Knowledge base · Part VIII — Pronouns, Demonstratives, Postpositions, and Numerals
54. The Vigesimal Numeral System
How does the language structure its numeral system, and what are the grammatical categories of numerals?
その言語はどのように数詞体系を構成し、数詞の文法カテゴリーは何か。
The base-20 cardinal numeral system, its subtractive/additive arithmetic morphosyntax, and its diachrony.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:nominal/vigesimal-numeral-system read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nakagawa 2024 | 101 | 39 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 93 | 42 | |
| Kindaichi & Chiri 1936 | 30 | 15 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 20 | 11 | |
| Satō 2008 | 17 | 8 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 7 | 7 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 7 | 4 | |
| Bugaeva 2012 | 6 | 6 | |
| Ochiai 2021 | 3 | 3 | |
| Ainu Koraci 1991 | 3 | ||
| Tangiku 2022 | 2 | 2 | |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Sakaguchi 2022 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Alonso de la Fuente 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×10
- Index of Subjects ×9
- Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax ×3
- Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality ×2
- Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms ×2
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×1
- The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses ×1
- Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate ×1
- A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu ×1
- The Structure of the Noun Phrase ×1
- Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison ×1
- Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation ×1
- Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields ×1
Forms mentioned
hotne 6hot 5wan 5-p 3-n 3e- 3ne 3-utar 2arwan 2iwan 2ar 2tuhot 2rerko 2-n/-iw 2to 2suy 2wanhot 2p 1-pe 1-iw 1nen 1hempak-iw 1rep 1re mosir 1*rep mosir 1ar- 1ar-suy 1assuy 1ar-itak 1arsuy 1tusuy 1resuy 1i(ne) 1tupesan 1sinepesan 1tu/sine 1pesan 1tu-upis 1sine-upis 1upis 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
- Numeral determiners require the bound noun pe/p, reanalyzed as a non-human classifier suffix, to form an independent nominal meaning 'N things'.数詞限定詞は、非人間分類詞接尾辞として再分析された所属名詞 pe/p を伴うことで、「N個のもの」という意味の独立した名詞を形成する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:470–471 asserts checked
- Human numerals are formed by suffixing -n after a vowel or -iw after a consonant to numeral stems.人間数詞は、数詞語幹に母音の後では -n、子音の後では -iw を接尾することによって形成される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012:470–471 asserts checked
- Ainu has a vigesimal numeral system based on ten and twenty.アイヌ語は10と20を基盤とする二十進法の数詞体系を持つ。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 asserts checked
- Ainu has non-composite numerals from 'one' to 'six' as well as for 'ten' and 'twenty', but lacks a native non-composite word for 'hundred'.アイヌ語には「1」から「6」まで、ならびに「10」と「20」に合成語でない数詞が存在するが、「100」を表す単語は存在しない。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 asserts checked
- Numerals from 'six' to 'nine' are composed by their distance from 'ten'.「6」から「9」の数詞は、「10」からの隔たりに基づいて構成される。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 asserts checked
- All numerals over twenty are constructed on a base of twenty through multiplicative, subtractive, and additive combinations.20を超える全ての数詞は、乗算・減算・加算の組み合わせを用いて20を基数として組み立てられる。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 asserts checked
- In Karafuto dialects, numerals above ten are formed decimally, using kunkutu for tens units and tanku for hundreds units.樺太方言では、11以上の数詞は十の位にkunkutu、百の位にtankuを用いて十進法的に表される。asserts tangiku2022
- tangiku2022:9.3 asserts checked
Sections
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Overview 1 claims ·7 sentences
What are the grammatical categories of numerals and how do they differ in syntax?
- Numerals above 11 rarely occur in recorded texts, and among numbers 10 and below, sine '1', tu '2', re '3', and iwan '6' are used much more frequently than the others.採録されたテキストの中で 11 以上の数が出てくることはめったになく、10 以下の数でも sine「1」、tu「2」、re「3」、iwan「6」が他と比べて多用される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:468 asserts checked
The numeral roots 1–10 and the three form classes 24 claims ·12 sentences
What are the three paradigmatic shapes for each numeral value from 1 to 10 and 20?
- The basic numeral morphemes in Ainu are used exclusively in adnominal position.アイヌ語の基底数詞形態素は、連体修飾としてのみ用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 asserts extracted
- refsing1986:112 asserts checked
- In Hokkaido Ainu, only the numerals 1 to 5 and 10 are basic morphemes, while 6 to 9 are derived subtractively from 10.北海道アイヌ語において、1から5および10のみが基礎形態素であり、6から9は10から減ずることによって派生される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 asserts checked
- refsing1986:112 asserts checked
- The simple cardinal numerals from 1 to 10 are shine, tu, re, ine, ashikne, iwan, arwan, tupesan, shinepesan, and wan.1から10までの単純基数詞は shine, tu, re, ine, ashikne, iwan, arwan, tupesan, shinepesan, wan である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The numerals from 6 to 9 are formed subtractively relative to 10 (wan): iwan (10-4), arwan (10-3), tupesan (10-2, 'two lacking'), and shinepesan (10-1, 'one lacking').6から9までの数詞は10(wan)を基準とする減法式で作られており、iwan(10-4)、arwan(10-3)、tupesan(10-2、「2つ足りぬ」)、shinepesan(10-1、「1つ足りぬ」)である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The numeral adnominals from 1 to 10 are sine (1), tu (2), re (3), 'iine (4), 'asne (5), 'iwan (6), 'arawan (7), tupesan (8), sinepisan (9), and wan (10).1から10までの数連体詞は、sine (1), tu (2), re (3), 'iine (4), 'asne (5), 'iwan (6), 'arawan (7), tupesan (8), sinepisan (9), wan (10) である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:101 asserts checked
- For non-human numeral nouns, the suffix is identical to the formal noun p ~ pe 'thing', taking -p after vowel-final stems (1-5) and -pe after consonant-final stems (6-10).人間以外の数名詞の接尾辞 -p ~ -pe は形式名詞 p ~ pe「もの」と同じものであり、語幹が母音で終わる1-5では -p、子音で終わる6-10では -pe になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:464 asserts checked
- For human numeral nouns, the suffix is -n for 1-5 and -iw for 6-10, an element that otherwise appears only in very limited words like ne-n 'who' and hempak-iw 'how many'.人間を数える数名詞の接尾辞は1-5で -n、6-10で -iw となり、数名詞以外には ne-n「誰」や hempak-iw「いくつ」などごく限られた語にしか現れない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:464 asserts checked
- In counting, the numbers from 1 to 10 in the Saru dialect are sinep, tup, rep, inep, asik, iwan, arwan, tupes, sinepes, wan.数そのものを数える際、沙流方言における 1 から 10 までの表現は sinep, tup, rep, inep, asik, iwan, arwan, tupes, sinepes, wan である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:466 asserts checked
- The basic numeral is always used adnominally.基底の数詞は常に連体詞的に用いられる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:45 asserts checked
- The subclass of quantity nouns comprises numerals and quantity expressions.数量名詞の下位区分は、数詞および数量表現から構成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:75 asserts checked
- The numeral iwan 'six' is historically composed of i- (< ine 'four') and wan 'ten' (i.e. 'four deducted from ten').数詞 iwan「6」は歴史的に i-(< ine「4」)と wan「10」から構成されている(すなわち「10から4を引いたもの」)。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 asserts checked
- According to Chiri, the numeral arwan 'seven' represents 'three deducted from ten', where ar- derives from re 'three'.知里によれば、数詞 arwan「7」は ar < re「3」であり、「10から3を引いたもの」を表す。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 reports checked
- Tupesan 'eight' and sinepesan 'nine' are traditionally analyzed as tu/sine + p + e + san ('two/one - thing - thereby - ten'), with san originating from wan.tupesan「8」と sinepesan「9」は通常 tu/sine + p + e + san(「2/1・もの・それによって・10」)、すなわち san < wan と解釈される。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 reports checked
- Patrie reconstructs tupesan and sinepesan as originating from tu-upis and sine-upis, based on the Kuril Ainu numeral upis 'ten'.パトリーは、千島アイヌ語の数詞 upis「10」に基づき、tupesan と sinepesan はそれぞれ tu-upis と sine-upis に由来すると再構している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 reports checked
- The final -an in tupesan and sinepesan may possibly be related to the existential verb an.tupesan および sinepesan の語末の -an は、存在動詞 an と関係している可能性がある。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 proposes checked
- Chiri proposes that the element -ne in sine 'one', ine 'four', and asikne 'five' is an adjectivizing suffix deriving adjectives from nouns.知里は、sine「1」、ine「4」、asikne「5」に見られる形態素 -ne は、名詞から形容詞を作る接尾辞であると提案している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 reports checked
- Refsing suggests that if -ne in the numerals sine, ine, and asikne is an independent morpheme, it should be analyzed as the copula in adnominal position.レフシングによれば、数詞 sine、ine、asikne の -ne が独立した形態素であるとすれば、連体位置にあるコピュラと解釈すべきである。proposes refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 proposes checked
- Chiri derives sine 'one' from simompet 'thumb' and re 'three' from rimompet 'middle (third) finger'.知里は、sine「1」を simompet「親指」から、re「3」を rimompet「中指(第3指)」から派生させている。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 reports checked
- On the basis of comparative evidence, ar may be an older morpheme for 'one'.比較言語学的な証拠に基づけば、ar は「1」を表すより古い形態素であった可能性がある。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports checked
- Ainu numerals distinguish between counting forms used when reciting numbers ('one, two') and numeral nominal forms used nominally in sentences, differing from five through nine.数詞では、「一つ、二つ」と数を数え上げる時の形と、文の中で名詞的に使われる形(数名詞)とが区別され、5から9までにおいて形が異なる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:256 asserts checked
- The numeral counting forms from 1 to 10 are sinep (1), tup (2), rep (3), ínep (4), asik (5), iwan (6), arwan (7), tupes (8), sinepes (9), and wanpe (10).数え上げの形は、1から10まで sinep (1)、tup (2)、rep (3)、ínep (4)、asik (5)、iwan (6)、arwan (7)、tupes (8)、sinepes (9)、wanpe (10) である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:257 asserts checked
- Numeral nouns distinguish inanimate/non-human forms (usable also for humans) and human-specific forms from 1 to 10: non-human sinep, tup, rep, ínep, asiknep, iwanpe, arwanpe, tupesanpe, sinepesanpe, wanpe; human sinen, tun, ren, ínen, asiknen, iwaniw, arwaniw, tupesaniw, sinepesaniw, waniw.数名詞には物の形(人にも使用可能)と人の形があり、1から10までは物用が sinep, tup, rep, ínep, asiknep, iwanpe, arwanpe, tupesanpe, sinepesanpe, wanpe、人用が sinen, tun, ren, ínen, asiknen, iwaniw, arwaniw, tupesaniw, sinepesaniw, waniw である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:257 asserts extracted
- The numeral adnominals from 1 to 10 are sine (1), tu (2), re (3), íne (4), asikne (5), iwan (6), arwan (7), tupesan (8), sinepesan (9), and wan (10).数連体詞の形は1から10まで sine (1), tu (2), re (3), íne (4), asikne (5), iwan (6), arwan (7), tupesan (8), sinepesan (9), wan (10) である。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:258 asserts checked
- Numerals can be nominalized by suffixing the nominalizer -p(e) or -n.数詞は名詞化接尾辞 -p(e) または -n を後続させることによって名詞化されうる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:42 asserts checked
The vigesimal counting architecture 21 claims ·15 sentences· 4 examples
How are numbers above 10 formed using additive, multiplicative, and subtractive strategies?
- In Shizunai Ainu, numerals from 11 to 19 are formed by adding 1 to 9 to ten using the verb ikasma 'to be in excess'.静内アイヌ語では、11から19の数詞は動詞ikasma「余る」を用いて10に1から9の数詞を加えることで構成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, numerals from 21 to 29 are formed by adding 1 to 9 to hotne 'twenty' using ikasma.静内アイヌ語では、21から29の数詞はikasmaを用いてhotne「20」に1から9の数詞を加えることで形成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- In Shizunai Ainu, decades from 30 to 100 are counted vigesimally, with even decades as multiples of hotne and odd decades formed subtractively with wan e 'ten less than'.静内アイヌ語では、30から100までの十の位はhotneに基づく二十進法で数えられ、偶数の十はhotneの倍数、奇数の十はwan e「〜より10少ない」を前置して構成される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- The numerals from 11 to 19 are constructed by placing the smaller number first, followed by the particle ikashma 'remainder/plus', and then wan 'ten' (e.g. shine ikashma wan 'eleven').11から19までの数詞は小数を先に置き、助詞 ikashma(余り)を挟んで大数 wan(十)を後に置いて構成される(例:shine ikashma wan「11」)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The numeral hotne 'twenty' is based on the noun hot 'a set' (concrete form hochihi), originally referring to all twenty fingers and toes of a person.数詞 hotne「20」の hot は「一揃」を意味する名詞(具象形 hochihi)であり、人間一人分の手足の指全体(計20本)を指したものである。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The numerals 30, 50, 70, and 90 are formed subtractively from the even twenties using the affix -e- 'with', as in wan-e-tu-hotne 'thirty' (20 × 2 - 10).30、50、70、90の数詞は偶数倍の20から接辞 -e-(で以て)を用いて10を引く減法式で構成される(例:wan-e-tu-hotne「30」=20×2-10)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- The numeral suffix -pish originates from a root meaning 'to count', which is also reflected in kotan pishno shirkush, upish iwan-sui, and pishki.-pish はもと「数へる」意味の語根から発しており、kotan pishno shirkush、upish iwan-sui、pishki も同じ語根から出ている。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The prefix e- is used in fractional numeral expressions such as emko-e-tup 'one and a half' (lit. 'two with half') and wampe-e-tu-hot 'thirty' (lit. 'forty with ten').接頭辞e-は、emko-e-tup「一つ半(半分で二つ)」やwampe-e-tu-hot「三十(十で四十)」のような数詞の端数表現に用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts anchored
- In older usage, the numeral for 20 is hohne.古風な用法において、20を表す数詞は hohne である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:44 asserts checked
- The numeral hot means '20'.数詞 hot は「20」を意味する。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:44 asserts checked
- The numeral prenominal hotne '20' is derived from the root hot.「20の」を表す数連体詞 hotne は、語根 hot からの派生形である。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:461 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, numeral prenominal expressions for 11 to 19 have the structure: units numeral + ikasma 'surpass/exceed' + wan '10'.沙流方言における11から19の数連体詞表現は、「1の位の数詞+ikasma+wan」という構成になる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:462 asserts checked
- In the Saru dialect, numeral prenominals for 21 to 29 follow the structure: units numeral + ikasma + hotne '20'.沙流方言において21から29の数連体詞は、「1の位+ikasma+hotne」の形式をとる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:462 asserts checked
- Multiples of 20 such as 40, 60, 80, and 100 are expressed as numeral prenominal + hotne (e.g., tuhotne, rehotne, inehotne, asiknehotne).40、60、80、100などの数は、hotne の倍数として「数連体詞 + hotne」の形で表される(例:tuhotne, rehotne, inehotne, asiknehotne)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:463 asserts checked
- Odd tens like 30, 50, 70, and 90 are constructed subtractively from 40, 60, 80, and 100 using wan e-[multiple of 20] (wan etuhotne, wan erehotne, wan einehotne, wan easiknehotne), meaning 'with 10 (less) towards the multiple'.30、50、70、90などは、wan etuhotne、wan erehotne のように「wan e-[hotneの倍数]」の形式で作られ、「あと10でその倍数になる」という意味を表すとされる。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:463 proposes checked
- In counting, '20' is represented neither by the numeral prenominal hotne nor by the numeral noun hotnep, but by the bare root hot.数を数える際、「20」は数連体詞の hotne でも数名詞の hotnep でもなく、語根にあたる hot で表される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:467 asserts checked
- The numeral for 'twenty', hot, is a basic morpheme meaning 'a set', suggesting a complete set of fingers and toes in a human being.「20」を表す数詞 hot は「一組」を意味する基本形態素であり、1人の人間における手指と足指の一組を示唆している。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 asserts checked
- The numeral for 'twenty', hot, is a basic morpheme meaning 'a set', suggesting a full set of fingers and toes.「20」を表す数詞 hot は「一揃い」を意味する基礎形態素であり、手足の指の一揃いを示唆する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:112 asserts checked
- When counting with -p(e), twenty is expressed as hot with -pe dropped.-p(e) を用いて数える際、20は -pe を落とした hot で表される。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- Multiples of twenty are expressed using hot: sine hot (20), tu hot (40), re hot (60), íne hot (80), and asikne hot (100).20の倍数は hot を用いて表され、sine hot(20)、tu hot(40)、re hot(60)、íne hot(80)、asikne hot(100)となる。asserts sato2008
- sato2008:258 asserts checked
- 'Twenty-two' is expressed as tup ikasma sine hot ('two excess twenty').「22」は tup ikasma sine hot(2つ余り20)と表現される。reports sato2008
- sato2008:258 reports checked
Numeral syntax 17 claims ·4 sentences· 2 examples
What are the syntactic positions of prenominals, numeral nouns, and counting-off forms?
- Numerals are divided into simple forms (adjectival forms), which are placed attributively before nouns, and complex forms, which carry numeral classifiers and function as verb complements or postnominal adverbial modifiers.数詞は名詞の前に付加語(形容詞)として置かれる単純形(形容詞形)と、助数詞を添えて動詞の補語や名詞の後の副詞的修飾語として用いられる複合形(名詞形)とに分かれる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- All compound (nominal) forms of numerals are used adverbially.数詞の複合形(名詞形)は全部副詞的に用いられる。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Numerals take the suffix -ne to form adverbs such as shinenne 'alone' or tunne 'two people together'.数詞は接尾辞 -ne を付けて shinenne「ひとりで」や tunne「ふたりで」などの副詞を形成する。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- Numerals in Ainu span multiple parts of speech and are classified into three word classes: numeral prenominals (prenominals/adnominals), numeral nouns (nouns), and counting numerals (interjections).アイヌ語の数詞はいくつかの品詞にまたがっており、数連体詞(連体詞)、数名詞(名詞)、数える時の数詞(間投詞)の三つに分かれる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:461 asserts checked
- The stem of a numeral is grammatically a prenominal (adnominal), and the numeral prenominals for 1 to 10 are shared across many dialects as sine '1', tu '2', re '3', ine '4', asikne '5', iwan '6', arwan '7', tupesan '8', sinepesan '9', and wan '10'.数詞の語幹は品詞的には連体詞であり、1から10までを表す数連体詞は多くの方言で sine「1つの」、tu「2つの」、re「3つの」、íne「4つの」、asikne「5つの」、iwan「6つの」、arwan「7つの」、tupesan「8つの」、sinepesan「9つの」、wan「10の」として共通する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:461 asserts checked
- Depending on the following noun, the numeral '1' can be expressed by ar- (or assuy before suy 'time').「1つの」は後ろに来る名詞によって ar- で表されることがある(suy の前では assuy とも)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:461 asserts checked
- Because numeral prenominals are prenominals (adnominals), they are placed before a noun to modify it.数連体詞は連体詞であるため、名詞の前に置かれて名詞を修飾する。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:462 asserts checked
- Numeral nouns are divided into two types: those used for counting non-human things and those used for counting human beings.数名詞には、人間以外のものを数えるものと、人間を数えるものの二つがある。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:463 asserts checked
- Unlike numeral prenominals, numeral nouns can form a noun phrase on their own.数名詞は名詞であるため、数連体詞とは異なり単独で名詞句を構成できる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:464 asserts checked
- When a numeral noun is used together with a noun, it is placed after the noun (e.g., tuki sinep 'one cup').数名詞が名詞とともに用いられる場合、数連体詞とは異なり名詞の後ろに置かれる(例:tuki sinep「杯ひとつ」)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:464 asserts checked
- In compound numerals such as '31' (sinep ikasma wanpe etuhotnep), each constituent element must appear in the form of a numeral noun.31 個(sinep ikasma wanpe etuhotnep)のような複合数詞では、構成要素がすべて数名詞の形をとらなければならない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:466 asserts checked
- When combining a complex numeral with a noun, as in '31 dogs', the noun must be repeated after each numeral prenominal (e.g. sine seta ikasma wan seta etuhotne seta).「31 匹の犬」のように数詞と名詞を組み合わせる場合、すべての数連体詞の後にそのつど名詞を表示しなければならない(例:sine seta ikasma wan seta etuhotne seta)。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:466 asserts checked
- A complex numeral modifying a noun can partially replace numeral prenominals with numeral nouns, as in sinep ikasma wan sike '11 bundles' or sinen ikasma wan poyson '11 children'.複合数詞で名詞を修飾する際、sinep ikasma wan sike「11 個の荷物」や sinen ikasma wan poyson「11 人の子供」のように一部を数名詞に置き換えていうこともできる。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:466 reports checked
- Repetition of the noun across numeral elements can be avoided by preposing the noun to the complex numeral, as in seta, sinep ikasma wanpe etuhotnep 'dogs, 31'.seta, sinep ikasma wanpe etuhotnep「犬、31 匹」のように名詞を数詞に前置させることで、名詞の繰り返しを避けることができる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:466 asserts checked
- Because counting numerals are used independently of clauses, their part of speech is interjection.数を数える数詞は文とは独立して用いられるため、品詞としては間投詞とされる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:467 asserts checked
- Numerals precede the nouns that they quantify.数詞は修飾(数量化)する名詞の前に置かれる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:42 asserts checked
- Nominalized numerals occur after the nominals that they quantify or alone.名詞化された数詞は、それが数量化する名詞の後に現れるか、あるいは単独で現れる。asserts shibatani1990
- shibatani1990:42 asserts checked
Numerals with the copula ne 3 sentences· 1 examples
How do numeral nouns combine with the copula to predicate a count or form an adverbial?
Numerals and plural marking 4 sentences
How does plural marking on nouns interact with numeral prenominals?
Special number uses and lexicalized expressions 13 claims ·8 sentences· 1 examples
What extended or bleached meanings do numeral roots carry in fixed expressions?
- The numeral iwan 'six' is the sacred number of the Ainu and very often expresses the meaning 'many'.iwan「六」はアイヌの神聖数で、極めてしばしば「多数」(many) の意味を表す。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- When prefixed with no- as no-iwan, the meaning of iwan 'many' is further intensified (e.g., no-iwan-sui 'many times over').no-iwan となると、意味がさらに強調される(例: no-iwan-sui「幾回も幾回も」)。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The numerals tu 'two' and re 'three' are often used correlatively to express the meaning 'many'.tu「二」および re「三」も相関連して many の意味を表すことが多い。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The combinations tu-wan and re-wan mean not 'twenty' or 'thirty', but 'many tens'.tu-wan, re-wan ともなるが、「二十」「三十」の意味ではなくて「十を幾つも」の意味である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- The forms o-tu and o-re have the same indefinite plural meaning ('many') as tu and re.o-tu, o-re ともなり、意味は同じ(多数)である。asserts kindaichi1936
- kindaichi1936 asserts checked
- For counting days, Ainu has tutko 'two days' and rerko 'three days'; for 'four days' and above, rerko has lost the meaning '3' and functions merely as 'day' in forms like ine rerko 'four days' and asikne rerko 'five days'.日数を数える語として tutko「2日」、rerko「3日」があるが、4日以上になると ine rerko「4日」、asikne rerko「5日」のように rerko が「3」という意味を失って単に「日」を表す役割を担う。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:465 asserts checked
- The form iwan rerko corresponding to 'six days' is normally used to mean 'a long time' as an idiomatic usage of iwan 'six'.「6日」にあたる iwan rerko は、iwan「6つの」の用法として通常「長い間」という意味で使われる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:465 asserts checked
- The combination of tu '2' and re '3' produces expressions meaning 'many / a lot', rather than 'a few / a small amount' as in Japanese 'two or three'.tu「2」と re「3」の組み合わせは、日本語の「2つ3つ」のような「いささか」「少量」という意味ではなく、「たくさん」を表す表現を作る。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:468 asserts checked
- The expression tutko rerko means 'two or three days', denoting a relatively short period of time.tutko rerko「2日、3日」という言い方は、日本語の「2、3日」に近い、比較的短い期間を指す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:468 asserts checked
- The numeral iwan ('6') can be used alone to mean 'many', and often occurs with the emphatic prefix no- in the form noiwan.iwan は単独で「たくさんの」の意味で用いられ、また強調の接頭辞 no- がついて noiwan の形で用いられることも多い。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:469 asserts checked
- When counting a number of times or occasions, the special term arsuy (< suy 'time') expresses 'once'.回数を数える際、「1回」を表す特別な語として arsuy(< suy「回」)がある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The numeral iwan 'six' is occasionally used in the meaning of 'many', especially in oral literature and fixed sayings such as riddles.数詞 iwan「6」句は、特に口承文芸や謎解きなどの固定的な言い回しにおいて、「たくさん」という意味で用いられることがある。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The combination of tu and re can mean 'many', and in this meaning they are often reinforced by the prefix o-.tu と re の組み合わせは「たくさん」を意味することがあり、この意味では接頭辞 o- によって強められることが多い。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
The counter and classifier question 4 claims ·6 sentences
Does the language have numeral classifiers, and what is the evidence?
- In actual usage, non-human numeral nouns in -p/-pe can also be used to count human beings, without a clear, consistent distinction in politeness from human numeral nouns in -n/-iw.実際には人間を数える場合にも人間以外の数名詞(-p/-pe)が使われることがあり、-n/-iw との間にはっきりした使い分けは存在しない。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:464 asserts checked
- Numerals (the basic digit morphemes) belong to the class of adnouns, whereas numbers (the basic morpheme plus a counter) belong to the class of nouns.数詞(基本数字形態素)は連体詞の類に属し、一方、数象(基本形態素+助数詞)は名詞の類に属する。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- Numbers rarely function as adnouns, and otherwise appear as pure nouns or appositional to pure nouns.数は稀に連体詞として機能することがあるが、それ以外は純粋な名詞として、あるいは純粋な名詞と同格で現れる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
- The term 'numeral' refers to the basic numerical morphemes, while 'number' designates expressions consisting of a numeral combined with a counter.「numeral(数詞)」という用語は基本形態素を指し、「number(数)」は数詞と助数詞が結合した表現を指す。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 asserts checked
Dialect variation and the vigesimal-to-decimal shift 13 claims ·15 sentences
How does the numeral system vary across dialects, particularly regarding the base?
- The Asahikawa dialect possesses a decimal numeral system where hot functions as a base for ten (e.g., sine hot '10', tu hot '20').旭川方言はhotを10を表す語根とする十進法の数詞体系を持つ(例:sine hot「10」、tu hot「20」)。reports nakagawa2024, refsing1986
- nakagawa2024:467 reports checked
- refsing1986:113 reports checked
- refsing1986:113 reports checked
- contrasts(differs in dialect): Apart from the Asahikawa dialect, Hokkaido dialects possess a vigesimal numeral system based on the morpheme hot.— Asahikawa is the sole Hokkaido exception to the vigesimal base hot
- The Raychishka dialect of Sakhalin has a decimal numeral system using the morpheme kunkutu for 'ten'.樺太のライチシカ方言は、「10」を表す形態素kunkutuに基づく十進法体系を持つ。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:113 reports checked
- refsing1986:113 reports checked
- refines(differs in scope): In Sakhalin Ainu, a decimal numeral system was adopted through loanwords for higher numerals, replacing the vigesimal base for twenty and above.— Raychishka illustrates the decimal base kunkutu for tens in Sakhalin
- Apart from the Asahikawa dialect, Hokkaido dialects possess a vigesimal numeral system based on the morpheme hot.旭川方言を除き、北海道方言は形態素hotに基づく二十進法の数詞体系を持つ。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- refsing1986:113 asserts checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, a decimal numeral system was adopted through loanwords for higher numerals, replacing the vigesimal base for twenty and above.樺太アイヌ語では外来語を取り入れることで、20以上の数詞において本来の二十進法に代わって十進法体系が導入・定着した。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:25 asserts checked
- murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
- According to Dobrotvorsky's dictionary, the Sakhalin Ainu numeral terms kunkutu, tanku, and wantanku entered via Tungusic languages in connection with the trade of large quantities of sable pelts.ドブロトボルスキーの辞書によると、kunkutu、tanku、wantanku などの外来語はツングース系諸言語を経由して大量のテン皮の交易の際に用いられるようになったとされる。reports murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:25 reports checked
- The Rayciska dialect preserves hohne 'twenty' in elderly speech as an archaic remnant of ancient Ainu hot 'twenty'.ライチシカ方言では、アイヌ語古来の語 hot《20》の名残と思われる hohne《20》という古形が老人言葉として報告されている。reports murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:25 reports checked
- 'asnetanku is the numeral for 500.'asnetanku は 500 を表す数詞である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:68 asserts checked
- kunkutu is a numeral element expressing tens (-ty).kunkutu は十の位(「~十」)を表す数詞要素である。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:70 asserts checked
- In the Chitose dialect, '10' in counting is expressed by wanpe instead of wan.千歳方言では、数を数える時の「10」は wan ではなく wanpe で表される。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:466 asserts checked
- The word atuyta means '100' in Asahikawa, but in Saru and Chitose it is used only for counting animals, designating '10 animals' in Saru and '20 animals' in Chitose.atuyta は旭川方言で「100」を表すが、沙流方言や千歳方言では動物の数を数える時だけに用いられ、沙流方言では「10 頭」、千歳方言では「20 頭」を指す。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:467 asserts checked
- The word for '100' is sineik in Yakumo and Obihiro, asiknehot in Horobetsu, Saru, and Nayoro, ik and asiknehot in Bihoro, wanhot in Soya, and sinetanku in Sakhalin.「100」を表す語は、八雲・帯広で sineik、幌別・沙流・名寄で asiknehot、美幌で ik および asiknehot、宗谷で wanhot、樺太で sinetanku である。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:468 reports checked
- Numerals show little variation across Hokkaido dialects, whereas the dialects of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands exhibit differences, particularly in numerals exceeding twenty.数詞は北海道方言間では大きな違いはないが、樺太や千島列島の方言では特に20を超える数詞において差異が見られる。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:111 asserts checked
- Krasheninnikov's data indicate a decimal numeral system for the Kurile dialect(s) based on the morpheme wan.クラシェニンニコフの資料は、形態素 wan に基づく千島方言の十進法体系を示している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986:113 reports checked