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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part II — Sources, Conventions, Glossing, and Orthography

14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition

How were pre-phonemic Latin orthographies used for Hokkaido Ainu, and how are texts in them read and converted today?

北海道アイヌ語の音素表記以前のラテン文字正書法はどのように使われ、現在それらのテキストはどのように読まれ変換されるのか？

The pre-phonemic Latin orthographies of Hokkaido Ainu — Batchelor's Hepburn-derived system and its lineage through Kindaichi, Kannari Matsu, and Chiri Yukie — their systematic correspondences with the modern standard, and how texts written in them are read and converted today.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:sources/historical-orthographies-and-the-batchelor-tradition read this topic as text

10claims
27statements
19sources
5examples
8sections
61first-edition sentences

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A claim is one proposition; under it stand the statements of each source, with the stance that source takes. Claims are grouped by a model from the extracted statements and carry that status until reviewed.

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The Hepburn-derived tradition 1 claims ·16 sentences

What is the Hepburn-derived tradition of writing Hokkaido Ainu?

  1. Prior to the introduction of Batchelor's romanization system, written Ainu in Japan was recorded, if at all, using the Japanese kana syllabary.
    ジョン・バチェラーによるローマ字表記法の考案以前、日本国内においてアイヌ語は書かれるとしても日本語の仮名文字で表記されていた。
    other ainu universally
    asserts refsing1986

Systematic features of Batchelor's orthography 2 sentences

What are the systematic features of Batchelor's orthography?

Digraphs, voiced letters, and spurious vowels 3 claims ·6 sentences· 2 examples

How are digraphs, voiced letters, and spurious vowels used in Batchelor's orthography?

  1. In Batchelor's romanization system, Ainu ci [tʃi] is written as chi, and palatalized s is written as sh.
    バチェラーのローマ字表記法では、アイヌ語の ci [tʃi] を chi で表し、口蓋化した s を sh で表す。
    other ainu all cichish
    asserts kirikae1997
  2. Batchelor, Kindaichi, and Chiri Yukie all made use of voiced stop letters b, d, and g in addition to voiceless p, t, and k in their romanized orthographies.
    バチェラー、金田一京助、知里幸恵の表記はいずれも、無声音 p, t, k のほかに有声音 b, d, g も用いて表記している。
    other ainu all bdgptk
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. In Chiri (1942), syllable-initial h and syllable-final x were analyzed as two distinct consonant phonemes within a twelve-consonant inventory.
    知里（1942）では、hとxは12ある音韻として存在する子音の中で互いに別の音素として位置づけられていた。
    analysis ainu all hx
    reports nakagawa2024
eani pirka cep somo ne
2SG good fish NEG COP
‘You are not a good fish.’
sakaguchi2019:245–246
tanpe kusu tan mosir ka ta okay ruw-e ne
this.thing because this land surface LOC exist.PL track-POSS COP
‘That is why they are in this land.’
sakaguchi2019:245–246

Echo vowels and syllable-final r 3 claims ·7 sentences

How are echo vowels and syllable-final /r/ written in Batchelor's orthography?

  1. Yukie Chiri (1923) in Ainu Shin'yōshū was the first to clearly distinguish syllable-final /-r/ from /rV/, establishing the standard orthographic practice.
    知里幸恵（1923）『アイヌ神謡集』において音節末の /-r/ と /rV/ が初めて明確に区別され、以降これが標準の表記となった。
    other ainu -rkorkar
    asserts nakagawa2024
  2. Whereas Chiri Yukie's orthography distinguishes syllable-final -r from r followed by a vowel, Batchelor's orthography writes all instances as r followed by a vowel (e.g. nukara for nukar, pirika for pirka).
    知里幸恵の表記では区別されている音節末の -r と r＋母音が、バチェラーの表記ではすべて r＋母音で表記されている。
    other ainu all nukarpirka
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. Ainu phonemically has words without final vowels (including after /-r-/), although Batchelor often erroneously recorded final vowels on them.
    音素的には（/-r-/の後を含め）語末母音を持たない語において、バチェラーはしばしば誤って語末母音を記録している。
    distribution ainu generic -r-
    asserts refsing1986

Person marking and word division 10 sentences· 3 examples

How are person marking and word division handled in Batchelor's orthography?

somo a=e ya
NEG 4.A=eat Q
‘Is it not eaten?’
sakaguchi2019:245–246
inkar=an
look=4.S
‘Behold! (lit. one looks)’
batchelor1897:Rev. 1:7
Ecipt mosir or ta e=kira
Egypt land place LOC 2SG.S=flee
‘flee to the land of Egypt’
batchelor1897:Matt. 2:13

Dialect mixture 1 claims ·8 sentences

How does dialect mixture appear in Batchelor's texts?

  1. Forms in older records of the Tokachi dialect transcribed as ruwe sitapan should be analyzed as ru estap an.
    十勝方言の過去の記録で ruwe sitapan のようにあるものは ru estap an だと考えて良い。
    analysis hokkaido/central/tokachi all ru estap anruwe sitapan
    proposes nakagawa2024

From Batchelor to the modern standard 5 sentences

How do spellings change from Batchelor's orthography to the modern standard?

Reading Batchelor materials today 2 claims ·7 sentences

How are Batchelor-orthography materials read and converted today?

  1. Batchelor's dictionary and the grammar preceding it are extremely inaccurate and cannot be relied upon as primary sources for the study of Ainu, though they contain usable material when approached critically.
    バチェラーの辞書およびそれに先行する文法論は極めて不正確でありアイヌ語研究の第一資料としては信頼できないが、批判的に扱えば有用な資料も含んでいる。
    other ainu
    asserts refsing1986
  2. In a number of instances in Batchelor's dictionary, the English glosses are much closer to the actual meaning than the Japanese translations, which are totally misleading.
    バチェラーの辞書では、日本語の訳が完全に誤解を招くものである一方で、英語の訳のほうがはるかに的を射ている例が散見される。
    other ainu exists
    asserts refsing1986