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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XIV — Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality

115. Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative

How does the language express first-person inclusive proposals, wishes, and optative meanings?

その言語は、一人称包括的な提案、願望、および希求法の意味をどのように表現するか？

First-person hortative/cohortative built on =an plus clause-final particles, alongside optative and wish constructions.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:tam/hortative-and-optative read this topic as text

14claims
27statements
8sources
5examples
5sections
36first-edition sentences

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The hortative system 5 claims ·9 sentences

What sentence-final particles are used to form hortative constructions?

  1. In the Shizunai dialect, the hortative mood is expressed by adding the sentence-final particle na to the predicate, indicating a mutual invitation or light inclusive command.
    静内方言において、勧誘法は述語に終助詞 na を付加することで表され、話者を含めた相互の勧誘または穏やかな命令を示す。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai all na
    asserts refsing1986
  2. The particle ta functions to mark optative/wishing sentences, and clauses with this ta can also end with okai.
    助詞 ta は願望の係りとして機能し、okai をもって結ぶこともある。
    form-function ainu generic taokai
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. The sentence-final okai expresses strong desire.
    文末の okai は強い願望を表す。
    form-function okai
    asserts kindaichi1936
  4. The particle oka correlates with the emphatic adverbial particle ta in a kakari-musubi-like manner to express an optative wish ('if only...', 'I wish I could...').
    助詞 oka は強調の副助詞 ta と係り結びのように呼応して、「〜すればいいのに」「〜したいものだ」という願望を表わす。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/saru generic okata
    asserts nakagawa2024
  5. In sentence-final position, na may also have a hortative function.
    文末位置において、naは勧誘的機能を持つこともある。
    form-function hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic na
    asserts refsing1986

Dialect distribution of the hortative particles 3 claims ·3 sentences

How do the hortative particles vary across dialects?

  1. In the Saru dialect, the particle ro is used to express the hortative function.
    沙流方言では勧誘機能を表すために ro が用いられる。
    variation hokkaido/southwest/saru all ro
    reports refsing1986
  2. In Chitose Ainu, ro can also be used in clauses with a first-person singular subject and a second-person singular object.
    千歳方言でも、ro が1人称単数主格-2人称単数目的格で用いられた例がある。
    distribution hokkaido/chitose exists ro
    asserts nakagawa2024
  3. To express the cohortative meaning 'let's do (something)', the final particle ro is used in Saru, Chitose, Horobetsu, Yakumo, Asahikawa, Nayoro, and Sōya; rok is used in Asahikawa, Nayoro, and Obihiro; and no is used in Urakawa and Samani.
    勧誘（「〜しよう」）の意味を表す終助詞として、沙流・千歳・幌別・八雲・旭川・名寄・宗谷では ro、旭川・名寄・帯広では rok、浦河・様似では no が用いられる。
    variation hokkaido all rorokno
    asserts nakagawafukazawa2022

The cohortative: inclusive fourth-person subject 5 claims ·8 sentences· 2 examples

What subject marking appears in hortative clauses with inclusive meaning?

  1. The sentence-final particle ro expresses hortative/cohortative meaning ('let's...').
    終助詞 ro は勧誘（「〜しよう」）を表す。
    form-function ainu all ro
    asserts shibatani1990, sato2008
  2. The particle ro is an imperative particle directed to the first-person plural ('let us...').
    ro は第一人称複数に対する命令（let us...）である。
    form-function ro
    asserts kindaichi1936
  3. The particle ro is most frequently placed after fourth-person plural verbs to invite someone ('let's...'), but Tamura (1988a) notes it can be used with other persons, showing examples with first-person singular and third person.
    助詞 ro は多くの場合4人称複数形の動詞の後に置かれて「〜しましょう」と誘う意味を表すが、田村 (1988a) では他の人称でも用いられるとして1人称単数形や3人称とともに使われた例が示されている。
    distribution hokkaido/southwest/saru usually ro
    reports nakagawa2024
  4. The phrase itak-an ro expresses 'let's talk'.
    itak-an ro という表現は「話そう」を意味する。
    form-function ainu itak-an ro
    asserts ono2022
  5. The modern expression Iku-an ro! is used to mean 'Let's drink together' as a toast.
    現代の表現 Iku-an ro! は乾杯の際に「一緒に飲もう」という意味で用いられている。
    form-function ainu generic iku-an ro
    asserts ono2022
paye=an ro
go.PL=4.S HORT
‘Let's go.’
constructed
ney ta ka kuruma ani mosir epitta payoka=an wa inkar=an ro
when LOC even car INS land throughout go.around=4.S CONJ look=4.S HORT
‘Someday let us travel around the whole country by car and see it.’
nakagawa2024:333 SAR Nakagawa ex. 575, after Honda 2001: 19

Volitional and deliberative uses 8 sentences· 3 examples

How does the language express the speaker's own volition or proposal?

k=arpa ro
1SG.S=go HORT
‘Shall I go? / I'll go then.’
nakagawa2024:334 HK Nakagawa ex. 578, after Tamura
eci=kay ro
2SG.O=carry HORT
‘Let me carry you!’
nakagawa2024:334 CHI Nakagawa ex. 579
k=arpa so
1SG.S=go DEL
‘(Hmm,) shall I go?’
constructed

Relationship to the imperative, prohibitive, and desiderative 1 claims ·8 sentences

How does the hortative construction differ formally from the imperative and prohibitive?

  1. The hortative sentence-final na is probably identical with the sentence-final na derived from the conjunctionalizer na implying an unstated order or admonition.
    勧誘の文末詞 na は、言外の命令や訓戒を暗示する接続詞化接辞 na に由来する文末詞 na とおそらく同一である。
    diachrony hokkaido/southwest/shizunai generic na
    proposes refsing1986