85. The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division

Overview 1 claims ·7 sentences

How does si- on verbs express autocausative, anticausative, reflexive, and pretend meanings?

1. The prefix si- has a primary anticausative function, but can also be used productively as an autocausative, as a reflexive-causative, and to mark reflexivity on relational nouns.
   接頭辞 si- は主要な反使役機能を持つが、自己使役、再帰使役、また位置名詞における再帰性の標識としても生産的に用いられる。
   form-function ainu generic si-
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:488–489 asserts checked

The yay-/si- division of labour 15 sentences· 2 examples

How does the contrast between yay- and si- distinguish volitional from spontaneous actions?

The reflexive-possessive function 8 claims ·9 sentences· 1 examples

How does si- indicate that a body-part noun incorporated into a verb belongs to the subject?

1. Attached to nouns, shi- imparts meanings such as 'true/real' (1), 'great/large' (2), and 'one's own' (3).
   shi- は名詞に付いて、(1)「本当の」「眞の」、(2)「大なる」、(3)「自分の」という意味を添える。
   form-function generic shi-
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts extracted
2. Attached to verbs, shi- expresses reflexive meanings 'to oneself' or 'oneself', though it often ends up having middle-voice semantics.
   shi- は動詞に付いて「自分に」「自分を」の意味を表すが、中相になってしまうことも多い。
   form-function generic shi-
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
3. Intransitive (unaccusative) verbs whose subject corresponds to the affected object of a transitive verb are frequently derived in the form of si- + transitive verb (e.g. turi 'stretch sth.' -> si-turi 'stretch [intr.]', rutu 'slide sth.' -> si-rutu 'slide [intr.]').
   対象に影響を及ぼす他動詞に対して、その対象を主語にとる自動詞（非対格自動詞）は si- + 他動詞という形で派生されるものが多い（例: turi に対する si-turi、rutu に対する si-rutu など）。
   form-function ainu generic si-si-turisi-rutusi-suyesi-yupu
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:188 asserts checked
4. The concept of an event happening by itself with no agent involved is expressed by the verb prefix si-.
   動作主が関与せず何かが自発的に起きるという概念は、動詞接頭辞 si- によって表される。
   form-function ainu generic si-
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:31 asserts checked
5. The verb siyekimatekka 'to threaten' can be morphologically analyzed as si-y-e-kimatek-ka, where si- is the indirect reflexive, y- is an epenthetic consonant, e- is the applicative, kimatek is 'to panic', and -ka is the causative suffix.
   siyekimatekka「脅す」という語は形態論的に si-y-e-kimatek-ka と分析され、si- は間接的再帰、y- は挿入子音、e- は充当態、kimatek は「あわてる、動転する」、-ka は使役と解釈される。
   analysis hokkaido/chitose generic siyekimatekkasi-y-e-kimatek-ka
   proposes sato2008
   • sato2008:144 proposes checked
6. In indirect reflexive expressions with si-, the meaning of an external agent ('by someone') does not necessarily have to be overtly indicated in the sentence and can simply be an implicit presupposition.
   si- による間接的再帰表現において、「誰かに」という意味は暗黙の前提として含意されているだけでよく、文中に示される必要は必ずしもない。
   distribution ainu generic si-
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:250 asserts checked
7. The verb sikiru 'to turn' is analyzed as indirect reflexive si- + kiru 'to rotate / turn around'.
   動詞 sikiru「向く」は、間接再帰の si-「自分を」＋ kiru「回す」と分析される。
   analysis ainu all sikirusi-kiru
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:310 asserts checked
8. A less productive reflexive prefix occurs in the form si-.
   si- という形の、より生産性の低い再帰接頭辞が存在する。
   existence ainu exists si-
   asserts shibatani1990
   • shibatani1990:48 asserts checked

The 'pretend to' construction 1 claims ·6 sentences· 1 examples

How does si- combine with a causative suffix to express pretending to do something?

1. The combination of the prefix si- with a causative verb or causative suffix encodes a pretended or simulative action ('to pretend to...').
   接頭辞 si- と使役動詞または使役接尾辞の組み合わせは、ふりをする行為（見せかけ）を表す。
   form-function ainu regularly si--re-te-e-ka
   asserts kindaichi1936, nakagawa2024reports bugaevakobayashi2022
   • bugaevakobayashi2022:15.4 reports anchored
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
   • nakagawa2024:188 asserts checked

Position in the verb template 6 sentences· 1 examples

What is the position of si- in the verb prefix order, especially relative to yay-?