Knowledge base · Part XX — Diachrony, Reconstruction, and Dialectology
156. Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes
What segments and accent classes are reconstructed for Proto-Ainu, and what are the correspondence sets to modern reflexes?
原アイヌ語の音素とアクセント類はどのように再構され、現代方言への対応集合は何か?
Reconstruction of the Proto-Ainu consonant/vowel inventory and accent classes, the correspondence sets to modern Hokkaido reflexes, Shiratori's *ia revision of the palatalization account, the accented/accentless split, and the Sakhalin length to Hokkaido pitch correspondence.
candidate topic from the first edition topic:diachrony/proto-ainu-segmental-reconstruction read this topic as text
Local network
The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.
Sources
| Source | Citations | Without page | Statements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alonso de la Fuente 2022 | 48 | 2 | 14 |
| Itabashi 2001 | 23 | 1 | 12 |
| Bugaeva 2022 | 15 | 10 | |
| Nakagawa 2024 | 9 | 5 | |
| Vovin 2022 | 8 | 5 | |
| Janhunen 2022 | 7 | 3 | |
| aynu-corpora Discord 2023–2026 | 3 | 3 | |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa 2022 | 3 | 1 | |
| Tangiku 2022 | 3 | ||
| Vovin 1993 | 2 | 2 | |
| Refsing 1986 | 2 | 1 | |
| Shiratori 2026 | 1 | 1 | |
| Tamura 1996 | 1 | ||
| Bugaeva 2012 | 1 | 1 |
Related chapters
- Index of Subjects ×14
- The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies ×4
- Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry ×3
- Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu ×3
- Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison ×3
- Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways ×2
- Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form ×2
- Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax ×2
- The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex ×2
- The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split ×2
- The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis ×2
- Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies ×2
- Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels ×1
- The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization ×1
- The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question ×1
- Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record ×1
- Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese ×1
- Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes ×1
Forms mentioned
h- 7*H 3*s 3*h- 3*l 2*ɾ 2*w 2*d- 2*l- 2ham 2am 2*pʸ 2*sʸ, *s > *s 1*i 1*h 1*tʸ, *pʸ 1*c 1a e i o u 1i ü e ö E a ï ë A O o u 1-V 1-(V)hV 1*-x 1*CVC.Vx > CVC 1*CVC.Vx > CVC-Vx 1hi 1*p *t *k 1capus 1/l/ 1t- 1r- 1taarak 1raarak 1teera 1rera 1[ɾ] 1retar ~ tretar ~ tetar 1*tr- 1*ʈ- 1~*ʈɽ 1[tr]~[r] 1
Claims
A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.
Sections
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Method and limits of Proto-Ainu reconstruction 8 sentences
How is Proto-Ainu reconstructed given that it is a language isolate and the comparative method cannot be used?
Periodization: Pre-Proto-Ainu, Proto-Ainu, Common Ainu 4 claims ·4 sentences
What are the three stages in the periodization of Proto-Ainu, and what innovations define each stage?
- Proto-Ainu is reconstructed as having diversified into all documented lects over a time depth of approximately one thousand years.祖アイヌ語は、記録されたすべての諸変種へと歴史的におよそ1000年の時間深度をかけて分化した母言語である。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.1 asserts checked
- The modern word for 'fish' (Saru cep, Horobetsu ciʔep, Raiciska ceh) reconstructs to Pre-Proto-Ainu *ti=(ʔ)e pe, literally 'the thing eaten (by everyone)'.「魚」を表す現代語形(沙流 cep、幌別 ciʔep、来知志 ceh)は、文字通りには「(皆によって)食べられるもの」を意味する前祖アイヌ語 *ti=(ʔ)e pe に再構される。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.4 asserts anchored
- Proto-Ainu can be reconstructed on the basis of Hokkaido Ainu, Sakhalin Ainu, and Northern Kuril Ainu, and has a relatively shallow time depth corresponding to the northward expansion of the language.祖アイヌ語は北海道アイヌ語・樺太アイヌ語・千島北部アイヌ語の3大方言に基づいて再構可能であり、その時間的深さは言語の北進拡大の歴史に対応して比較的浅い。asserts janhunen2022
- janhunen2022:2.3 asserts checked
- The term sísam 'Japanese' dates back to Pre-Proto-Ainu and was originally a compound *sii+sam/o, as evidenced by the Yakumo dialect variant samó.「日本人」を意味する sísam はプレ祖アイヌ語に遡り、八雲方言の samó という異形からみて元来は *sii+sam/o という複合語であったと考えられる。asserts janhunen2022
- janhunen2022:2.3 asserts extracted
The Proto-Ainu vowel system 9 sentences
How many vowel qualities are reconstructed for Proto-Ainu, and what is the vowel system?
The Proto-Ainu consonant system: Vovin's reconstruction 5 sentences
What consonant inventory does Vovin reconstruct for Proto-Ainu?
Revisions to the consonant correspondences: Alonso 2022 6 sentences
How does Alonso de la Fuente revise the Proto-Ainu consonant correspondences?
*d- reanalysed as *l- 1 claims ·7 sentences
Why is Vovin's word-initial *d- reanalyzed as *l- in Proto-Ainu?
- In Common Ainu, the hypothetical lateral *l merged with the flap *ɾ.共通アイヌ語において、仮定された側音 *l は弾き音 *ɾ と合流した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.4 asserts checked
*tr- reanalysed as *ʈ- 4 sentences
Why is Vovin's cluster *tr- reanalyzed as a single retroflex stop *ʈ-?
The *g / *hd / *s tangle: two scenarios 5 sentences
What two scenarios are proposed to resolve the convergence of *g, *hd, and *s on h- and s- before i?
Initial *h- and medial *-ʔ-: complementary distribution 4 sentences
Are initial *h- and medial *-ʔ- in complementary distribution in Proto-Ainu?
Bihoro h-prothesis: an independent innovation 4 sentences
Is Bihoro prothetic h- before vowel-initial stems an independent innovation or a reflex of PA *H?
The palatalized series: a Pre-Proto-Ainu hypothesis 1 claims ·6 sentences
What palatalized consonants are hypothesized for Pre-Proto-Ainu, and what evidence supports them?
- In Common Ainu, the palatalized consonant series collapsed, with *sʸ and *s merging after *i.共通アイヌ語において口蓋化子音系列は崩壊し、*i の後で *sʸ と *s が合流した。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.4 asserts checked
Dialect correspondence sets 7 claims ·10 sentences· 2 examples
What dialect correspondence sets illustrate the principal Proto-Ainu reconstructions?
- In Nairo Sakhalin Ainu, initial t- reflects Proto-Ainu *l and *ʈ, whereas r- reflects *ɾ.樺太アイヌ語内路方言において、語頭の t- は祖アイヌ語の *l および *ʈ を反映し、r- は *ɾ を反映する。asserts alonso2022
- alonso2022:5.4 asserts checked
- The forms for 'mouth' differ across dialects as par and car, but they are considered cognate words.「口」を表す語形は方言によって par と car という異なった形になるが、同源の語と考えられる。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:105 asserts checked
- The oldest reconstructed Ainu form for 'father' is inferred by Nakagawa to be aca.中川は「おとうさん」を表す最古形は aca であると推測している。proposes nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:223 proposes checked
- The ca- : pa- correspondence is not found with the vowels e, i, o, or u, and thus cannot be considered a regular phonological correspondence.ca- : pa-の対応は母音e、i、o、uの前には見られず、真の意味での音韻対応とは言えない。asserts nakagawafukazawa2022
- nakagawafukazawa2022:8.5 asserts checked
- Ainu pétpa ~ pétca 'bank, shore' is reconstructed to Proto-Ainu *petpya, compounded from pét 'river' and pa 'bank, shore, edge'.アイヌ語の pétpa 〜 pétca「岸」は、pét「川」と pa「岸、縁」の複合による祖語形 *petpya に再建される。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.3 asserts checked
- In Horobetsu Ainu, toci-ni denotes 'horse-chestnut tree' and toci denotes 'fruit of a horse chestnut tree', reconstructible to Proto-Ainu *toti.幌別アイヌ語において toci-ni は「トチノキ」、toci は「トチの実」を意味し、祖語形 *toti に遡る。reports vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.5 reports checked
- Ainu pun-i 'to lift, to raise (SG)' derives from Proto-Ainu *pum-i.アイヌ語 pun-i「(単数を)持ち上げる」は祖語形 *pum-i に遡る。asserts vovin2022
- vovin2022:6.5 asserts checked
Proto-Ainu suprasegmentals: the length–pitch dispute 10 claims ·17 sentences
How is the suprasegmental system of Proto-Ainu reconstructed, given the length-pitch dispute between Sakhalin and Hokkaido?
- Proto-Ainu possessed both phonologically distinctive vowel length and phonologically distinctive pitch accent.祖アイヌ語には母音の長短とピッチアクセントの両方が独立して音韻上弁別的特徴として存在していた。proposes itabashi2001reports itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 reports checked
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- itabashi2001 reports anchored
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- contradicts(differs in unresolved): Proto-Ainu possessed phonologically distinctive vowel length but lacked phonologically distinctive pitch accent.— Dispute over whether Proto-Ainu possessed only distinctive vowel length or both vowel length and pitch accent.
- Proto-Ainu possessed phonologically distinctive vowel length but lacked phonologically distinctive pitch accent.祖アイヌ語には音韻上弁別的な母音の長短が存在したが、弁別的なピッチアクセントは存在しなかった。reports bugaeva2022, itabashi2001
- bugaeva2022:3.5 reports checked
- itabashi2001 reports checked
- itabashi2001 reports anchored
- Long vowels in Hokkaido Ainu were never an archaic Proto-Ainu property, but rather a temporary, redundant secondary development that was subsequently lost without becoming phonemically distinctive.北海道アイヌ語における長母音は祖アイヌ語の古い特徴ではなく、一時的な余剰的二次発達にすぎず、音韻的対立をなさずに最終的に消失した。proposes bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 proposes checked
- Satō (2016b) claims that the phonological vowel length opposition in Sakhalin Ainu is a secondary development rather than an archaic retention from Proto-Ainu.佐藤(2016b)は服部(1967)とは対照的に、樺太方言における母音長短の対立は祖アイヌ語からの保持ではなく二次的発達であると主張している。reports bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 reports checked
- Sakhalin Ainu inherited vowel length as phonologically distinctive and inherited pitch accent as a phonetic feature.樺太アイヌ語では母音の長短を音韻上の弁別的特徴として継承し、ピッチアクセントは本来の音声上の弁別的特徴として継承したとされる。reports itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 reports checked
- Two-mora words with long vowels in Sakhalin Ainu are considered to have possessed long vowels in Proto-Ainu as well.樺太アイヌ語における長母音をもつ2モーラの語は、アイヌ祖語においても長母音であったと考えられる。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- In Hokkaido dialects (excluding Tasuke Yamamoto's dialect), the distinction between long and short vowels in Proto-Ainu monosyllabic open words was lost and pitch accent foregrounded instead, with all vowels in monosyllabic words becoming short.北海道方言(山本多助氏の方言を除く)では、アイヌ祖語の開音節単音節語の長母音と短母音の区別が消失してピッチアクセントが弁別として前景化したが、単音節語の母音はすべて短くなったと考えられる。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- In Sakhalin Ainu, the Proto-Ainu vowel length distinction in open monosyllabic words largely disappeared and mostly shifted to long vowels.樺太方言においては、アイヌ祖語の開音節単音節中の母音の長短の弁別がほとんど消失し、ほとんど長母音に移行したと考えられる。proposes itabashi2001
- itabashi2001 proposes checked
- The vowel-length distinction found in Sakhalin Ainu is considered to be older than the accentual distinction in Hokkaido Ainu.長短母音の対立のほうが、アクセントの対立より古い形式であると考えられている。reports nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:27 reports checked
- There is a regular phonological correspondence between pitch accent in Hokkaido Ainu and vowel length in Sakhalin Ainu, which is reconstructible to Proto-Ainu.北海道方言のアクセントと樺太方言の長短母音の間には音韻対応関係があり、アイヌ祖語にまでたどれるものと想定されている。asserts nakagawa2024
- nakagawa2024:76 asserts checked
Open questions and honest gaps 3 claims ·8 sentences
What open questions and honest gaps remain in the reconstruction of Proto-Ainu segments?
- To explain the exceptional first-syllable accent in CVCV stems such as réra 'wind', an unidentified consonant *H can be reconstructed in the proto-form, as in *reHra.réra「風」のようなCVCV語幹における第1音節の例外的なアクセントを説明するために、祖形に *reHra のような未知の子音 *H を再構することができる。proposes bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 proposes checked
- To explain the kana spelling piruka for pirka 'good' as opposed to shiri- for sir, it is proposed that pirka historically contained an intervening consonant *H (*piHrka) that prevented the palatalization of /r/ by /i/.sir に対する「志り」と pirka に対する「ぴるか」という仮名表記の違いを説明するために、pirka には歴史的に介在子音 *H(*piHrka)が存在し、それによって /i/ による /r/ の口蓋化が阻害されたという仮説が提案されている。proposes bugaeva2022
- bugaeva2022:3.5 proposes checked
- Patrie suggests on comparative evidence that ar may be an older morpheme meaning 'one'.Patrie は比較言語学的証拠に基づき、ar が「1」を表すより古い形態素であった可能性を示唆している。reports refsing1986
- refsing1986 reports checked