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Ono 2020

Ono, Yohei 小野洋平 (2020). Reconsideration of “Major Division” of Ainu Dialects: A Statistical Reanalysis of Asai (1974). Northern Language Studies 10, 231–254.

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1. Ono's reanalysis of the Asai matrix with updated statistical methods partially confirms but also complicates that bipartition , and Kirikae's place-name isogloss study documents the geographical boundary of the par/car alternation across Hokkaido . no page The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method
2. reanalyses Asai's cognacy matrix (110 items over 21 lects) with Spectral Clustering (MinmaxCut / Mcut algorithm). no page Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry
3. Ono notes this converges with earlier work placing North Kuril close to northeast Hokkaido, while a separate observation by Satō and Bugaeva (via ) clusters 19th-century Kuril items with the Saru/Chitose zone — a tension the 2020 study does not resolve ‹contested›. §4 Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry
4. The one result robust across all methods is that the Hokkaido cluster is more internally cohesive than its gap from Sakhalin ; . §3 Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry
5. Sōya, at the northern tip of Hokkaido, also belongs here — a significant fact given that Sōya is the Hokkaido locality most closely cognate to Sakhalin in the lexicostatistic matrices of and the dialectometric reanalysis of . no page Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax
6. This is consistent with 's finding that the three-way "Major Division" (Hokkaido/Sakhalin/Kuril) does not survive statistical testing and that even within Hokkaido the internal structure is gradient — a conclusion that the multi-parameter isogloss geography here supports at the segmental and prosodic levels ; . no page Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax
7. This non-congruence is consistent with a dialect continuum undergoing diffusion from multiple centers rather than a single ancestral branching event (; ) ‹contested›. §3 Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas
8. Asai's 1974 cluster analysis of this matrix proposed a partition into northern (Sōya), eastern (Obihiro / Kushiro / Bihoro / Asahikawa / Nayoro), central-southern (Yakumo / Oshamambe / Horobetsu / Biratori / Nukibetsu / Niikappu), and eastern-Hidaka (Samani) zones for Hokkaido, together with a major split between the Hokkaido+Kuril group and Sakhalin (reported via ; ). §2 Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas
9. Asai's linkage methods (single-linkage and complete-linkage agglomerative clustering) ignore mid-range cognacy values that are precisely where the evidence for sub-groupings lies; spectral clustering over the same matrix yields two groups — Hokkaido plus North Kuril vs Sakhalin — without any robust internal three-way split () ‹contested›. §3–4 Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas
10. Second, Ono's reanalysis of the full dataset, including the Sakhalin and Kuril points, places North Kuril lexically closer to northeastern Hokkaido than to southwestern Hokkaido, with Sakhalin forming a clearly separated external group (). §3–4 Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas
11. demonstrates with spectral-clustering methods, however, that the three-way "Major Division" carries no statistically robust support: the cleaner two-way structure is Hokkaido (including the Kuril varieties) versus Sakhalin. no page Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison
12. The lexicostatistic reanalysis of finds the Kuril varieties clustering with the northeast Hokkaido group — Samani, Obihiro, Kushiro, Bihoro, Sōya — rather than with Sakhalin, supporting a two-way Hokkaido-plus-Kuril versus Sakhalin division over the classic three-way one. no page Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison
13. A separate analysis using nineteenth-century Kuril material by Satō and Bugaeva (2019) places the Kuril items closer to southern Hokkaido (Saru/Chitose); the two results rest on different data sets and are not directly comparable ‹contested›. no page Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison