Chapter 123Hawe: Voice, Wording, and Reports
The speaker’s own wording, immediate reports, questions about meaningful cries, nominal morphology, and hawe as in inference and reported discourse.
123.1 Voice, wording, and reported information
Hawe relates a clause to speech or meaningful vocal expression. It can concern something another person has said, or the speaker's own explanation of their words. Nakagawa illustrates both uses Nakagawa (2024: 398–399).
In another example, someone has just announced a visitor's arrival. The person inside responds with a=kor nispa ek hawe ne hike, ‘if our gentleman has come, as you say’, and considers letting him in Nakagawa (2024: 398, example 805). The report belongs to the immediate exchange; the construction has no inherent past-time restriction.
Nakagawa also questions an older claim excluding self-wording uses from Horobetsu. He supplies a Horobetsu example in which a person explains what they are saying before death Nakagawa (2024: 399, examples 808–809). This is his counterevidence to that earlier regional claim.
123.2 Responding to words and cries
Hawe an can ask about information conveyed in an utterance. The following question responds to a riddle offering two choices Nakagawa (2024: 399).
Nakagawa explains the choice through its relation to the other person's words. Independently considering which thing to take would allow a different framing. He also gives makanak ne hawe an in response to an urgent cry announcing an accident. The cry carries a message even though it is not an articulated sentence Nakagawa (2024: 399–400, examples 811–812). A simple distinction between speech sounds and every other sound would miss this use.
123.3 The noun and its clause-ending forms
Tamura's Saru dictionary distinguishes ordinary ‘voice’ from formal hawe. The ordinary possessed noun can have the fuller form hawehe; the formal noun does not take that extra syllable. The formal entry includes hawe ne, questions and exclamations, and replies with hawe un Tamura (1996: s.v. hawe, formal-noun entry).
The ordinary noun haw includes human and animal voices and certain instrumental sounds, such as a violin. Its lexical range and the functions of an evidential ending are related questions, but require separate description Tamura (1996: s.v. haw, ordinary-noun entry). For the shared ending patterns, see Chapter 120 (Formal Nouns and Evidential Constructions).
123.4 Hawe as and the source of a report
Dal Corso distinguishes inferential, reportative, and independent lexical uses of hawe as. One inferential example concerns loud voices approaching while the narrator escapes; another passage directly quotes a voice granting permission to enter Dal Corso (2018: 308, examples 248–249).
In his reportative analysis, a recoverable speaker supports a quotative reading, while an unspecified source gives a hearsay reading. The source can occur nearby in the discourse, rather than immediately beside hawe as Dal Corso (2018: 329–331, §8.4.2.2). He finds reportative uses predominant in his surveyed material while retaining the other functions.
The broader grammar of quotation, person reference, and indirect reports is covered in Chapter 105 (Quotation, Logophoric Speech, and Indirect Reports). For sounds, bodily experience, and other impressions, compare Chapter 124 (Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience).