship terms usable as vocatives for senior relatives appear in the concept form, whereas terms used for third-person reference are mainly used in the affiliative form.
   北海道アイヌ語において目上の親族に対する呼称は概念形を用い、第三者的に言及する語はおもに所属形で用いる。
   distribution hokkaido most
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:225 asserts checked
3. Kinship terms yupo 'older brother' and sapo 'older sister' are used as vocatives in the form ku= + affiliative noun (ku=yupo!, ku=sapo!).
   呼びかけに使えない yup「兄」と sa「姉」に対応して、yupo と sapo は ku= ＋所属形（ku=yupo!、ku=sapo!）の形で呼びかけに用いられる。
   distribution hokkaido all yuposapoku=yupoku=sapoyupsa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:226 asserts checked
4. When yupo 'older brother' or sápo 'older sister' are used as address terms toward elder peers in Chitose Ainu, the first-person possessive prefix ku- is obligatorily attached.
   千歳アイヌ語において、同世代の年長者を意味する yupo や sápo を対称詞として用いる場合には、一人称人称接辞 ku- が義務的に付けられる。
   distribution hokkaido/chitose all ku-yupoku-sapoyuposápoku-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:214 asserts checked
   • refines(differs in dialect): Kinship terms yupo 'older brother' and sapo 'older sister' are used as vocatives in the form ku= + affiliative noun (ku=yupo!, ku=sapo!).— Satō describes the Chitose dialect specific requirement of ku- for yupo/sápo, matching Nakagawa's pan-Hokkaido description.
5. In Ainu, unlike Japanese, speakers can address junior interlocutors using kinship terms.
   アイヌ語では日本語とは異なり、年下の相手に対しても親族名称を用いて呼びかけることができる。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:226 asserts checked
6. Among kinship expressions marked with the first-person singular prefix, terms for younger siblings are not used as terms of address to the listener.
   一人称単数接辞の付いた親族表現のうち、弟や妹を意味する形式は聞き手を指す対称詞としては用いられない。
   distribution hokkaido none ku-sāpoku-yupo
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:152 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in scope): In Ainu, unlike Japanese, speakers can address junior interlocutors using kinship terms.— Satō notes that 1sg-prefixed younger sibling terms cannot address the listener, while Nakagawa notes junior interlocutors can generally be addressed with kinship terms.
7. Kinship terms are routinely used for mutual address even between unrelated people if there is a corresponding age difference.
   血縁関係がない場合でも、相応する年齢差があれば親族名称を用いて互いに呼び合うことが普通に行われる。
   distribution ainu all
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:226 asserts checked
8. Most kinship terms can be used as vocatives, with the exception of seven: ona 'father', unu 'mother', sut 'grandmother', ekas 'grandfather', aca 'uncle', yup 'older brother', and sa 'older sister'.
   ona「父親」unu「母親」sut「祖母」ekas「祖父」aca「おじ」yup「兄」sa「姉」の7つを除く大部分の親族名称は呼びかけに使える。
   distribution hokkaido usually onaunusutekasacayup
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
9. The seven kinship terms that cannot be used as vocatives are used when speaking of relatives objectively in the third person or to refer to blood relationships rather than specific individuals.
   呼びかけに使えない上記の7語は、親族のことを第三者的に客観的に述べる時や、具体的な人物ではなく血縁関係を指すのに使われる。
   form-function hokkaido generic onaunusutekasacayup
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
10. In narrative prose narration, objective kinship terms like ona and unu are frequently used, whereas vocative forms like hapo rarely appear in narrative prose outside of characters' quoted dialogue.
    物語の地の文では客観的な親族名称が使われることが多く、呼びかけに使える hapo が地の文中に出てくることは稀である。
    distribution hokkaido usually onaunuhapo
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:224 asserts anchored
11. Kinship nouns that express possession in the concept-form construction, like hapo, can be used as vocatives in their concept form alone without prefixing ku=kor.
    hapo のように概念形構文で所有表現になる語は、ku=kor をつけずに概念形のみで呼びかけに使うことができる。
    distribution hokkaido generic hapo
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:225 asserts checked
12. Kinship nouns other than those expressing possession in concept form use the same word for both vocative and third-person expression, but take the form with the prefix ku= 'my' when used as a vocative.
    概念形構文で所有表現になる語以外の親族名詞は、呼びかけにも第三者的表現にも同じ単語を使うが、呼びかけの場合は ku=「私の」をつけた形になる。
    distribution hokkaido generic ku=
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:225 asserts checked
13. For senior relatives, terms usable as vocatives (such as mici, hapo, huci, ekasi) and terms used to speak of them in the third person (such as ona, unu, sut, ekas) are distinguished lexically.
    目上の相手に対しては、呼びかけに使えるもの（mici, hapo, huci, ekasi）と第三者的に述べるもの（ona, unu, sut, ekas）が単語として分かれている。
    form-function hokkaido generic micihapohuciekasionaunu
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:225 asserts extracted
14. At least in the Saru dialect, when mici 'father' is used as a vocative, one says ku=mici! 'father!'.
    少なくとも沙流方言では mici「おとうさん」を呼び掛けに使う場合は、ku=mici!「おとうさん！」と言う。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru ku=micimici
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:225 asserts extracted
15. Ainu has honorific address terms (symmetry terms / taishōshi) formed from kinship nouns and demonstrative expressions, used instead of second-person personal affixes.
    アイヌ語には二人称人称接辞の代わりに用いられる、親族名詞や指示表現を用いた対称詞（尊敬表現）の用法が存在する。
    existence hokkaido/chitose all
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:213 asserts checked
16. When a kinship noun is used as a term of address toward the listener, it behaves as a common noun (third person), so no personal affix attaches to the verb.
    聞き手を指すために対称詞として親族名詞を用いた場合、親族名詞は三人称として扱われるため、動詞には人称接辞が付かない。
    distribution hokkaido/chitose all
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:213 asserts checked
17. Kinship address terms are used both as vocative address forms and as nominal argument expressions.
    親族名詞による対称詞は、呼び掛け表現としても、名詞的な表現としても使われる。
    distribution hokkaido/chitose all húci
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:214 asserts extracted
18. Kinship nouns denoting senior members of the speaker's own generation (yupo 'older brother', sápo 'older sister') cannot be used as self-reference terms (jishōshi) in Ainu, unlike in Japanese.
    アイヌ語では同世代の年長の親族名詞（yupo「兄」、sápo「姉」）は自称詞として使うことができない。
    distribution hokkaido/chitose none yuposápo
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:215 asserts checked
19. Only kinship nouns referring to generations above the speaker (ekasi, húci, hápo, totto, acapo, unarpe) can be used as self-reference terms.
    自称詞として使えるのは、自己より上の世代を指す親族名詞（ekasi「祖父」、húci「祖母」、hápo「父」、totto「母」、acapo「おじ」、unarpe「おば」）である。
    distribution hokkaido/chitose all ekasihúcihápotottoacapounarpe
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:215 asserts checked
20. Using kinship nouns for self-reference is less common than using them as address terms, and using first-person singular personal affixes is more common in such situations.
    自称詞としての親族名詞の使用は対称詞としての使用ほど一般的ではなく、そのような場合には一人称単数人称接辞を用いるほうが一般的である。
    frequency hokkaido/chitose usually ku-
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:215 asserts checked

Obligatory possession, the 4th-person default, and the kin-group noun utar 6 sentences

What is the default possessor when no discourse-salient possessor is present?

Honorific possession via the 4th person 1 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples

How is honorific possession marked for esteemed possessors?

1. The noun phrase a=yup-i (literally 'self's older brother') does not necessarily refer to a biological relative and can be used as a polite form of address.
   名詞句 a=yup-i（文字通りには「自身の兄」）は必ずしも親族を指すわけではなく、丁寧な呼びかけとしても用いられうる。
   form-function hokkaido/central/asahikawa generic a=yup-i
   asserts bugaeva2008
   • bugaeva2008 asserts checked

Predicative possession with kinship affiliatives 5 sentences· 2 examples

Incorporated kinship expressions 3 sentences

How are kinship meanings expressed through noun incorporation?

Dialect variation in kinship terms 10 claims ·10 sentences

What dialect variation exists in the kinship lexicon?

1. In the Saru dialect, the kinship term for a younger sister viewed from an older brother is matapa, etymologically analysable as mat-apa 'female relative'.
   沙流方言において兄から見た妹を表す語は matapa であり、語源的には mat-apa「女・親戚」と解釈される。
   diachrony hokkaido/southwest/saru all matapamat-apa
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
   • contrasts(differs in dialect): The term for a younger sister viewed from an older brother is macirpe in Chitose and mostly tures in other dialects.— Nakagawa notes Saru uses matapa for brother's younger sister, alongside Chitose macirpe and general Hokkaido tures.
2. The term for a younger sister viewed from an older brother is macirpe in Chitose and mostly tures in other dialects.
   兄から見た妹を表す語は、千歳方言では macirpe であり、その他の多くの方言では tures（所属形 -i）が用いられる。
   variation hokkaido/chitosehokkaido most macirpetures
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
3. In the Tokachi dialect, speakers lack awareness of konnarpe as deriving from kor + unarpe, and say kor konnarpe to express 'someone's aunt'.
   十勝方言では konnarpe が kor + unarpe に由来するという語源意識はなく、「〜のおばさん」という場合には kor konnarpe と表現する。
   analysis hokkaido/central/tokachi konnarpe
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:223 asserts checked
4. The form kor yupo is used in the Shizunai and Ishikari dialects, but it appears only in very limited examples in the Saru dialect.
   kor yupo という形は静内方言や石狩方言では用いられるが、沙流方言にはごく限られた例にしか出てこない。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/southwest/shizunaihokkaido/central/ishikari kor yupo
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
5. The word for 'younger brother' across all of Hokkaido is ak.
   弟を表す語は北海道全体で ak である。
   form-function hokkaido all ak
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
6. For 'younger sister', different words are used depending on whether the viewpoint is that of an older brother or an older sister.
   妹を表す語は「兄から見た妹」と「姉から見た妹」で別の語を用いる。
   form-function hokkaido
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
7. The word for a younger sister viewed from an older sister is matak throughout Hokkaido, whereas dialectal variation is known for a younger sister viewed from an older brother.
   姉から見た妹は全道共通で matak であるのに対し、兄から見た妹には方言差がある。
   variation hokkaido all matak
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
8. The word matak for a younger sister viewed from an older sister can be interpreted as mat-ak 'female younger brother', representing a closer relationship than matapa.
   姉から見た妹の matak のほうは mat-ak「女・弟」と解釈でき、matak より matapa のほうが遠い関係にあることを表している。
   diachrony hokkaido matakmat-ak
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
9. Even in the Saru dialect, tures is used in oral literature to mean a younger sister viewed from an older brother.
   沙流方言でも口承文芸の中では、tures が兄から見た妹の意味で用いられる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru tures
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:224 asserts checked
10. In Chitose Ainu, the kinship noun hāpo means 'father'.
    千歳方言では hāpo は「お父さん」を意味する。
    form-function hokkaido/chitose all hāpo
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:152 asserts checked