Knowledge base · Part XXI — Language Contact and the Lexicon
164. Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese
How has the Ainu language influenced Japanese vocabulary and place names?
アイヌ語は日本語の語彙や地名にどのような影響を与えたか?
Ainu's imprint on Japanese — animal/fish/plant loanwords in standard and northern-dialect Japanese, and the Ainu (substrate) toponymy of Hokkaido and northern Honshu.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:contact/ainu-loanwords-and-toponymy-in-japanese read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vovin 2022 | 114 | 56 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 6 | 3 | |
| Shibatani 1990 | 5 | 1 | |
| Chiri 1956 | 4 | 4 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 4 | 4 | |
| Murasaki 2025 | 4 | 2 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 4 | 2 | |
| Ochiai 2026 | 3 | ||
| Shiraishi & Tangiku 2022 | 3 | 2 | |
| Tamura 1996 | 2 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 2 | 1 | |
| Majewicz 2022 | 2 | 1 | |
| Ijäs 2023 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nakagawa 1995 | 1 | ||
| Janhunen 2022 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×10
- Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation ×3
- Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu ×3
- The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies ×2
- Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints ×2
- The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization ×2
- Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms ×1
- Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies ×1
- Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes ×1
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×1
Forms mentioned
pet 8nay 7oma 4rika 4to 2us 2sikerpe 2-us(i) 1ni-kap-us-i 1ni 1kap 1-us-i 1oma-i 1o-tum-nay 1*siw kor pe 1siw 1kor 1pe 1w 1o → e 1*si kor pe 1*si ker pe 1pinne 1pattaki 1casi 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
·
Overview 2 claims ·10 sentences
What is the source of shared vocabulary between Ainu and Japanese given their language isolate status?
- A major focus of historical research on Ainu has been toponymic studies aimed at establishing etymologies for place names in northern Japan.アイヌ語研究史における主要な領域の一つは、北日本の地名の語源を解明するための地名研究であった。asserts majewicz2022
- majewicz2022:4.8 asserts checked
- When Hokkaido was colonized by the Japanese, the majority of place names were not replaced with Japanese names but only japanized to the extent of providing ateji.北海道が日本人によって植民地化された際、地名の大部分は日本語名に置き換えられたのではなく、当て字を付与する程度に日本化されただけであった。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986 asserts checked
The toponymic substrate 1 claims ·6 sentences
What Ainu geographic roots appear as final elements in Japanese place names?
- Ainu takkop 'field/plain where reeds or grass grow' is attested as a place name in Ainu.アイヌ語のtakkop「アシや草の生える野・原」はアイヌ語地名として実際に確認される。reports vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.5 reports checked
The nay ~ pet distinction 3 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples
What semantic distinction do the Ainu words nay and pet encode?
- Both pet and nay 'river' occur as place-name elements in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region of Honshu.川を意味する地名要素ペッとナイは北海道や本州東北地方では両方見られる。asserts murasaki2025, shibatani1990
- murasaki2025:115 asserts checked
- shibatani1990:4 asserts checked
- In the Kuril Islands, the place-name element for river is exclusively pet.千島列島の地名では川を意味する要素はペッしかない。asserts murasaki2025
- murasaki2025:115 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in dialect): Both pet and nay 'river' occur as place-name elements in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region of Honshu.— Kurils have only pet, while Hokkaido/Tohoku have both elements
- The Ainu name of the Shizunai river is Sipetcari.静内川のアイヌ語名はSipetcariである。asserts refsing1986
- refsing1986:54 asserts checked
The locative formatives -us(i) and -oma(i) 11 sentences· 1 examples
What locative meanings do the Ainu formatives -us(i) and -oma(i) express in place names?
The Tōhoku substrate and Vovin's Old Japanese evidence 54 claims ·9 sentences
What evidence do place names in northern Honshu provide for historical Ainu presence?
- The northern part of the Tohoku region of Honshu is considered an area where Ainu was spoken in the past, inferred primarily from toponyms without recorded spoken data.本州東北地方の北部もかつてアイヌ語が話されていた地域と考えられるが、話された言葉の記録はなく主に地名から推測されるだけである。asserts nakagawa2024reports refsing1986
- nakagawa2024:77 asserts checked
- refsing1986:52 reports checked
- Shuzo Yamada concluded that the dense concentration of Ainu place names extends south to the Akita-Yamagata prefectural border on the Sea of Japan side and north of Sendai on the Pacific side.山田秀三は、アイヌ語地名の濃い地域は日本海側では秋田県と山形県の県境、太平洋側では仙台の北あたりまでであると結論した。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:87 reports checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Akîna reflects Ainu ay-kina 'arrow grass'.東国上代日本語の地名Akînaはアイヌ語ay-kina「矢草」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Aⁿdikama reflects Ainu anci 'obsidian' plus kama 'flat rock'.東国上代日本語の地名Aⁿdikamaはアイヌ語anci「黒曜石」とkama「平岩、岩」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese aⁿzu 'crumbling cliff' is likely borrowed from Ainu *-as- 'to split' plus so 'rocky shore'.東国上代日本語aⁿzu「崩れた崖」はアイヌ語の*-as-「裂ける」とso「岩礁、暗礁」からの借用である可能性がある。proposes vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 proposes checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Asikaᵑga reflects Ainu askan(-ne) '(be) beautiful' plus kat 'view, appearance'.東国上代日本語の地名Asikaᵑgaはアイヌ語askan(-ne)「美しい」とkat「眺め、姿」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Asiᵑgara ~ Asiᵑgari reflects Ainu askar-i 'clear place'.東国上代日本語の地名Asiᵑgara〜Asiᵑgariはアイヌ語askar-i「清らかな場所」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese atu- 'sea' is borrowed from Ainu atuy 'sea'.東国上代日本語atu-「海」はアイヌ語atuy「海」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese nominal prefix i- 'thing-' is borrowed from the Ainu prefix i- 'thing-'.東国上代日本語の名詞接頭辞i-「もの-」はアイヌ語の接頭辞i-「同」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese indirect object prefix i- is borrowed from the Ainu applicative prefix e-.東国上代日本語の間接目的語接頭辞i-はアイヌ語の適用接頭辞e-からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in level-of-analysis): The Eastern Old Japanese nominal prefix i- 'thing-' is borrowed from the Ainu prefix i- 'thing-'.— Both involve EOJ i- but sourced from different Ainu morphemes (e- vs. i-) with different functions
- Eastern Old Japanese ka 'top' is borrowed from Ainu ka 'top'.東国上代日本語ka「上」はアイヌ語ka「上」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- supports: The Eastern Old Japanese place name Kakê reflects Ainu ka-kes 'upper end'.— Independent identification of Ainu ka 'top' supports its analysis in the toponym ka-kes
- supports: The Old Japanese place name Kanipa reflects Ainu ka-ne-pa 'upper bank'.— Independent identification of Ainu ka 'top' supports its analysis in the toponym ka-ne-pa
- supports: The Eastern Old Japanese place name Kaⁿdusika reflects Ainu ka-n-toska 'low cliffs that are above'.— Independent identification of Ainu ka 'top' supports its analysis in the toponym ka-n-toska
- Eastern Old Japanese ka 'voice' is borrowed from Ainu háw 'voice'.東国上代日本語ka「声」はアイヌ語háw「声」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese focus particle ka is borrowed from Ainu focus particle ka.東国上代日本語の焦点助詞kaはアイヌ語の焦点助詞kaからの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Kakê reflects Ainu ka-kes 'upper end'.東国上代日本語の地名Kakêはアイヌ語ka-kes「上端」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Old Japanese place name Kanipa reflects Ainu ka-ne-pa 'upper bank'.上代日本語の地名Kanipaはアイヌ語ka-ne-pa「上の岸」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Kaⁿdusika reflects Ainu ka-n-toska 'low cliffs that are above'.東国上代日本語の地名Kaⁿdusikaはアイヌ語ka-n-toska「上にある低い崖」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese kariᵐba 'sakura' is borrowed from Ainu karinpa 'sakura [bark]'.東国上代日本語kariᵐba「桜」はアイヌ語karinpa「桜[の樹皮]」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Inasa reflects Ainu inaw-san 'the place where inaw are offered'.東国上代日本語の地名Inasaはアイヌ語inaw-san「イナウが捧げられる場所」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Kîᵐbë reflects Ainu kimpe 'bear' (< kim-pe 'mountain thing').東国上代日本語の地名Kîᵐbëはアイヌ語kimpe「熊」(< kim-pe「山のもの」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese köⁿdök- 'to bless with words' reflects Ainu ko-itak 'to speak to, to address words to'.東国上代日本語köⁿdök-「言葉で祝福する」はアイヌ語ko-itak「〜に話しかける」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Kuⁿzi reflects Ainu kus 'to overflow'.東国上代日本語の地名Kuⁿziはアイヌ語kus「氾濫する」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese mak-î 'back-POSS' reflects Ainu mak 'back' plus the third-person possessive suffix -i.東国上代日本語mak-î「背-所有」はアイヌ語mak「背後」と三人称所有接尾辞-iを反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese ma 'wife' reflects Ainu mat 'woman, wife'.東国上代日本語ma「妻」はアイヌ語mat「女、妻」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- supports: Eastern Old Japanese matô 'girl' reflects Ainu mat-po 'girl' (< mat 'woman' + po 'child').— Independent identification of Ainu mat 'woman/wife' supports its analysis in mat-po
- Eastern Old Japanese matô 'girl' reflects Ainu mat-po 'girl' (< mat 'woman' + po 'child').東国上代日本語matô「少女」はアイヌ語mat-po「少女」(< mat「女、妻」+ po「子」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Muⁿza reflects Ainu mun 'unedible grass' plus sa 'shore, plain'.東国上代日本語の地名Muⁿzaはアイヌ語mun「食用にならない草」とsa「浜、原」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Muⁿzasi reflects Ainu mun 'unedible grass' + sa 'shore, plain' + -hi third-person singular possessive.東国上代日本語の地名Muⁿzasiはアイヌ語mun「草」+ sa「浜、原」+ 三人称単数所有接尾辞-hiを反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- refines(differs in scope): The Eastern Old Japanese place name Muⁿza reflects Ainu mun 'unedible grass' plus sa 'shore, plain'.— Muⁿzasi adds the possessive suffix -hi to the same mun+sa base as Muⁿza
- Eastern Old Japanese na 'river' reflects Ainu nay 'river'.東国上代日本語na「川」はアイヌ語nay「川」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- supports: Both pet and nay 'river' occur as place-name elements in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region of Honshu.— EOJ na 'river' from Ainu nay supports the identification of nay as a river element in the substrate
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Nipë reflects Ainu nipet 'wood river' (ni 'tree' + pet 'river').東国上代日本語の地名Nipëはアイヌ語nipet「木の川」(ni「木」+ pet「川」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Nipu reflects the Ainu place name Nipu 'storage in the forest on the riverbank for frozen salmon' (< ni 'tree' + pu 'storage').東国上代日本語の地名NipuはアイヌNipu「凍った鮭を保存するための河岸の森の中の倉」(< ni「木」+ pu「倉」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese locative prefix o- is borrowed from the Ainu locative prefix o-.東国上代日本語の場所接頭辞o-はアイヌ語の場所接頭辞o-からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese or-ö 'its place' reflects Ainu or-o 'place-POSS'.東国上代日本語or-ö「その場所」はアイヌ語or-o「場所-所有」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese pa 'year' is borrowed from Ainu pa 'year'.東国上代日本語pa「年」はアイヌ語pa「年」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese pa 'to find' reflects Ainu pa 'to find'.東国上代日本語pa「見つける」はアイヌ語pa「見つける」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in level-of-analysis): Eastern Old Japanese pa 'year' is borrowed from Ainu pa 'year'.— Both EOJ pa forms share the same Ainu source form pa but with different meanings
- Eastern Old Japanese paka 'rumor, gossip' reflects Ainu páhaw 'rumor, gossip'.東国上代日本語paka「噂、世評」はアイヌ語páhaw「同」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese pîrö 'oak' reflects Ainu pero or pero-ni 'oak'.東国上代日本語pîrö「ナラ、カシ」はアイヌ語peroまたはpero-ni「同」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese pîⁿzi 'sandbank' reflects Ainu pis 'shore' or pis-i 'its shore'.東国上代日本語pîⁿzi「砂州」はアイヌ語pis「浜」またはpis-i「その浜」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Pîta reflects Ainu pitar 'stone field' (< pit-tar 'pebbles-continue one after another').東国上代日本語の地名Pîtaはアイヌ語pitar「小石原」(< pit-tar「小石が連続する」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Puⁿzi reflects Ainu pun- 'to raise' plus sir 'ground, place, mountain'.東国上代日本語の地名Puⁿziはアイヌ語pun-「持ち上げる」とsir「大地、場所、山」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Sinanu reflects Ainu sinam (< sir-nam) 'to be cold' plus nup 'mountain field'.東国上代日本語の地名Sinanuはアイヌ語sinam(< sir-nam)「寒い」とnup「山野」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese siⁿda 'time, when' reflects Ainu hi 'time, occasion' plus the locative case marker ta.東国上代日本語siⁿda「時」はアイヌ語hi「時、場合」と場所格標識taを反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Sirupa reflects Ainu sirpa 'cape' (sir 'land' + pa 'head').東国上代日本語の地名Sirupaはアイヌ語sirpa「岬」(sir「陸」+ pa「頭」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese sömö 'not' is borrowed from Ainu somo 'not'.東国上代日本語sömö「〜ない」はアイヌ語somo「同」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese su 'again' reflects Ainu suy 'again'.東国上代日本語su「再び」はアイヌ語suy「再び」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese suᵑgu 'to grow old' reflects Ainu sukup 'to grow old'.東国上代日本語suᵑgu「年老いる」はアイヌ語sukup「年老いる」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese ta 'here' reflects Ainu ta 'this, here'.東国上代日本語ta「ここ」はアイヌ語ta「これ、ここ」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- supports: Eastern Old Japanese siⁿda 'time, when' reflects Ainu hi 'time, occasion' plus the locative case marker ta.— Ainu locative ta identified independently supports its presence in the compound siⁿda
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Tayupî reflects Ainu tay-yúpe 'dead shark' (tay 'die' + yúpe 'shark').東国上代日本語の地名Tayupîはアイヌ語tay-yúpe「死んだ鮫」(tay「死ぬ」+ yúpe「鮫」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese teᵑgô 'maiden, beloved' reflects Ainu tek 'hand, arm' plus o 'take in, embrace'.東国上代日本語teᵑgô「乙女、愛しい人」はアイヌ語tek「手、腕」とo「取り込む、抱きしめる」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese tôra 'together' is borrowed from Ainu tura 'together'.東国上代日本語tôra「共に」はアイヌ語tura「共に」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Töya reflects Ainu to-ya 'lake shore' (to 'lake' + ya 'shore, dry land').東国上代日本語の地名Töyaはアイヌ語to-ya「湖の岸」(to「湖」+ ya「岸、陸」)を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Tukupa reflects Ainu tuk 'small mountain' plus pa 'head, top'.東国上代日本語の地名Tukupaはアイヌ語tuk「小山」とpa「頭、頂」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Tumu reflects Ainu tum 'middle (of water, land, or grassy area)'.東国上代日本語の地名Tumuはアイヌ語tum「(水、陸地、草地の)中央」を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- Eastern Old Japanese -y-, an indefinite direct object prefix, reflects the Ainu indefinite object prefix i-.東国上代日本語の不特定直接目的語接頭辞-y-はアイヌ語の不特定目的語接頭辞i-を反映している。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- contrasts(differs in level-of-analysis): The Eastern Old Japanese nominal prefix i- 'thing-' is borrowed from the Ainu prefix i- 'thing-'.— Both involve Ainu i- but in different grammatical functions (indefinite object vs. nominal prefix)
- Eastern Old Japanese ya 'shore' is borrowed from Ainu ya 'shore, dry land'.東国上代日本語ya「岸」はアイヌ語ya「岸、陸地」からの借用である。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 asserts checked
- supports: The Eastern Old Japanese place name Töya reflects Ainu to-ya 'lake shore' (to 'lake' + ya 'shore, dry land').— Independent identification of Ainu ya 'shore' supports its analysis in the toponym to-ya
- The Eastern Old Japanese place name Yupuma reflects Ainu *yup(u) 'strong' plus maw 'wind'.東国上代日本語の地名Yupumaはアイヌ語*yup(u)「強い」とmaw「風」を反映している。proposes vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.2 proposes checked
A case study: sikerpe and the Japanese siko-type 8 sentences· 1 examples
What Ainu etymology underlies the Japanese word siko- for the Amur cork tree?
Lexical loans beyond toponymy 0 sentences
What Ainu loanwords beyond place names exist in Japanese?
Regional (matagi) vocabulary 3 sentences
What Ainu words are retained in the matagi hunter vocabulary of northern Honshu?
Standard Japanese items attributed to Ainu origin 3 claims ·7 sentences
Which standard Japanese words are claimed to be of Ainu origin and what is their verification status?
- A small number of words have been borrowed from Ainu into Japanese, primarily designating the referents, including sake/shake, rakko, and shishamo.sake/shake、rakko、shishamoのように、主に対象物とともにアイヌ語から日本語へ借用された語が少数存在する。asserts bugaeva2012
- bugaeva2012 asserts checked
- Japanese todo 'sea lion' is thought to be borrowed from Hokkaido Ainu tonto 'hairless thick hide, tanned leather'.日本語のトド(海驢)は、北海道アイヌ語のtonto(無毛の厚皮、なめし革)からの借用と考えられている。reports shiraishitangiku2022
- shiraishitangiku2022:7.3 reports checked
- Modern Japanese iruka 'dolphin' is a loanword from Ainu rika.現代日本語のiruka「イルカ」はアイヌ語rikaからの借用語である。proposes vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.1 proposes checked
Methodological cautions 12 sentences
What methodological pitfalls affect the analysis of Ainu place names in Japanese?