Chapter 132Wa, Connected Events, and Ayne
Sequence, causation, manner and result states, shared and different subjects, duration with ayne, and source-specific negative and phonological patterns.
132.1 Connected events with wa
Wa connects events that can be understood as a sequence, a cause and result, or an action with its attendant circumstances. Satō notes that the boundaries between these uses are often unclear Satō (2008: 45–46).
A shared subject is possible, as here, but is not required. The child-and-barrel example in Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage and Its Analyses) has distinct subjects. Refsing reports shared subjects in about 90 percent of the wa examples in her own Shizunai material; this is a description of that sample Refsing (1986: 240–241).
Nakagawa emphasizes the connection between the events. His Saru kor wa ek ‘bring’ involves coming while carrying something, while arpa wa inkar can mean trying to go. In the latter construction, the second verb contributes an attemptive meaning Nakagawa (2024: 339, examples 606–609).
132.2 Result states and manner
For Saru, Nakagawa proposes a comparison in which wa presents the result of an action, kor its ongoing phase, and no a state without temporal change. Thus ipe wa soyne describes going outside after eating, while ipe kor soyne describes going out while eating Nakagawa (2024: 341).
He also identifies a limit to that account: apkas wa arpa ‘go on foot’ combines walking with going. It requires an account of manner or of the events as an integrated whole, beyond simple completion of the first action Nakagawa (2024: 342).
With an, the construction can describe a resulting state, as in racitke wa an tuki ‘a hanging cup’ Nakagawa (2024: 339, example 607). The aspectual constructions are treated in Chapter 110 (Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An).
132.3 Duration and a subsequent development: ayne
Ayne relates a situation that lasts for some time to what follows. Satō's example repeats the pulling action before describing the eventual result Satō (2008: 44).
‘I kept pulling and finally pulled it out with its roots.’
Satō 2008: 44; Chitose, §6.2, ayne example
ITR identifies the repeated-action use of a in this construction. Refsing describes comparable V a V a sequences as iterative or durative (pp. 247–248).
The outcome need not be an achievement. Refsing illustrates walking followed by tiredness and associates Shizunai ayne with impatience Refsing (1986: 247, example 431). Nakagawa's Saru example describes staying in another household for a while before returning home Nakagawa (2024: 346–347, example 638).
Nakagawa also gives a Chitose negative construction interpreted as jumping ashore before a boat has reached land. For Tokachi he lists ahinne and ainne Nakagawa (2024: 347, examples 639–640). Neither affirmative polarity nor a successful effort is inherent in every use of this connective.
132.4 Negation and pronunciation
Satō describes no as the regular Chitose connector for negative expressions of sequence or attendant circumstance Satō (2008: 44–47). Refsing's Shizunai example nevertheless links ku oyra ka somo ki ‘I do not forget’ with wa to a following statement about recounting the grandmother's words Refsing (1986: 240, example 415). These descriptions do not support a prohibition of negative wa across Hokkaido.
Refsing records a Shizunai pronunciation ma after predicates ending in n or m Refsing (1986: 241). This is a phonological variant of the connective in the environment she describes; other particles written ma require their own grammatical identification.