130. The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives

Place in the directive system 9 sentences· 1 examples

Where does the prohibitive fit among directive forms?

Forms and dialect distribution 19 claims ·4 sentences· 2 examples

What are the dialectal variants of the prohibitive adverb?

1. Negative imperatives are expressed with the adverb iteke in Shizunai Ainu.
   静内アイヌ語において、否定命令（禁止）は副詞 iteke によって表される。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all iteke
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:203 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:203 asserts checked
2. Negative imperatives (prohibitatives) are expressed by placing the adverbial particle iteki before the verb.
   否定命令（禁止）は、動詞の前に副詞的不変化詞 iteki を置くことによって表される。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest all iteki
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
3. Plural addressee or polite negative imperatives take the particle yan and verbal plurality when available, parallel to positive imperatives.
   複数の聞き手に対するまたは丁寧な否定命令でも、肯定命令と同様に yan と動詞複数形（存在する場合）が関与する。
   form-function hokkaido/southwest all yan
   asserts bugaeva2012
   • bugaeva2012:496–497 asserts checked
4. itek, iteki, and itekki are used for negative imperatives, i.e., prohibition.
   否定命令即ち禁止には itek, iteki, itekki を用いる。
   form-function generic itekitekiitekki
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
5. yan is appended when expressing prohibition politely.
   禁止を丁寧に言う時は yan を添える。
   form-function generic yan
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
6. In Sakhalin Ainu, hanka (< hamka) is used for prohibition.
   樺太では禁止に hanka (< hamka) を用いる。
   form-function sakhalin generic hankahamka
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
7. When ika is used for prohibition, the verb takes a nominative personal affix.
   ika を用いる場合には動詞は主格の人称接辞をとる。
   distribution generic ika
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
8. Forms like ikia, ikianepheka, ikianepeka, and ikanepeka are emphatic variants of ika.
   ikia, ikianepheka, ikianepeka, ikanepeka 等は ika の強調形である。
   alternation generic ikiaikianephekaikianepekaikanepekaika
   asserts kindaichi1936
   • kindaichi1936 asserts checked
9. Prohibition is expressed by placing hanka before the verb in Sakhalin Ainu, whereas Saru Hokkaido Ainu places 'iteki before the verb.
   禁止を表すには、樺太アイヌ語では動詞の前に hanka を置き、沙流北海道アイヌ語では 'iteki を置く。
   form-function sakhalinhokkaido/southwest/saru all hanka'iteki
   asserts murasaki2025
   • murasaki2025:85 asserts checked
10. Prohibitive clauses are formed by adding an adverb such as iteki (Saru, Chitose, Horobetsu, Abuta, etc.), itekke (Shizunai, Samani, Tokachi, etc.), etekke (Shiranuka, Bihoro, Tokachi, etc.), or ecik(k)i (Ishikari).
    禁止文は iteki (沙流・千歳・幌別・虻田など)、itekke (静内・様似・十勝など)、etekke (白糠・美幌・十勝など)、ecik(k)i (石狩) などの副詞を加えて作られる。
    form-function hokkaido generic itekiitekkeetekkeecikiecikki
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:424 asserts checked
11. Other adverbs such as ika, iki(y)a, ikia(n)kunak, inkian, and archaic ikineypeka also express prohibition.
    この他に、ika、iki(y)a、ikia(n)kunak、inkian、ikineypeka (雅語) などの副詞も禁止の意味を表わす。
    membership ainu generic ikaikiyaikiakunakikiankunakinkianikineypeka
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:425 asserts checked
12. The verb following prohibitive adverbs such as ika, iki(y)a, ikia(n)kunak, inkian, and ikineypeka usually takes a subject personal affix rather than the imperative form.
    その後ろに来る動詞は命令形ではなく、主格人称接辞がつくのが普通である。
    distribution ainu usually
    asserts nakagawa2024
    • nakagawa2024:425 asserts checked
13. iteke is obligatory with negative commands.
    iteke は否定命令（禁止）において義務的である。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all iteke
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:138 asserts checked
14. The prohibitive iteke is probably connected historically to the interjection hetak.
    禁止詞itekeはおそらく間投詞hetakと関連がある。
    diachrony hokkaido/southwest/shizunai itekehetak
    proposes refsing1986
    • refsing1986:139 proposes checked
15. Iteke is obligatory with negative commands, whereas hetak is used only when a positive command is especially strong.
    itekeは否定命令において義務的であるが、hetakは肯定命令が特に強い場合にのみ用いられる。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all itekehetak
    asserts refsing1986
    • refsing1986:139 asserts checked
16. A prohibitive sentence can be formed by placing the adverb iteki ('never / do not') before the imperative form of the verb.
    禁止表現は、命令形の前方に iteki（「決して〜するな」）という副詞を置いて作られる。
    form-function hokkaido generic iteki
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:128 asserts checked
17. A prohibitive sentence can also be formed by placing the adverb ikiyan before a verb with second-person subject marking and ending the sentence with the final particle na.
    前方に副詞 ikiyan を用い、文末を kusu ne na ではなくただ na で結ぶ禁止構文もある。
    form-function hokkaido generic ikiyanna
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:129 asserts checked
18. iteki functions as a negative/prohibitive adverb meaning 'never, by no means'.
    iteki は「決して」を意味する禁止・否定の副詞である。
    form-function iteki
    asserts sato2008
    • sato2008:368 asserts checked
19. Negative imperatives use the word iteki ('never').
    禁止命令（否定命令）にはiteki（「決して〜ない」）が用いられる。
    form-function ainu all iteki
    asserts shibatani1990
    • shibatani1990 asserts checked

Position and the imperative verb 1 claims ·8 sentences· 3 examples

How is the prohibitive adverb positioned relative to the verb?

1. The position of prohibitive adverbs like iteki may be anywhere preceding the verb.
   iteki などの位置は動詞の前であればどこでもよい。
   ordering ainu generic iteki
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:424 asserts checked

Person-marked prohibition and the no-linker 2 claims ·8 sentences· 2 examples

How does the prohibitive interact with person marking and the linker 'no'?

1. To express 'do X without doing Y' in an imperative context, the conjunctive particle no connects the preceding and following clauses.
   「〜しないで〜しろ」というときには接続助詞 no で前後の文をつなぐ。
   form-function ainu generic no
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:425 asserts checked
2. When connected with no, the clause following iteki can take personal affixes rather than the usual imperative form.
   この場合、iteki の後は通常の命令文ではなく、人称接辞のついた形でも可能になる。
   distribution ainu generic itekino
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:425 asserts checked

Directive frames after iteki 2 claims ·7 sentences· 1 examples

What clause-final directive frames follow the prohibitive?

1. iteki can also be added to various sentence patterns expressing directive or imperative meanings other than simple imperative clauses.
   iteki は命令文以外にも命令的な意味を表すさまざまな形式の文に加えられる。
   distribution ainu generic iteki
   asserts nakagawa2024
   • nakagawa2024:425 asserts checked
2. The construction consisting of a second-person subject verb followed by kusu ne na expresses prohibition when the adverb iteki is added preceding the verb.
   二人称主格動詞＋kusu ne na の構文は、前方に副詞 iteki を加えると禁止の意味になる。
   form-function hokkaido generic itekikusu ne na
   asserts sato2008
   • sato2008:129 asserts checked

Co-occurrence with somo 1 claims ·4 sentences· 1 examples

Can the prohibitive and the declarative negator co-occur in one clause?

1. In Shizunai Ainu negative commands, the prohibitive adverb iteke is used instead of the declarative negative marker somo.
   静内アイヌ語において、否定命令では平叙文否定辞 somo の代わりに禁止副詞 iteke が用いられる。
   distribution hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all itekesomo
   asserts refsing1986
   • refsing1986:138 asserts checked
   • refsing1986:139 asserts checked
   • refines: Negative imperatives are expressed with the adverb iteke in Shizunai Ainu.— Specifies that prohibitive iteke replaces the declarative negative marker somo in directive contexts.

Apprehensive warnings 4 sentences· 1 examples

How does the language express 'lest' warnings related to prohibitives?