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Chiri 1956

Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保 (1956). 地名アイヌ語小辞典[A small dictionary of Ainu place-name language (Chimei Ainugo shō jiten)]. Nihon Jōmin Bunka Kenkyūjo 日本常民文化研究所, Tokyo.

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1. The endings and , both characteristic of Hokkaido river names, appear in dense clusters across the Tōhoku and Kantō regions, pointing to Ainu (or an immediately ancestral variety) having been spoken well south of Hokkaido at some period ; . no page The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History
2. Chiri Mashiho devoted major scholarly effort to this toponymic substrate , and that dictionary remains the standard reference for individual etymologies. no page Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese
3. Because these elements are independently attested in the Ainu lexicon with stable meanings ; , the toponymic analysis rests on solid morphological footing at the elemental level even where the etymology of a specific place name requires verification against . no page Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese
4. All etymologies in the table are illustrative; individual place names require verification against and related primary sources. no page Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese
5. The analysis is morphologically plausible within Ainu and consistent with the Tōhoku -nai substrate, but has not been verified against or published place-name catalogues ‹speculative›. no page Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese