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Nakagawa 2006

Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕 (2006). アイヌ人によるアイヌ語表記への取り組み[Ainu efforts toward writing the Ainu language].

prior-analysis hokkaido text held locally OCR pdftotext-pieces: 15 leaves, 0 with a printed page

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1. Native-speaker writing, from Chiri Yukie to the Ainu kana orthographies documented by Kirikae and Nakagawa , does not write ca cu ce with contracted kana (チャ チュ チェ) but with the straight syllabary forms. no page The Latin Phonemic Transcription
2. This practice conflicted with the writing habits of Ainu speakers themselves, who transcribed /c/ without the contracted syllable convention: Kirikae documents that writers such as Sunazawa, Yamamoto, and Nabewasawa consistently avoided yōon for /c/ , and Nakagawa interprets this uniformity as reflecting a shared native-speaker phonological intuition . no page Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas
3. Nakagawa traces the parallel development of Ainu-authored phonemic transcription traditions, situating the kana system in the broader history of Ainu-language literacy . no page Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas
4. The affricate phoneme is written c, not ch; the fricative phoneme s, not sh — a normalisation reflecting the absence of a palatal-vs-non-palatal phonemic contrast and now standard in scholarly and community usage ; ; community discussion (nukopoli, aynu-corpora Discord, 2023) . no page Cyrillic and Multi-Script Rendering
5. Batchelor wrote ch for the affricate and sh for the palatalized sibilant, on the model of the Hepburn values for Japanese, and until phonemic transcription displaced it this style was the ordinary way of romanizing Ainu ; ; . 3 Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
6. Kannari Matsu, whose notebooks preserve a vast corpus of heroic epics, was a graduate of 愛隣学校, the mission school Batchelor founded in Hakodate, where she was taught English and the Latin alphabet; her correspondence with her sister was conducted entirely in romaji . 24 Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
7. On the academic side the same conventions passed to Kindaichi Kyōsuke and his students; Kubodera Itsuhiko retained the Hepburn style throughout his career ; . 3 Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
8. The table gathers the correspondences; the subsections below document each group from the published comparisons — Kirikae , Nakagawa's orthographic surveys ; , and the Sakaguchi–Watanabe re-edition of Batchelor's 1924 Ainu Fireside Stories — and from the 1897 New Testament . 3–5 Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
9. Nakagawa tracks the passage from the Hepburn tradition to the modern standard through one example set — , , , cis=an 'we cry' — respelled across the successive systems : 3–5 Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
10. Chiri Mashiho, who had used the Hepburn style in the 1936 grammar co-authored with Kindaichi , moved in 1942 to one-letter-per-phoneme spellings for the glides and the affricate (j ŭ č), while still splitting /s/ between s and š by position; in his 1950s work he abandoned the diacritic letters — Nakagawa attributes the retreat to printing costs — leaving ch as the one remaining digraph ; . 3–4 Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
11. The phonemic system established in the 1950s by Hattori and Tamura, and disseminated through the 1964 dialect dictionary , completed the one-phoneme-one-letter principle with c, wrote the glottal onset ʼ as a phoneme, and wrote transitional glides (ʼuwepeker); the style codified in Akor Itak drops both and segments the person markers with = ; . 4–5 Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
12. Community and native-speaker orthographic practices across the twentieth century, including the tension between academic romanization and community-developed writing styles, are surveyed in and . no page Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem