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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XIV — Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality

118. Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)

How does Hokkaido Ainu express deontic necessity and obligation?

北海道アイヌ語ではどのように義務や必要性を表現するか？

Necessity and obligation are expressed periphrastically via nominalized kuni ne / kunine and kus ne.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:tam/deontic-necessity read this topic as text

14claims
30statements
11sources
8examples
6sections
46first-edition sentences

Local network

The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

Related chapters

Forms mentioned

kuni 10kuni ne 7easirki 6nankor 6ne 4yak pirka 4kus(u) ne 4yak 4yak wen 3na 3rusuy 3yakka 3yakka pirka 2iteki 2somo V kuni ne 2kusu 2yakka wen 1kusu ne ruwe ne 1*ruwe ne kusu ne 1nisa 1V kuni ne 1ramu 1kuni a=ramu 1sekor a=ramu 1kuni ne ruwe ne 1*ruwe ne kuni ne 1pirka 1wen 1somo 1iteki V 1e=arpa kus ne na 1nankor na 1p ne na 1kusune 1iteki … kus ne na 1iteki e=eyruska kus ne na hani! 1somo V yakka pirka 1kus ne 1

Claims

A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

  1. The combination nankor na indicates necessity and functions as a soft imperative.
    nankor na は必要性を表し、穏やかな命令として機能する。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai nankor na
    asserts refsing1986
  2. Unlike in ordinary imperative constructions, a predicate retains its pronominal affixes in the necessative nankor na construction.
    通常の命令構文とは異なり、義務（必然）を表す nankor na 構文では述語に付加された代名詞接辞が保持される。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai nankor na
    asserts refsing1986
  3. Yoki-hō indicates the speaker's expectation that something should naturally or necessarily be so.
    予期法は「当然（又は必然）……の筈」という話者の期待を示す。
    form-function generic kuni
    asserts kindaichi1936

Sections

·

The deontic field 9 sentences

How does Hokkaido Ainu express necessity and obligation without bound affixes?

easirki — obligation 1 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

How does Hokkaido Ainu express obligation using the auxiliary easirki?

  1. The auxiliary easirki expresses deontic obligation ('must / have to') and is predominantly attested in Saru Ainu, with examples also in Horobetsu Ainu.
    助動詞 easirki は「〜しなければならない」という意味を表し、用例のほとんどは沙流方言であるが幌別方言の例もある。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/saruhokkaido/southwest/horobetsu generic easirki
    asserts nakagawa2024
paye=an easirki p mak e=iki hawe an
go.PL=4.S must NMLZ what 2SG.A=do voice-POSS exist
‘I have to go — what are you doing?’
nakagawa2024:308 CHI Nakagawa ex. 457

kuni ne — normative expectation 3 claims ·11 sentences· 2 examples

How does Hokkaido Ainu express normative expectation using kuni ne?

  1. The necessative mood may be expressed by the form kuni in Shizunai Ainu.
    静内方言において、義務法（必然法）は kuni という形式によっても表される。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai kuni
    asserts refsing1986
  2. The light noun construction kun-i-p expresses deontic modality ('should').
    形式名詞構造kun-i-pは義務的モダリティ（「べき」）を表す。
    form-function hokkaido generic kun-i-p
    asserts bugaeva2016
  3. The auxiliary kuni 'should, ought to' does not occur at sentence-final position.
    助動詞 kuni「〜すべきである、〜するはずである」は文末には現れない。
    distribution all kuni
    asserts sato2008
wente kuni ramu kor an pe ne aan ru-we ne hine
devastate COMP think while exist NMLZ COP PRF.MIR track-POSS COP CONJ
‘— it turned out there was something thinking to cause devastation, and …’
biratori1969 SAR Kaizawa Tsurushino, uwepeker [biratori/005/004#40]
a=an kuni ne na
4.A=be should COP FIN
‘One ought to be there.’
constructed

The yak pirka idioms: advice, prohibition, permission, and futility 6 sentences· 3 examples

How does Hokkaido Ainu express advice, prohibition, permission, and futility using yak pirka idioms?

somo a=ahunke eaykap pe ne na e=ahunke yak pirka na
NEG 4.A=enter.SG be.unable NMLZ COP FIN 2SG.A=enter.SG if be.good FIN
‘There is nothing stopping you from going in — you should go in.’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker 8(2) [aa-irc/007#211]
e=e yakka pirka
2SG.A=eat even.if be.good
‘You may eat it.’
ijas2023 constructed
e=sinki yakun e=sini yak pirka
2SG.S=be.tired if 2SG.S=rest if be.good
‘If you are tired, you should rest.’
ijas2023 constructed

kus(u) ne na as near-command 7 claims ·5 sentences· 2 examples

How does Hokkaido Ainu form softened commands using kus(u) ne na?

  1. The Southern Hokkaido Ainu auxiliary kus-ne 'going to/intend to' derives from kusu 'intention (?)' followed by the copula ne.
    南北海道アイヌ語の助動詞 kus-ne「〜するつもりだ／〜するだろう」は、kusu「意図 (?)」と係辞 ne から派生したものである。
    diachrony hokkaido/southwest all kus-nekusune
    asserts bugaeva2012
  2. kus(u)-ne expresses intention in the first person.
    kus(u)-ne は第一人稱における意志を表す。
    form-function ainu generic kusu-nekus-ne
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. kus(u)-ne expresses prospective aspect or future.
    kus(u)-ne は將然態或は未來を表す。
    form-function ainu generic kusu-nekus-ne
    asserts kindaichi1936
  4. From the expression of intention, kus(u)-ne comes to be used as a gentle command toward the second person.
    意志の表示から kus(u)-ne は第二人稱に對する柔かき命令となる。
    form-function ainu generic kusu-nekus-ne
    asserts kindaichi1936
  5. The auxiliary phrase kusu ne (kus ne) expresses 'intend to ~' or 'it is decided/turns out that ~'.
    助動詞的連語 kusu ne (kus ne) は「〜するつもりだ，〜することになる」を表す。
    form-function hokkaido generic kusu nekus ne
    asserts sato2008
  6. The idiomatic expression kus ne (or kusu ne), consisting of kus 'purpose' and ne 'copula', expresses that something is scheduled/intended to happen ('be supposed to do').
    kus ne（kusu ne とも言う）は「〜することになっている」という意味を表す熟語的表現である。
    form-function hokkaido generic kus nekusu ne
    asserts sato2008
  7. The volitional/future auxiliary construction kus ne has an alternate pronunciation kusu ne.
    意志・未来を表す kus ne には kusu ne という発音もある。
    variation hokkaido generic kus nekusu ne
    asserts sato2008
kotan wente kus arki kus ne aan ru-we ne wa
village devastate PURP come.PL PURP COP PRF.MIR track-POSS COP CONJ
‘— it turned out that they had been coming to devastate the village, and …’
biratori1969 SAR Kaizawa Tsurushino, uwepeker [biratori/004/002#40]
e=arpa kus ne na
2SG.S=go.SG PURP COP FIN
‘You should go / you will go, then.’
constructed

Scope and the epistemic–deontic boundary 8 sentences

How does negation interact with deontic expressions in Hokkaido Ainu?