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Knowledge base · Part XXI — Language Contact and the Lexicon

163. Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation

How does Hokkaido Ainu phonologically adapt Japanese loanwords and what are the borrowing strata?

北海道アイヌ語の日本語借用語の音韻適応と借用層は何か?

Lexical borrowing from Japanese — chronological strata, semantic domains, and numeral borrowing over the vigesimal base — together with the phonological nativization of loans (coda/cluster repair, segment mapping, accent assignment) as live evidence for the synchronic phonotactic grammar.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:contact/japanese-loanwords-in-ainu read this topic as text

25claims
30statements
23sources
4examples
8sections
72first-edition sentences

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The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

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Forms mentioned

kampi 6umma 6tampaku 3sikerpe 2b → p 1mp 1d → t 1nt 1g → k 1o 1n 1r 1kanpi 1cinciri 1meko 1peko 1tono 1tunci 1tampaku-op 1toy-ta-tampaku 1terebi 1sinbun 1zeikin 1ginkō 1denwa 1tunas-kampi 1a-e-y-nu-p 1kampi-nukat-cise 1kanpi pu 1imeru-kampi 1umma menoko 1umma-ne-menoko 1-mp- 1-nt- 1m- 1n- 1sisam itak 1sisamitak 1*si kor pe 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

  1. The word ora is a Japanese word meaning 'I'.
    ora という語は「私」を意味する日本語である。
    diachrony ora
    asserts shibatani1990

Sections

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The Japanese contact layer 15 claims ·6 sentences

What characterizes the Japanese contact layer in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. Ainu vocabulary contains several unrelated strata, including layers borrowed from Japanese and Nivkh.
    アイヌ語の語彙には日本語やニヴフ語などの周辺言語に由来する層を含む複数の無関係な層が存在する。
    diachrony ainu
    reports bugaeva2012
  2. Most loanwords in Southern Hokkaido Ainu originate from Japanese.
    南北海道アイヌ語における借用語の大部分は日本語に由来する。
    frequency hokkaido/southwest generic sippoummatukikampi
    asserts bugaeva2012
  3. The Ainu word sorekusu is a loanword from Japanese sorekoso 'exactly, especially'.
    アイヌ語のsorekusuは日本語の「それこそ」からの借用語である。
    diachrony ainu example_only sorekusu
    asserts bugaeva2015
  4. The noun sísam is an exonym used by the Ainu for the Japanese.
    名詞 sísam は、アイヌが日本人に対して用いる他称詞である。
    form-function ainu generic sísam
    asserts janhunen2022
  5. The noun 'atay 'price' is a loanword from Japanese atai.
    'atay《値段》は日本語の「アタイ(値)」からの借用語である。
    diachrony sakhalin 'atay
    asserts murasaki2025
  6. The Ainu word umma 'horse' was adopted from Japanese uma.
    アイヌ語の umma「馬」は日本語の uma に基づいて借用された。
    diachrony hokkaido generic umma
    asserts ono2022
  7. Japanese contact has exerted linguistic influence on Ainu not only in loanwords, but also in phonology, and to some extent in grammar and syntax.
    日本語との接触は借用語の領域のみならず、音韻論やある程度は文法・統語論においてもアイヌ語に言語的影響を与えている。
    other ainu generic
    asserts refsing1986
  8. The word pisakku 'ladle / dipper' is considered a loanword from Japanese (hishaku).
    pisakku「柄杓」は日本語(ひしゃく)からの借用語とみられる。
    diachrony ainu generic pisakku
    asserts sato2008
  9. The word gakko is a Japanese loanword meaning 'school'.
    gakko という語は「学校」を意味する日本語からの借用語である。
    diachrony gakko
    asserts shibatani1990
  10. The word takenoko is a Japanese loanword meaning 'bamboo shoot'.
    takenoko という語は「タケノコ」を意味する日本語からの借用語である。
    diachrony takenoko
    asserts shibatani1990
  11. The word beko is a Japanese loanword meaning 'cow'.
    beko という語は「牛」を意味する日本語からの借用語である。
    diachrony beko
    asserts shibatani1990
  12. Sakhalin Ainu konkaani 'metal, gold' is a loanword from Japanese.
    樺太アイヌ語のkonkaani(金属、金)は日本語からの借用語である。
    diachrony sakhalin all konkaani
    asserts shiraishitangiku2022
  13. Ainu hasami 'scissors' in both Sakhalin and Hokkaido dialects is a loanword from Japanese.
    樺太および北海道アイヌ語のhasami(鋏)は明らかに日本語からの借用語である。
    diachrony sakhalinhokkaido all hasami
    asserts shiraishitangiku2022
  14. Hokkaido Ainu panco 'axe' is borrowed from Japanese banshō 'carpenter'.
    北海道アイヌ語のpanco(斧)は日本語の「番匠(大工)」からの借用語とされる。
    diachrony hokkaido all panco
    reports shiraishitangiku2022
  15. Hokkaido Ainu ontaro and Sakhalin Ainu ontoro 'barrel, cask' are borrowings from Japanese taru.
    北海道アイヌ語ontaroおよび樺太アイヌ語ontoro(樽)は、ともに日本語のtaru(樽)からの借用である。
    diachrony hokkaidosakhalin all ontaroontoro
    asserts shiraishitangiku2022

Phonological adaptation 6 claims ·18 sentences

How does Hokkaido Ainu phonologically adapt Japanese loanwords?

  1. Japanese words with voiced consonants are typically borrowed into Ainu with an inserted nasal preceding the consonant.
    アイヌ語が日本語の濁音を含む語を借用する際、通常その子音の前に鼻音 n が挿入される。
    alternation ainu most konkanesirokane
    asserts sato2008
  2. The Ainu word konkane 'gold' is a Japanese loanword whose nasal n reflects an older Japanese voiced stop /g/.
    アイヌ語 konkane「金」は日本語からの借用語であり、鼻音 n は日本語の古い有声破裂音 /g/ を反映している。
    diachrony ainu specific konkane
    proposes sato2008
  3. Loanwords from Tōhoku Japanese into Saru Ainu preserve prenasalized voiced consonants as nasal-stop clusters.
    東北日本語から沙流アイヌ語への借用語は、前鼻音化有声音を鼻音と破裂音の連続として保持している。
    diachrony hokkaido/southwest/saru some cikenkiantuki
    asserts alonso2022
  4. The Sakhalin Ainu word tuuki 'sake cup' is a loanword from Japanese (Old Japanese tuki HL) whose long vowel /uu/ developed secondarily from an accented open initial syllable.
    樺太アイヌ語の tuuki「杯」は日本語(上代日本語 tuki HL)からの借用語であり、その長母音 /uu/ はアクセントのある第1開音節から二次的に生じたものである。
    diachrony sakhalin example_only tuukitúki
    asserts bugaeva2022
  5. Japanese /tu/ (tsu) is frequently adapted as ci in loanwords, e.g. CIITE for Japanese tsuite.
    日本語の「つ」はアイヌ語借用語で ci として発音されることが多い(例:CIITE「搗いて」)。
    form-function hokkaido usually ciCIITE
    asserts nakagawa2024
  6. Since Ainu lacks palatalized glide onsets like kya, kyu, and kyo, Japanese contracted sounds (yōon) are often expanded into two syllables such as kiya or kiyu (e.g. TOOKIYO 'Tokyo'), though cha, chu, and cho are sometimes rendered as ca, cu, and co (e.g. KAPOCA 'squash/pumpkin').
    アイヌ語には「きゃ」「きゅ」「きょ」のような拗音が無いため、日本語の拗音は kiya、kiyu のように2音節に展開されることが多いが(例:TOOKIYO「東京」)、「ちゃ」「ちゅ」「ちょ」は ca、cu、co で写されることがある(例:KAPOCA「かぼちゃ」)。
    form-function hokkaido usually kiyakiyucacucoTOOKIYO
    asserts nakagawa2024

Chronological strata 0 sentences

What chronological strata exist for Japanese loanwords in Hokkaido Ainu?

Early contact and Edo-period loans 1 claims ·11 sentences· 3 examples

What characterizes early Japanese loanwords in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. Ainu contains very early Japonic loanwords such as sippo 'salt' and pasuy 'chopstick' that preserve Old Japanese or Pre-Old-Japanese phonological features such as the stop realization of *p and the diphthongoid sequence *uy.
    アイヌ語には、*p の破裂音発音や二重母音様連鎖 *uy といった上代日本語あるいはプレ上代日本語の特徴を保持する sippo「塩」や pasuy「箸」などの極めて初期の日本語借用語が含まれている。
    diachrony ainu exists sippopasuy
    asserts janhunen2022
tampaku ku=ku rusuy
tobacco 1SG.A=smoke want
‘I want to smoke (tobacco).’
chiba2015 HK 新井田セイノ, アイヌ語鵡川方言日本語‐アイヌ語辞典 [chiba-mukawa/0#3048]
kes to an kor sihainin orowa peko umma koraci a=nepkire
every day exist while manager from cattle horse like 4.A=work-CAUS
‘Every day I was made to work like cattle and horses by the manager.’
ainukoraci1991 SAR 小松哲郎, アイヌタイムズ「Tamamusi Sadayû」[ainu-times/017/2#14]
kampi an=euytek pe moyuk tono
document 4.A=dispatch NMLZ tanuki lord
‘the raccoon-dog lord, dispatched with a written order’
ilcaa1976 SHI 織田ステノ, AA研アイヌ語資料 uwepeker Moyuk [aa-irc/018#71]

Modern borrowings and the untranslated stratum 7 sentences· 1 examples

How are modern Japanese loanwords treated in Hokkaido Ainu?

terebi sinbun or ta zeikin uk wa umma hok kur oruspe a=nu ruwe ne
television newspaper place LOC tax take CONJ horse buy person news 4.A=hear track-POSS COP
‘On television and in the newspapers, one hears the story of a person who took tax money and quietly bought a horse.’
ainukoraci1991 SAR 浜田隆史, アイヌタイムズ「zeikin oruspe」[ainu-times/017/5#5] (excerpt)

Semantic distribution 1 claims ·8 sentences

What semantic domains do Japanese loanwords cover in Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. In Hokkaido Ainu, the Japanese loan sato is used for 'sugar', whereas in Sakhalin dialects only otoopenpe 'something sweet' is found.
    北海道アイヌ語では「砂糖」を表すのに日本語からの借用語satoが用いられるが、樺太方言ではより広い「甘いもの」を意味するotoopenpeのみが見られる。
    variation hokkaidosakhalin all satootoopenpe
    asserts shiraishitangiku2022

Degree of integration 1 claims ·8 sentences

How integrated are Japanese loanwords into Hokkaido Ainu phonology?

  1. The verb tondaro is formed by attaching -taro to the sound-euphonic form of the Japanese verb tobu ('to fly').
    動詞 tondaro は日本語「飛ぶ」の音便形に -taro を付けてアイヌ語の動詞にしたものである。
    diachrony hokkaido/southwest/saru tondaro-taro
    asserts nakagawa2024

Diagnostics for identifying Japanese loans 14 sentences

What diagnostics identify Japanese loanwords in Hokkaido Ainu?