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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part VII — Possession and the Affiliative System

43. The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification

How does the language distinguish alienable from inalienable possession?

この言語では、譲渡可能所有と譲渡不可能所有をどのように区別するのか。

Hokkaido Ainu's binary possessive split — obligatorily possessed inalienable nouns vs. periphrastically possessed alienable nouns — its semantic classes, gradience, and place on the alienability-typology map.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:nominal/alienable-inalienable-split read this topic as text

50claims
104statements
21sources
5examples
5sections
83first-edition sentences

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Forms mentioned

kor 19kotan 2mosir 2a= 2e=paro 2sik 2par 2sik-ihi 2hawe 2utar 2i- 2ku=kor cip 1ku=tek-ehe 1*ku=ru 1seta ru 1a=kor cip 1a=kor makiri 1a=kor hayokpe 1sak 1Anna katkemat kor-ninkari 1kur 1kotan kor kur 1nupuri kor kamuy 1aynu 1hapo 1nispa 1pet 1emus 1ikor 1seta 1pewrep 1isoytak 1itak 1rametok 1a-kor pon menoko 1ku= 1e= 1an= 1tek 1kema 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

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Two dimensions and three constructions 9 claims ·13 sentences

How is possession expressed without genitive case or possessive prepositions?

  1. In Shizunai Ainu, the belonging form of nouns is used exclusively to express inalienable possession.
    静内方言において、名詞の所属形は譲渡不能所有を表すためにのみ用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
    asserts refsing1986
  2. Inalienable nouns in Ainu are obligatorily possessed.
    アイヌ語において譲渡不可能名詞は義務的所有名詞である。
    membership ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  3. Ainu has an appositive possessive construction for alienable nouns, which are optionally possessed nouns.
    アイヌ語には、任意所属名詞である譲渡可能名詞に対する同格所有構文が存在する。
    existence ainu generic
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  4. Ainu nouns exhibit an alienability opposition.
    アイヌ語の名詞には譲渡可能性の対立が存在する。
    existence ainu
    asserts bugaeva2022
  5. Ainu nominal grammar possesses bound inalienable nouns and non-possessible alienable nouns.
    アイヌ語の名詞文法には結合的譲渡不能名詞と所属形を持たない譲渡可能名詞が存在する。
    existence ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2022
  6. Alienable possession is expressed with the pattern [possessor + kor + conceptual form], whereas inalienable possession is expressed with [possessor + affiliative form].
    分離可能所有は［所有者＋kor＋概念形］の型で表されるのに対し、分離不能所有は［所有者＋所属形］の型で表される。
    form-function ainu generic kor
    asserts nakagawa2022pos
  7. General nouns that can be inalienably possessed may appear with pronominal affixes to form the belonging form.
    不可譲譲渡可能な普通名詞は、代名詞的接辞を伴って「所属形」を形成し得る。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic
    asserts refsing1986
  8. Pronominal prefixes in the nominative case may attach to certain general nouns to express inalienable possession.
    主格の人称接頭辞は、不可譲渡的所有を表す際に特定の一般名詞に接続することがある。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists
    asserts refsing1986
  9. Pronominal affixes in their nominative form can be prefixed to any noun capable of taking the belonging form, and a short verb phrase may intervene between the prefix and the noun.
    主格形の人称接辞は所属形をとりうる任意の名詞に接頭辞として付加でき、接頭辞と名詞の間に短い動詞句を挿入することが可能である。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all ku wen mataki
    asserts refsing1986

The kor construction 9 claims ·12 sentences· 2 examples

How is alienable (transferable) possession marked?

  1. Alienable nouns cannot take person marking directly and instead express possession via a pre-head relative clause headed by kor 'have'.
    譲渡可能名詞は人称接辞を直接取ることができず、動詞 kor「持つ」を述語とする名詞修飾関係節によって所有を表す。
    form-function ainu all kor
    asserts bugaeva2021poss, bugaeva2022
  2. The noun ku 'bow' does not take an affiliative form and is possessed only using ku-kor.
    名詞 ku「弓」は所属形をとらず、ku-kor によってのみ所有される。
    absence hokkaido specific kuku-kor ku
    asserts sato2008
  3. In Southern Hokkaido Ainu, alienable possession is encoded periphrastically by a relative clause construction using kor 'have' as the predicate with the possessor as the subject, while the possessee remains unmarked.
    南北海道アイヌ語において、譲渡可能所有はkor「持つ」を述語とし所有者を主語とする関係節に基づいた迂言的構文によって表され、被所有物は無標示のままである。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest all kor
    asserts bugaeva2012
  4. Alienable nouns in Ainu cannot take person markers directly.
    アイヌ語の譲渡可能名詞は人称標識を直接取ることができない。
    absence ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  5. Although the kor relative clause possessive construction is grammatically possible with all non-possessible nouns, only 57 such nouns are attested with kor in Tamura's (1991) lexicon.
    文法的にはkor関係節による所有構文はすべての非所有可能名詞に可能であるが、田村（1991）の語彙集で実際にkorとともに用例がみられる名詞は57語にとどまる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru measured kor
    reports bugaeva2021poss
  6. The concept-form possessive construction (with kor) is used for alienable possession, where the existence of Noun2 is not contingent on Noun1.
    概念形所有構文（kor を用いる構文）は、名詞₁が存在しなくても名詞₂の存在に影響を与えないような、いわゆる譲渡可能な関係を表す場合に用いられる。
    form-function ainu all kor
    asserts nakagawa2024
  7. When the relationship is not one of inalienable possession, the genitive is expressed using attributive postpositions.
    関係が譲渡不能所有ではない場合、連体格後置詞を用いて属格が表される。
    form-function all
    asserts refsing1986
  8. Nouns such as káne 'money' cannot directly undergo personal inflection by taking personal affixes, but instead require a relative clause with the verb kor 'have' (e.g. ku-kor káne) to express possession.
    káne「お金」のような名詞は直接人称接辞を付けて人称変化させることができず、kor「持つ」という動詞を用いて ku-kor káne のように修飾する必要がある。
    distribution hokkaido generic kánekorku-kor káne
    asserts sato2008
  9. Some kinship terms do not take affiliative forms and instead use ku-kor, such as ku-kor totto 'my mother' and ku-kor hāpo 'my father'.
    親族名称の中には所属形を取らず ku-kor totto「私のお母さん」や ku-kor hāpo「私のお父さん」のように ku-kor を用いるものもある。
    distribution hokkaido exists ku-kor tottoku-kor hāpotottohāpo
    asserts sato2008
ku=kor seta hure toan kur kor cape retar
1SG.A=have dog be.red DIST.DEM person have cat be.white
‘My dog is red; that person's cat is white.’
utari1994 HK
wa kotan kor kur a=ne wa an=an
CONJ village have person 4.A=COP CONJ exist=4.S
‘I was the village chief.’
ilcaa1976 SAR

The affiliative construction 12 claims ·20 sentences· 1 examples

How is inalienable possession marked on the noun?

  1. The noun kotan 'village' has an affiliative form kotan-u despite not being a body part.
    名詞 kotan「村」は身体部位ではないが所属形 kotan-u を持つ。
    existence hokkaido specific kotankotanu
    asserts sato2008
  2. Inalienable nouns in Ainu, chiefly body parts and kin terms, take direct affixation of possessive affixes.
    主に身体部位や親族呼称からなるアイヌ語の譲渡不能名詞は、所有接辞の直接的な付加を受ける。
    form-function ainu generic
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  3. Inalienable nouns in Ainu are obligatorily possessed and take head-marked person indexation.
    アイヌ語の譲渡不能名詞は義務的所有名詞であり、主要部標示による人称指標を受ける。
    form-function ainu generic
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  4. The affiliative-form possessive construction is used for inalienable possession, where Noun2 cannot exist without Noun1.
    所属形所有構文は、名詞₁が存在しなければ名詞₂がそもそも存在できないような、いわゆる譲渡不可能な関係を表す場合に用いられる。
    form-function ainu all
    asserts nakagawa2024
  5. Items of clothing and footwear that are normally worn are treated like body parts and expressed in the affiliative form.
    衣類や靴のように通常身に着けているものは、身体名称に準じて所属形で表される。
    distribution hokkaido generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
  6. Handheld tools and weapons that are carried on the person are expressed in the affiliative form, like items of clothing.
    携帯している道具類も、衣類と同様に所属形で表される。
    distribution hokkaido generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
  7. Part-whole relations (such as spear handle, cradle strap, or plant seeds) are expressed using the affiliative-form construction.
    全体に対する部分の関係（槍の柄、ゆりかごの紐、草の実など）は所属形構文で表される。
    form-function hokkaido generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
  8. Raw material-to-product relationships (such as dishes or bamboo huts) can be expressed using the affiliative-form construction.
    原料に対する製品の関係（料理の具材や竹で作った家など）は所属形構文で表される。
    form-function hokkaido generic
    asserts nakagawa2024
  9. Across dialects, there is a noun uncise 'someone's house' used mainly in verse, which is never used with kor and is always used in the affiliative form.
    cise とは別に諸方言に uncise「〜の家」という名詞があり、主に韻文で用いられ、kor uncise のようには言わず常に所属形で使われる。
    distribution hokkaido uncise
    asserts nakagawa2024
  10. The noun kaskamuy 'possessing spirit / guardian deity' takes an affiliative form and undergoes personal inflection just like body-part nouns.
    kaskamuy「憑き神」は身体部位名詞と同じく所属形を取って人称変化する。
    membership hokkaido all kaskamuykaskamuye
    asserts sato2008
  11. In oral literature, alongside the regular form a-kotan-u 'my/our village', the construction a-kor kotan-u, which uses both kor and the affiliative form together, is also found.
    口承文芸では a-kotan-u「私の村」のような通常の型に従った形の他に、kor と所属形を併用する a-kor kotan-u という形式もみられる。
    existence hokkaido exists a-kotan-ua-kor kotan-u
    asserts sato2008
  12. Kinship terms often take affiliative forms like body parts (e.g. k-unuhu, k-onaha, k-ekasihi, ku-suci, ku-saha, ku-sapo, ku-yupihi, ku-yupo, k-akihi, ku-macirpe, ku-mátaki, ku-poho, ku-matnepoho, ku-mitpoho).
    親族名称は身体部位に準じて所属形を取ることが多い（k-unu-hu「私の母」，k-ona-ha「私の父」，k-ekasi-hi「私の祖父」など）。
    distribution hokkaido usually k-unu-huk-ona-hak-ekasi-hiku-suc-iku-sa-haku-sapo
    asserts sato2008
ku=kema-ha ka arka ku=tek-ehe ka arka
1SG.POSS=leg-POSS even hurt 1SG.POSS=hand-POSS even hurt
‘My leg hurts too, and my hand hurts too.’
utari1994 HK

Class membership: gradient and construal-sensitive 18 claims ·21 sentences· 2 examples

Which nouns are obligatorily possessed and how does class membership show gradience?

  1. The noun ku 'bow' can take an affiliative form kuwehe due to traditional hunter-weapon worldview, while also permitting alienable kor possession.
    名詞 ku「弓」は伝統的世界観を反映して所属形 kuwehe をとり得るが、通常の譲渡可能道具と同様に kor による所有も可能である。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru specific kukuwehe
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. Provided appropriate semantic conditions are met, potentially every common noun can take an affiliative possessive form.
    意味的条件さえ整えば、潜在的にはあらゆる普通名詞が所属形をとり得る。
    distribution hokkaido all
    proposes nakagawa2024
  3. In Shizunai Ainu, nouns that can take the belonging form are limited to a small closed class of around fifty items expressing inalienable possession.
    静内方言において所属形をとりうる名詞は譲渡不能所有を表す50語強の限られた語群にすぎない。
    membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all
    asserts refsing1986
  4. In Sakhalin Ainu, affiliative forms are standard for body parts and kin terms, frequent for instruments and buildings, but normally absent for natural phenomena and geographical features.
    樺太アイヌ語において所属形は身体部位・親族名称で概ね用いられ、道具・建築物で頻繁に用いられる一方、自然現象や地勢語では通常用いられない。
    distribution sakhalin most
    asserts tangiku2022
  5. The noun kotan 'village' is used in both the concept-form construction and the affiliative-form construction with roughly equal frequency.
    名詞 kotan「村」は概念形構文でも所属形構文でも同程度使われる。
    frequency hokkaido specific kotankotanu
    asserts nakagawa2024
  6. In Southern Hokkaido Ainu, the head-marking possessive construction is restricted to inalienable possession.
    南北海道アイヌ語において、主部標示の所有構文は譲渡不能所有にのみ用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest all
    asserts bugaeva2012
  7. Definite possessors are most likely to trigger the morphological possessive construction on the head noun.
    定の所有者は主要部名詞における形態的所所有構文を最も引き起こしやすい。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest usually
    asserts bugaeva2012
  8. Only inalienable nouns—typically body parts and their extensions, kinship terms, and relational nouns—can be used in the proper possessive construction.
    譲渡不可能名詞（典型的には身体部位およびその拡張、親族名称、関係名詞）のみが本来的所有構文で用いられる。
    distribution ainu all
    asserts bugaeva2021poss
  9. The noun mosir 'land, world' is used only in the concept-form possessive construction in prose, although the affiliative form mosiri occasionally appears in verse.
    mosir「国、世界」は散文では概念形構文でしか使われない（ただし韻文中では所属形 mosiri が現れることがある）。
    distribution hokkaido mosirmosiri
    asserts nakagawa2024
  10. In the prose of Saru, Chitose, and Horobetsu, cise 'house' never takes the affiliative form in the sense of 'someone's house', but it can do so in verse, and in other dialects it frequently takes the affiliative form even in prose.
    cise「家」は、「誰それの家」という意味において、沙流・千歳・幌別方言の散文では所属形をとらないが、韻文では所属形になることがあり、それ以外の方言では散文でも所属形で表現されることが多い。
    variation hokkaido cisecisehe
    asserts nakagawa2024
  11. Almost all words for parts of the body have a belonging form.
    身体部位を表す語のほぼすべてが所属形を持つ。
    membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually
    asserts refsing1986
  12. Except in situations where a body part is mentioned in a general sense, the belonging form will be used for body parts.
    身体部位が一般的な意味で言及される場合を除き、身体部位名詞には所属形が用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai usually
    asserts refsing1986
  13. In the category of abstract parts of the body, only kewtum 'mind, heart, personality', haw 'voice', and ruye 'track, footprints' appear in the Shizunai material.
    抽象的な「身体部位」のグループでは、著者の静内方言資料には kewtum「心、精神、性格」、haw「声」、ruye「足跡」の3例しか現れない。
    membership hokkaido/southwest/shizunai measured kewtumhawruye
    asserts refsing1986
  14. The noun kewtum does not always appear in the belonging form where it might be expected, such that ku kewtum is as acceptable as ku kewtumu(hu).
    名詞 kewtum は所属形が期待される環境でも必ずしも所属形をとらず、ku kewtum は ku kewtumu(hu) と同様に容認される。
    variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic kewtumkewtumukewtumuhu
    asserts refsing1986
  15. The noun haw always appears in the belonging form when it is clear to whom the voice belongs.
    名詞 haw は、その声が誰のものであるかが明確な場合には、常に所属形をとる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all haw
    asserts refsing1986
  16. Many kinship terms in the Shizunai dialect lack a belonging form.
    静内方言における多くの親族名称には所属形が存在しない。
    absence hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic
    asserts refsing1986
  17. A few kinship terms can appear either in the belonging form or in construction with an attributive postposition.
    少数の親族名称は、所属形をとるか、連体格後置詞を伴って現れるかのいずれかの選択肢を持つ。
    variation hokkaido/southwest/shizunai exists
    asserts refsing1986
  18. Common nouns that inflect for person are generally inalienable entities such as body parts, or items conceptually assimilated to them such as blood, mind/heart, guardian spirit, and clothing.
    人称変化する普通名詞は、一般に身体部位のような譲渡不能なものであることが多く、また血、心、憑き神、衣服など身体部位に準ずると考えられるものも所属形を取って人称変化することが多い。
    distribution hokkaido usually
    asserts sato2008
tan pe a=po-ho ku-wehe ne
this thing 4.A=son-POSS bow-POSS COP
‘This is my son's (bow).’
nakagawa2024 HK
tan ku a=po-ho kor ku ne
this bow 4.A=son-POSS have bow COP
‘This is a bow that my son has.’
nakagawa2024 HK

Analytical perspectives 2 claims ·17 sentences

What is the debated formal condition that triggers the affiliative form?

  1. Unlike Hokkaido Ainu, where some nouns do not take possessed forms for ordinary possession, almost all nouns take possessed forms in Sakhalin Ainu.
    北海道方言とは異なり、樺太アイヌ語ではほぼすべての名詞が通常の所有において所属形をとる。
    variation hokkaidosakhalin almost all
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. In Ainu alienable possession, the verb 'have' appears to be the survivor of a formerly larger set of verbs with classificatory functions.
    アイヌ語の譲渡可能所有構文における「持つ」という動詞は、かつて類別詞的機能を持っていたより大きな動詞群の生き残りであると考えられる。
    diachrony ainu
    proposes bugaeva2021poss