Chapter 176Index of Chapter and Section Topics

Alphabetical navigation by chapter and section title, with links to the relevant discussions.

176.1 Finding a discussion

This index lists chapter and section titles alphabetically. A title can lead to several discussions; a link to a section opens the relevant part of that chapter. Titles describe the subject of a discussion and can include an analysis compared with alternatives.

For definitions, see Chapter 173 (Glossary of Grammatical Terms). For Ainu forms and constructions, use Chapter 177 (Index of Grammatical Forms and Constructions); for example provenance, use Chapter 178 (Index of Examples by Source and Dialect).

176.2 Chapter and section topics

/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation
A and aan: forms before analysis: 108. Time, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality (section)
A Chitose comparison: 149. Oral-Literary Genres and Their Regional Names (section)
A clause used as an argument: 106. Nominalized Complements and Complex Predicates (section)
A comparison without possession: 47. Possessors in Noun Incorporation (section)
A derivative with yay-: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
A diminutive inside a noun phrase: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
A Glossed Asahikawa Teaching Conversation: 171. A Glossed Asahikawa Teaching Conversation
A Glossed Passage from a Chitose Prose Tale: 168. A Glossed Passage from a Chitose Prose Tale
A Glossed Ritual Prayer Opening: 170. A Glossed Ritual Prayer Opening
A Glossed Sakhalin Teaching Dialogue: 172. A Glossed Sakhalin Teaching Dialogue
A historical Horobetsu use: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
A historical proposal: 127. Absence and Lack: Isam and Sak (section)
A lexical formation with /t+s/: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
A marsh-dwelling narrator: 169. Glossed Openings from Abuta and Horobetsu Verse (section)
A noun inside the verb: 88. Object Noun Incorporation (section)
A participant identified by a clause: 101. P and Pe: Participants, Content, and Clause Endings (section)
A participant or the content of a situation: 141. Nominalization and Focus (section)
A passage from a Chitose tale: 168. A Glossed Passage from a Chitose Prose Tale (section)
A patient with subject marking: 71. Intransitive Subjects and Semantic Roles (section)
A phrase or a compound: 116. Desire, Rusuy, and Compound Predicates (section)
A possessed part as subject: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
A reconstructed plant-name history: 164. Ainu Loans and Place Names in Japanese (section)
A reference paradigm: 62. Person Marking and Argument Roles (section)
A refrain within the rhythmic line: 151. Sakehe, Refrains, and Verse Structure (section)
A relative-headed expression as a copular subject: 141. Nominalization and Focus (section)
A remaining object with three-place bases: 88. Object Noun Incorporation (section)
A retained object: 77. Indefinite Causative -yar and -ar (section)
A rising kernel and a variable later contour: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis (section)
A Sakhalin teaching dialogue: 172. A Glossed Sakhalin Teaching Dialogue (section)
A selected location can be an object: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)
A series of forms with several uses: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses (section)
A Shizunai contrast: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
A situation or content: 101. P and Pe: Participants, Content, and Clause Endings (section)
A subject's own spatial reference point: 85. Reflexive si- in Verbal and Spatial Constructions (section)
A teaching conversation: 171. A Glossed Asahikawa Teaching Conversation (section)
A transitive base with two objects: 78. Applicative Constructions and Their Arguments (section)
A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu
A, Rok, and Aan: Earlier Situations and Discovery: 111. A, Rok, and Aan: Earlier Situations and Discovery
Aan and retrospective discovery: 111. A, Rok, and Aan: Earlier Situations and Discovery (section)
Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions: 174. Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions
Ability and Inability: 117. Ability and Inability
Ability and possibility: 117. Ability and Inability (section)
Absence and Lack: Isam and Sak: 127. Absence and Lack: Isam and Sak
Absence and other existential frames: 97. Existential and Locational Predicates (section)
Accent and the order of changes: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries (section)
Accent and vowel length in historical comparison: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis (section)
Accent as evidence for word structure: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Accent in complex forms: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization
Accent marks: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
Accent systems: 160. Hokkaido Dialect Variation in Sound and Grammar (section)
Accent with person markers: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Accent within the pitch contour: 23. The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split (section)
Accessibility and the comparison equivalent: 103. Relative Clauses and Accessible Relations (section)
Actions and states that overlap: 134. Kor: Simultaneity, Habits, and Conditions (section)
Activity and resulting state: 110. Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An (section)
Adaptation and the donor pronunciation: 163. Japanese Loans and Their Adaptation (section)
Adding an object to the verb's frame: 78. Applicative Constructions and Their Arguments (section)
Additional number marking: 70. Person and Verbal Number (section)
Additional pa and ci: 58. Verbal Number and Stem Alternation (section)
Address and the speaker–hearer relationship: 145. Gender, Address, and Speech Conventions (section)
Address and the worship predicate: 170. A Glossed Ritual Prayer Opening (section)
Addressees and advice: 130. Prohibitions with Iteki and Related Forms (section)
Addressees and other participants: 80. The ko- Applicative (section)
Adjacent nouns and the limits of a semantic rule: 43. Possessive Constructions and Alienability (section)
Adnominal Possession and Double Marking: 46. Adnominal Possession and Double Marking
Adverbial and Intensive No: 61. Adverbial and Intensive No
Adverbial modification: 146. Adverbs, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Adverbial no and clause-linking no: 61. Adverbial and Intensive No (section)
Adverbial uses and degree: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
Adverbials and head-final phrases: 92. Constituent Order and the Verb-Final Clause (section)
Adverbs: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Adverbs, Degree, and Comparison: 146. Adverbs, Degree, and Comparison
Advice and permission: 118. Necessity, Advice, and Permission (section)
Affected participants and different constructions: 87. Middle ci- and the Passive Analysis (section)
Affiliative endings: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Affiliative morphology: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Affiliative Suffix Patterns: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns
Affix order and multiple incorporated elements: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Aims and intended readership: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar
Ainu and Japonic: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
Ainu Loans and Place Names in Japanese: 164. Ainu Loans and Place Names in Japanese
Ainu writers and the Kindaichi–Chiri descriptions: 6. The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research (section)
Akusu and a following development: 133. Hine, Akusu, and Narrative Progression (section)
Alignment and the fourth person: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Alignment depends on person: 62. Person Marking and Argument Roles (section)
Alignment, lexical classes, and voice: 72. Mixed Alignment and Hierarchical Analyses (section)
Altaic and areal comparisons: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
Alternations within a paradigm: 157. Sakhalin Final Consonants and Vowel Length (section)
Ambient conditions and personal sensations: 99. Property Predicates (section)
Ambient predicates and word boundaries: 95. Oblique Expressions and Verbless Utterances (section)
An absent entity: 127. Absence and Lack: Isam and Sak (section)
An Abuta opening: 169. Glossed Openings from Abuta and Horobetsu Verse (section)
An accessibility proposal and its limits: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
An address to the fire deity: 170. A Glossed Ritual Prayer Opening (section)
An apparent exception with no: 91. Manner Compounds and Adverbial Incorporation (section)
An argument without a separate person index: 93. Argument Realization and Person Indexing (section)
An earlier situation in context: 111. A, Rok, and Aan: Earlier Situations and Discovery (section)
An expressed or contextually supplied possessor: 44. Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms (section)
An extended area: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions (section)
An incorporated object: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
An indexed causee and an expressed theme: 76. Causees and Multiple Causative Layers (section)
An instrumental use in Satō's account: 80. The ko- Applicative (section)
An origin and a route through something: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions (section)
An unspecified object and a changed argument frame: 83. Antipassive and Unspecified-Object i- (section)
Anak, anakne, and discourse familiarity: 140. Topics and Anakne (section)
Animacy and differences among descriptions: 41. Nominal Number and Utar (section)
Antipassive and Unspecified-Object i-: 83. Antipassive and Unspecified-Object i-
Appearance and evidential constructions: 112. Kane An, Regional Continuatives, and Appearance (section)
Appearance, inference, and pretence: 137. Manner, Appearance, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Applicative Constructions and Their Arguments: 78. Applicative Constructions and Their Arguments
Applicatives and noun incorporation: 82. Multiple Applicatives, Incorporation, and Relative Clauses (section)
Applied places and direction: 81. The o- Applicative (section)
Approaching an event: 119. Conjecture, Intention, and Prospective Events (section)
Archaeology and language history: 166. Distant Comparison and Early Contact (section)
Argument frames and their expression: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)
Argument Realization and Person Indexing: 93. Argument Realization and Person Indexing
Argument role and event meaning: 71. Intransitive Subjects and Semantic Roles (section)
Argument structure and person marking: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
Arguments and alignment: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms (section)
Arguments and remaining roles: 103. Relative Clauses and Accessible Relations (section)
Arguments, indexes, and expressed phrases: 73. Valency and Voice Constructions (section)
Arguments, indexes, and noun phrases: 93. Argument Realization and Person Indexing (section)
Aspect at narrative transitions: 155. Narrative Aspect and Evidentiality (section)
Aspectual and connective variation: 160. Hokkaido Dialect Variation in Sound and Grammar (section)
Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters
Assimilation of final /r/: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
At the beginning of a syllable: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation (section)
At the end of a syllable: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation (section)
Attributive ne: 96. Copular ne and Nominal Predication (section)
Attributive relations: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Attributive uses and semantic subclasses: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
Audio with transcription and glosses: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
Auxiliary and lexical uses: 117. Ability and Inability (section)
Backgrounding and causal interpretation: 76. Causees and Multiple Causative Layers (section)
Backgrounding and reflexive interpretation: 47. Possessors in Noun Incorporation (section)
Bare verbs and auxiliary constructions: 106. Nominalized Complements and Complex Predicates (section)
Base valency and lexical limits: 81. The o- Applicative (section)
Basic and long forms: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section); 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Batchelor and Piłsudski: 6. The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research (section)
Being in a state and entering it: 99. Property Predicates (section)
Body parts, clothing, tools, and material relations: 43. Possessive Constructions and Alienability (section)
Body parts, objects, and counting: 167. Lexical Fields as Grammatical Evidence (section)
Borrowed forms: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints (section)
Borrowed words and proposed etymologies: 164. Ainu Loans and Place Names in Japanese (section)
Borrowing alongside new word formation: 163. Japanese Loans and Their Adaptation (section)
Boundaries and combined labels: 10. Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions (section)
Boundaries and symbols: 174. Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions (section)
Boundaries, resyllabification, and accent: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
Boundary-derived sequences: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Building numbers around twenty: 54. Numeral Forms and Counting Systems (section)
Capacity and circumstances: 128. Inability, Inexperience, and Lack of Knowledge (section)
Capitals and punctuation: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
Causation changes the participant structure: 73. Valency and Voice Constructions (section)
Causative suffixes and koré: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Causatives and pretending: 85. Reflexive si- in Verbal and Spatial Constructions (section)
Causees and Multiple Causative Layers: 76. Causees and Multiple Causative Layers
Changes at morpheme and word boundaries: 19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r (section)
Changes involving final /r/: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Changes of scene, topic, and actor: 138. Narrative Continuation and Repetition (section)
Character dialogue and mixed narration: 150. Narrative Person and Reported Speech (section)
Chiri Yukie's collection: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
Ciki and cik: directives, questions, and factual uses: 135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions (section)
Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations
Classification and grammatical description: 159. Dialect Classification and Dialectometry (section)
Clausal Negation with Somo: 126. Clausal Negation with Somo
Clause endings and later specifications: 92. Constituent Order and the Verb-Final Clause (section)
Clause endings and regional differences: 120. Formal Nouns and Evidential Constructions (section)
Clause Linkage and Its Analyses: 131. Clause Linkage and Its Analyses
Clauses with no head-related gap: 104. General Heads, Gapless Clauses, and Internal-Head Analyses (section)
Colonization and language shift: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History (section)
Combination and homophony: 79. The e- Applicative (section)
Combinations and emphatic endings: 143. Sentence-Final Particles and Interaction (section)
Combinations and their interpretation: 125. Evidential Combinations, Discovery, and Structural Change (section)
Combinations are not simple concatenations: 62. Person Marking and Argument Roles (section)
Combinations with nominal heads: 50. Demonstratives and Reference (section)
Comitative objects and incorporation: 80. The ko- Applicative (section)
Commands, Requests, and Prohibitions: 114. Commands, Requests, and Prohibitions
Common correspondences: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
Common derivational effects: 73. Valency and Voice Constructions (section)
Common nouns and the affiliative form: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Comparing dialects and analyses: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Comparing source labels: 174. Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions (section)
Comparing the analyses: 120. Formal Nouns and Evidential Constructions (section)
Comparing the processes: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Comparing transcriptions: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
Comparison through a relative construction: 137. Manner, Appearance, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Comparison with Japanese: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation (section)
Comparison with o- and complex formations: 80. The ko- Applicative (section)
Comparison with Sakhalin vowel length: 23. The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split (section)
Comparison, equality, and particular intensity: 146. Adverbs, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Competing accounts of incorporation: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Competing analyses: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Competing analyses of intervocalic glides: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Competing consonant reconstructions: 156. Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Prosody (section)
Competing incorporation analyses: 116. Desire, Rusuy, and Compound Predicates (section)
Competing phonological accounts: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
Complements without an overt nominalizer: 106. Nominalized Complements and Complex Predicates (section)
Complete utterances without a verbal predicate: 95. Oblique Expressions and Verbless Utterances (section)
Completion relative to a time: 109. Time Reference Without Obligatory Tense (section)
Completion, Repetition, and Event Phases: 113. Completion, Repetition, and Event Phases
Complex noun phrases and claims about displacement: 94. Noun Phrases and Pronominal-Argument Analyses (section)
Complex words and related forms: 25. Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs (section)
Compound counts with a lexical noun: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
Compound nouns and two incorporated objects: 88. Object Noun Incorporation (section)
Compounds and explicit clause relations: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Compounds and locative connections: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Compounds and phrases: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Concept, affiliative, and personal forms: 44. Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms (section)
Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms: 44. Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms
Conceptual noun forms: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Concession and contrary expectations: 135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions (section)
Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions: 135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions
Conditions and the following clause: 135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions (section)
Conditions to keep distinct: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Conjecture with nankor: 119. Conjecture, Intention, and Prospective Events (section)
Conjecture, Intention, and Prospective Events: 119. Conjecture, Intention, and Prospective Events
Conjunctions: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Connected events with wa: 132. Wa, Connected Events, and Ayne (section)
Connected speech, dialect forms, and spelling: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries (section)
Connected-speech environments: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation (section)
Connecting predicates and events: 131. Clause Linkage and Its Analyses (section)
Connective Expressions in Discourse: 147. Connective Expressions in Discourse
Connective words and clause endings: 147. Connective Expressions in Discourse (section)
Consonant alternation and stem-forming pa: 58. Verbal Number and Stem Alternation (section)
Consonants and vowels across lexical items: 160. Hokkaido Dialect Variation in Sound and Grammar (section)
Consonants at the copy boundary: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
Consonants in connected speech: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Consonants in the coda: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints (section)
Constituent order: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Constituent Order and the Verb-Final Clause: 92. Constituent Order and the Verb-Final Clause
Contact on Sakhalin: 165. Northern Contact and Borrowing (section)
Context and focus interpretations: 141. Nominalization and Focus (section)
Contextually omitted noun phrases: 93. Argument Realization and Person Indexing (section)
Continuing a narrative: 138. Narrative Continuation and Repetition (section)
Continuity across connected clauses: 139. Reference Tracking and Omitted Expressions (section)
Contraction and vowel deletion: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Conventional activities and lexical restrictions: 83. Antipassive and Unspecified-Object i- (section)
Conventional words and productive phrases: 102. Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization (section)
Conversion and disputed category boundaries: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Converting between Latin and kana: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
Coordination and number distinctions: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Coordination within a phrase: 147. Connective Expressions in Discourse (section)
Copular ne and Nominal Predication: 96. Copular ne and Nominal Predication
Copular Negation and Clause Endings: 100. Copular Negation and Clause Endings
Copying roots and stems: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
Counters and the classifier analysis: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
Dal Corso's incorporation analysis: 104. General Heads, Gapless Clauses, and Internal-Head Analyses (section)
Days, repetitions, and conventional quantities: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
Deliberation and wishes: 115. Invitations, Deliberation, and Wishes (section)
Demonstrative modifiers: 50. Demonstratives and Reference (section)
Demonstrative prenominals: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Demonstratives and Reference: 50. Demonstratives and Reference
Dependence and clause modification: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
Derivational morphology: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
Derivational prefixes: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Derived and converted adverbs: 146. Adverbs, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Derived predicates: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms (section)
Derived valency and person forms: 71. Intransitive Subjects and Semantic Roles (section)
Desire after a predicate: 116. Desire, Rusuy, and Compound Predicates (section)
Desire, Rusuy, and Compound Predicates: 116. Desire, Rusuy, and Compound Predicates
Devoicing: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Devoicing and frication in clusters: 19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r (section)
Diagnostics of word boundaries: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Dialect and predicate selection: 105. Quotation, Logophoric Speech, and Indirect Reports (section)
Dialect and register limits: 128. Inability, Inexperience, and Lack of Knowledge (section)
Dialect and source coverage: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation (section)
Dialect and speaker attribution: 10. Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions (section)
Dialect Classification and Dialectometry: 159. Dialect Classification and Dialectometry
Dialect comparison: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Dialect comparison and post-war grammars: 6. The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research (section)
Dialect coverage: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
Dialect differences: 23. The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split (section); 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions (section)
Dialect differences in parent and sibling terms: 48. Kinship, Address, and Possession (section)
Dialect labels and locality: 174. Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions (section)
Dialectal comparisons: 19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r (section)
Dialects and varieties: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Dictionaries: 7. Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record (section)
Differences between the locative analyses: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Different accounts of the structure: 131. Clause Linkage and Its Analyses (section)
Different questions about a noun-modifying clause: 104. General Heads, Gapless Clauses, and Internal-Head Analyses (section)
Different routes for related goods: 165. Northern Contact and Borrowing (section)
Different uses of kar: 60. Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots (section)
Diminutive and affective -po: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation
Diphthong terminology: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Direct and reported citations: 7. Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record (section)
Direct commands: 114. Commands, Requests, and Prohibitions (section)
Direct, logophoric, and indirect analyses: 105. Quotation, Logophoric Speech, and Indirect Reports (section)
Directed relations: 80. The ko- Applicative (section)
Directive force and grammatical person: 118. Necessity, Advice, and Permission (section)
Directives with person marking: 130. Prohibitions with Iteki and Related Forms (section)
Disappearance and a completed change: 113. Completion, Repetition, and Event Phases (section)
Distant Comparison and Early Contact: 166. Distant Comparison and Early Contact
Duration and a subsequent development: ayne: 132. Wa, Connected Events, and Ayne (section)
Early Japanese contact: a disputed extent: 166. Distant Comparison and Early Contact (section)
Early written records: 6. The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research (section)
Eastern dialect correspondences: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Eci and Person Interactions: 65. Eci and Person Interactions
Elevated wording and performance: 153. Poetic and Elevated Language (section)
Embedded questions and proposed histories: 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions (section)
Embedded questions and replies: 144. Questions and Interrogative Particles (section)
Emphasis, contrast, and particles: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns (section)
Emphasis, degree, and ordinary continuation: 112. Kane An, Regional Continuatives, and Appearance (section)
Emphatic forms: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
Enumeration forms: 54. Numeral Forms and Counting Systems (section)
Evidence and generalization: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
Evidence and methods: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
Evidence for a word boundary: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Evidence from nominalization: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Evidence labels: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section); 10. Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions (section)
Evidential Combinations, Discovery, and Structural Change: 125. Evidential Combinations, Discovery, and Structural Change
Evidential endings after ne: 100. Copular Negation and Clause Endings (section)
Evidential expressions: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Example provenance: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
Examples and corpus figures: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Exceptional short stems and irregular forms: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Exceptions to first-element priority: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Exclamation and retrospective discovery: 125. Evidential Combinations, Discovery, and Structural Change (section)
Exclamations and wishes: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation (section)
Existence and location: 97. Existential and Locational Predicates (section)
Existential and Locational Predicates: 97. Existential and Locational Predicates
Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An: 110. Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An
Existential combinations and participant identity: 108. Time, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality (section)
Expanded verbs and person placement: 153. Poetic and Elevated Language (section)
Extent and degree: 137. Manner, Appearance, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Extent of an action and lexical restrictions: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
External comparison: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
External-affiliation proposals: 166. Distant Comparison and Early Contact (section)
Final /n/ before continuants: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Final /r/ before another /r/: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Final /r/ in different environments: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Final /t/ before /i/: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Final glides: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
Final glides as consonants: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Final h in Sakhalin material: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
Final n: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
Final r and its vowel-like release: 19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r (section)
Final r and vowel-like release: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
Final r follows a different pattern: 157. Sakhalin Final Consonants and Vowel Length (section)
Final stops and their Sakhalin counterparts: 157. Sakhalin Final Consonants and Vowel Length (section)
Finding syllable boundaries: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints (section)
Finding the relevant construction: 167. Lexical Fields as Grammatical Evidence (section)
Finishing an action: 113. Completion, Repetition, and Event Phases (section)
First- and Second-Person Singular: 63. First- and Second-Person Singular
First-element priority in compounds: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
First-Person Plural and Clusivity: 64. First-Person Plural and Clusivity
First-person subjects and contraction: 63. First- and Second-Person Singular (section)
Following a citation: 10. Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions (section)
Following a model: koraci: 137. Manner, Appearance, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Food and clothing: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Formal and regional endings: 125. Evidential Combinations, Discovery, and Structural Change (section)
Formal nouns: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Formal nouns and clause endings: 141. Nominalization and Focus (section)
Formal Nouns and Evidential Constructions: 120. Formal Nouns and Evidential Constructions
Formal nouns and judgments about a situation: 120. Formal Nouns and Evidential Constructions (section)
Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions
Formal nouns and their modifiers: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
Formal nouns as heads: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Formation accounts and historical limits: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns (section)
Forms and lexical restrictions: 61. Adverbial and Intensive No (section)
Forms and phrase scope: 101. P and Pe: Participants, Content, and Clause Endings (section)
Forms in isolation and in combination: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Four constructional types: 79. The e- Applicative (section)
Four participants in a textual example: 76. Causees and Multiple Causative Layers (section)
Four subclasses in Nakagawa's account: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Fourth person and the number of referents: 70. Person and Verbal Number (section)
Fourth Person in Respectful Address: 68. Fourth Person in Respectful Address
Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses
Fourth-person i= and derivational i-: 66. Object Indexing and Three-Place Verbs (section)
Free choice: 129. Indefinite Expressions and Negation (section)
Further grammatical distinctions: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Gender, Address, and Speech Conventions: 145. Gender, Address, and Speech Conventions
General heads remain heads: 104. General Heads, Gapless Clauses, and Internal-Head Analyses (section)
General Heads, Gapless Clauses, and Internal-Head Analyses: 104. General Heads, Gapless Clauses, and Internal-Head Analyses
Generic and unspecified possessors: 44. Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms (section)
Generic reference and conventional events: 88. Object Noun Incorporation (section)
Genre and grammatical interpretation: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution
Glides: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization (section)
Glides at syllable beginnings: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Glides at vowel boundaries: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Glides between vowels: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
Glides in syllables and at boundaries: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question
Gloss abbreviations: 174. Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions (section)
Glossary of Grammatical Terms: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms
Glossed Openings from Abuta and Horobetsu Verse: 169. Glossed Openings from Abuta and Horobetsu Verse
Glottal closure and h: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
Glottal realization between vowels: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/
Glottal-stop notation: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Grammar across verse lines: 169. Glossed Openings from Abuta and Horobetsu Verse (section)
Grammatical abbreviations: 10. Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions (section)
Grammatical conditions and unresolved uses: 44. Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms (section)
Grouping words into larger units: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation (section)
Habitual activity and continuing circumstances: 110. Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An (section)
Habitual and conditional kor: 134. Kor: Simultaneity, Habits, and Conditions (section)
Habitual conditions and factual sequences: 135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions (section)
Hawe as and the source of a report: 123. Hawe: Voice, Wording, and Reports (section)
Hawe: Voice, Wording, and Reports: 123. Hawe: Voice, Wording, and Reports
He after phrases and predicates: 144. Questions and Interrogative Particles (section)
Head marking and the indexed noun phrase: 94. Noun Phrases and Pronominal-Argument Analyses (section)
Heads and modifying expressions: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Heads, modifiers, and accent: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Heads, nominalizers, and their meanings: 102. Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization (section)
Hi, places, and content clauses: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
Hi: content, time, and place: 102. Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization (section)
Higher valency and derivation: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)
Hine and the presentation of successive information: 133. Hine, Akusu, and Narrative Progression (section)
Hine, Akusu, and Narrative Progression: 133. Hine, Akusu, and Narrative Progression
Historical analysis and the Sakhalin comparison: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Historical dating and uncertain comparisons: 163. Japanese Loans and Their Adaptation (section)
Historical dictionaries and manuscripts: 7. Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record (section)
Historical interpretation: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Historical interpretations: 150. Narrative Person and Reported Speech (section)
Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition
Historical overcounting: 54. Numeral Forms and Counting Systems (section)
Historical range: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History (section)
Historical setting and language shift: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization (section)
Hokkaido and Sakhalin final consonants: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
Hokkaido Dialect Variation in Sound and Grammar: 160. Hokkaido Dialect Variation in Sound and Grammar
Honorific address: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses (section)
Honorific fourth person: 48. Kinship, Address, and Possession (section)
Honorific objects and different referents: 68. Fourth Person in Respectful Address (section)
Honorific, narrative, and quoted-speaker reference: 68. Fourth Person in Respectful Address (section)
How borrowing direction is argued: 165. Northern Contact and Borrowing (section)
How much work the contrast does: 25. Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs (section)
How the conventions developed: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
How the terms are used: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms (section)
Humi ne and its continuations: 124. Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience (section)
Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience: 124. Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience
Identifying a causee in an oblique phrase: 77. Indefinite Causative -yar and -ar (section)
Identity and classification with ne: 96. Copular ne and Nominal Predication (section)
Inability, Inexperience, and Lack of Knowledge: 128. Inability, Inexperience, and Lack of Knowledge
Inclusive and indefinite reference: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses (section)
Inclusive invitations and exclusive reports: 64. First-Person Plural and Clusivity (section)
Incorporation after an applicative: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Incorporation, change, and lack: 98. Predicative Possession (section)
Incorporation, lexical units, and complex verbs: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure
Indefinite causation without an added object: 77. Indefinite Causative -yar and -ar (section)
Indefinite Causative -yar and -ar: 77. Indefinite Causative -yar and -ar
Indefinite Expressions and Negation: 129. Indefinite Expressions and Negation
Indefinite expressions in positive and negative sentences: 129. Indefinite Expressions and Negation (section)
Indefinite-person forms in passive constructions: 87. Middle ci- and the Passive Analysis (section)
Independence and contextual reference: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Independent endings and adverbial clauses: 102. Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization (section)
Independent Personal Pronouns: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns
Independent predicates and auxiliary uses: 128. Inability, Inexperience, and Lack of Knowledge (section)
Independent pronouns and person markers: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns (section)
Independent responses and speech within a clause: 148. Interjections and Mimetic Formations (section)
Independent uses and regional comparison: 136. Reasons, Purposes, and Desired Outcomes (section)
Independent verbs and bound roots: 60. Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots (section)
Independent verbs and incorporation: 81. The o- Applicative (section)
Indirect content and the reporting viewpoint: 105. Quotation, Logophoric Speech, and Indirect Reports (section)
Indirect directives: 114. Commands, Requests, and Prohibitions (section)
Inference and the absence of a feeling: 124. Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience (section)
Insertion after particular prefixes: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Institutions and public support: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization (section)
Instrument expressions: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Instrumental objects: 79. The e- Applicative (section)
Intensive no and other derivations: 60. Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots (section)
Intensive no remains verbal: 61. Adverbial and Intensive No (section)
Intention and prospective events: 119. Conjecture, Intention, and Prospective Events (section)
Intentionality and direct participation: 84. Reflexive yay- and Its Extensions (section)
Interaction forms and proposed hierarchies: 72. Mixed Alignment and Hierarchical Analyses (section)
Interaction with applicatives and higher valency: 83. Antipassive and Unspecified-Object i- (section)
Interaction with person prefixes: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Interjection morphology and verbal uses: 148. Interjections and Mimetic Formations (section)
Interjections: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Interjections and changing greeting conventions: 145. Gender, Address, and Speech Conventions (section)
Interjections and Mimetic Formations: 148. Interjections and Mimetic Formations
Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions: 10. Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions
Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization: 158. Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization
Interpretation and internal structure: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Interpreting a repeated form: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
Interpreting corpus figures: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
Interpreting vowel counts: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions: 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions
Interrogative and indefinite uses: 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions (section)
Interrogatives and kinship cross different boundaries: 161. Lexical Geography and Survey History (section)
Intransitive Subjects and Semantic Roles: 71. Intransitive Subjects and Semantic Roles
Intransitives and the role of the subject: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
Invitations, Deliberation, and Wishes: 115. Invitations, Deliberation, and Wishes
Inviting agreement: 115. Invitations, Deliberation, and Wishes (section)
Isolate status and internal diversity: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
Japanese contact as a proposed explanation: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation (section)
Japanese Loans and Their Adaptation: 163. Japanese Loans and Their Adaptation
Joint participation and sociatives: 86. Reciprocal u- and Joint Participation (section)
Juncture and resyllabification: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
Ka and the analysis of somo ki: 126. Clausal Negation with Somo (section)
Ka with lexical and grammatical negation: 129. Indefinite Expressions and Negation (section)
Kan an and tek an: 112. Kane An, Regional Continuatives, and Appearance (section)
Kane an and the situation that continues: 112. Kane An, Regional Continuatives, and Appearance (section)
Kane An, Regional Continuatives, and Appearance: 112. Kane An, Regional Continuatives, and Appearance
Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas
Ki as the indexed main verb: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs (section)
Ki referring back to an earlier predicate: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs (section)
Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs
Kinship nouns: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Kinship terms have several grammatical patterns: 48. Kinship, Address, and Possession (section)
Kinship, Address, and Possession: 48. Kinship, Address, and Possession
Knowledge and information processing: 121. Ruwe: Fact, Knowledge, and Clause Endings (section)
Kor an and the comparison with wa and no: 134. Kor: Simultaneity, Habits, and Conditions (section)
Kor with an affiliative noun: 46. Adnominal Possession and Double Marking (section)
Kor: Simultaneity, Habits, and Conditions: 134. Kor: Simultaneity, Habits, and Conditions
Koré: accent and lexical history: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Kunak and yak in indirect reports: 107. Kuni, Indirect Complements, and Purpose Clauses (section)
Kuni before a predicate of speech or thought: 107. Kuni, Indirect Complements, and Purpose Clauses (section)
Kuni, Indirect Complements, and Purpose Clauses: 107. Kuni, Indirect Complements, and Purpose Clauses
Kuni: obligation and expectation: 118. Necessity, Advice, and Permission (section)
Kunine and a desired outcome: 136. Reasons, Purposes, and Desired Outcomes (section)
Kusu: purpose and reason: 136. Reasons, Purposes, and Desired Outcomes (section)
Lacking something with sak: 127. Absence and Lack: Isam and Sak (section)
Language history and the history of populations: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
Learning and opportunities for use: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization (section)
Learning resources: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Length and accent: 156. Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Prosody (section)
Length and lengthening: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Letters and sound values: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
Lexical alternatives and their limits: 127. Absence and Lack: Isam and Sak (section)
Lexical and morphological exceptions: 23. The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split (section)
Lexical classes in incorporation and applicatives: 71. Intransitive Subjects and Semantic Roles (section)
Lexical differences among combinations: 50. Demonstratives and Reference (section)
Lexical extensions and combinations: 84. Reflexive yay- and Its Extensions (section)
Lexical Fields as Grammatical Evidence: 167. Lexical Fields as Grammatical Evidence
Lexical formation and productive derivation: 60. Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots (section)
Lexical forms and proposed etymologies: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Lexical frames and theoretical arity: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)
Lexical Geography and Survey History: 161. Lexical Geography and Survey History
Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization: 102. Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization
Lexical information: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Lexical interpretation and disagreements: 110. Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An (section)
Lexical meanings and aspect: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
Lexical meanings of inability and ignorance: 128. Inability, Inexperience, and Lack of Knowledge (section)
Lexical pairs and morphological analysis: 73. Valency and Voice Constructions (section)
Lexical plurals and repeated forms: 41. Nominal Number and Utar (section)
Lexical range and corpus observations: 98. Predicative Possession (section)
Lexical Verb Pairs and Causative -ka: 75. Lexical Verb Pairs and Causative -ka
Lexical verbs in derived predicates: 158. Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization (section)
Lexical, dialect, and genre differences: 43. Possessive Constructions and Alienability (section)
Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs: 25. Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs
Lexicalization and clause structure: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Lexicalization at the phrase boundary: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Lexicalized formations: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
Lexicalized meaning: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Limits of the conversational record: 145. Gender, Address, and Speech Conventions (section)
Listen and watch before imitating: 168. A Glossed Passage from a Chitose Prose Tale (section)
Location and other role information: 93. Argument Realization and Person Indexing (section)
Location and the argument–adjunct distinction: 95. Oblique Expressions and Verbless Utterances (section)
Location, direction, and arrival: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions (section)
Locations and following case particles: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Locative nouns and grammatical locations: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Locative objects and separable formations: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
Logophoric speech and indirect complements: 150. Narrative Person and Reported Speech (section)
Manner adverbs from property predicates: 61. Adverbial and Intensive No (section)
Manner Compounds and Adverbial Incorporation: 91. Manner Compounds and Adverbial Incorporation
Manner expressed inside a verbal stem: 91. Manner Compounds and Adverbial Incorporation (section)
Manner expressions and auxiliary uses: 99. Property Predicates (section)
Manner, Appearance, Degree, and Comparison: 137. Manner, Appearance, Degree, and Comparison
Marking on the possessed noun: 46. Adnominal Possession and Double Marking (section)
Meaning, alternation, and narrator changes: 151. Sakehe, Refrains, and Verse Structure (section)
Meanings and lexical restrictions: 78. Applicative Constructions and Their Arguments (section)
Metrical additions and formula variation: 153. Poetic and Elevated Language (section)
Middle ci- and resultative descriptions: 87. Middle ci- and the Passive Analysis (section)
Middle ci- and the Passive Analysis: 87. Middle ci- and the Passive Analysis
Minimum alternatives and additive expressions: 140. Topics and Anakne (section)
Mixed Alignment and Hierarchical Analyses: 72. Mixed Alignment and Hierarchical Analyses
Modality, evidentiality, and sentence type: 108. Time, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality (section)
Modern descriptions: 7. Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record (section)
More specific obstacles: 117. Ability and Inability (section)
Morphological restrictions: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Motion causatives with -ke: 75. Lexical Verb Pairs and Causative -ka (section)
Mountain and offshore avoidance vocabulary: 154. Respectful, Ritual, and Avoidance Registers (section)
Mouth, lip, and tongue: 161. Lexical Geography and Survey History (section)
Multiple Applicatives, Incorporation, and Relative Clauses: 82. Multiple Applicatives, Incorporation, and Relative Clauses
Mutual action: 86. Reciprocal u- and Joint Participation (section)
Na, wa, and un in interaction: 143. Sentence-Final Particles and Interaction (section)
Nakagawa's one-word and two-word realizations: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Names and self-designation: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History (section)
Names containing kor and kur: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Narration and speech within a story: 155. Narrative Aspect and Evidentiality (section)
Narrative and logophoric reference: 139. Reference Tracking and Omitted Expressions (section)
Narrative Aspect and Evidentiality: 155. Narrative Aspect and Evidentiality
Narrative Continuation and Repetition: 138. Narrative Continuation and Repetition
Narrative Person and Reported Speech: 150. Narrative Person and Reported Speech
Narrative perspective and grammatical person: 149. Oral-Literary Genres and Their Regional Names (section)
Narrative perspective and person forms: 150. Narrative Person and Reported Speech (section)
Narrative possession and existential clauses: 48. Kinship, Address, and Possession (section)
Narrative reference and historical proposals: 65. Eci and Person Interactions (section)
Nasal place assimilation: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Nasals and place assimilation: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization (section)
Nasals before p and m: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Natural phenomena and zero-argument predicates: 89. Subject Incorporation and External Possessors (section)
Natural-force actors and affected subjects: 89. Subject Incorporation and External Possessors (section)
Necessity, Advice, and Permission: 118. Necessity, Advice, and Permission
Negating nominal predication: 100. Copular Negation and Clause Endings (section)
Negation and clause endings: 96. Copular ne and Nominal Predication (section)
Negation and further combinations: 110. Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An (section)
Negation and neighboring constructions: 121. Ruwe: Fact, Knowledge, and Clause Endings (section)
Negation and pronunciation: 132. Wa, Connected Events, and Ayne (section)
Negation and verse: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs (section)
Negation, ordering, and further reading: 120. Formal Nouns and Evidential Constructions (section)
Nested relations: 46. Adnominal Possession and Double Marking (section)
Nivkh and northern contact: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
Nominal Compounds and Their Structure: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure
Nominal conversion and noun-based derivation: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Nominal e- and applicative e-: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Nominal endings in questions: 144. Questions and Interrogative Particles (section)
Nominal function without a separate nominalizer: 141. Nominalization and Focus (section)
Nominal juxtaposition and compounds: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Nominal Number and Utar: 41. Nominal Number and Utar
Nominal origins and grammatical functions: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
Nominal predicates and evidential scope: 126. Clausal Negation with Somo (section)
Nominal structure and possible reanalysis: 125. Evidential Combinations, Discovery, and Structural Change (section)
Nominal Subclasses and Dependence: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence
Nominalization and Focus: 141. Nominalization and Focus
Nominalization and number: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Nominalized Complements and Complex Predicates: 106. Nominalized Complements and Complex Predicates
Nominalizers and evidential forms: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Northern Contact and Borrowing: 165. Northern Contact and Borrowing
Notation and reference aids: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns
Noun forms in evidential constructions: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
Noun Phrases and Pronominal-Argument Analyses: 94. Noun Phrases and Pronominal-Argument Analyses
Noun-Phrase Structure: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure
Nouns: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Nouns after a lexical predicate: 142. Word Order in Context (section)
Nouns and property predicates: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Nouns with p and pe: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Nouns without obligatory number marking: 41. Nominal Number and Utar (section)
Number: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Number and repetition: 111. A, Rok, and Aan: Earlier Situations and Discovery (section)
Number is a property of particular verb stems: 58. Verbal Number and Stem Alternation (section)
Number markers and the stem boundary: 69. Person-Marker Order and Stem Boundaries (section)
Number morphology and the outer boundary: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries (section)
Number, dialect, and narrative person: 97. Existential and Locational Predicates (section)
Numeral Forms and Counting Systems: 54. Numeral Forms and Counting Systems
Numeral nouns as independent expressions: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
Numeral stems, numeral nouns, and counting aloud: 54. Numeral Forms and Counting Systems (section)
Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity
Numerals and number marking: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
Numerals and plural stems: 70. Person and Verbal Number (section)
Numerals before and after a noun: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
Numerals before and after the noun: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Object forms and their references: 64. First-Person Plural and Clusivity (section)
Object incorporation has different restrictions: 47. Possessors in Noun Incorporation (section)
Object Indexing and Three-Place Verbs: 66. Object Indexing and Three-Place Verbs
Object Noun Incorporation: 88. Object Noun Incorporation
Oblique Expressions and Verbless Utterances: 95. Oblique Expressions and Verbless Utterances
Observations outside published descriptions: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
Okkaypo and okkayopo: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
Older Latin transcription: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
Older plural accounts and the Ishikari comparison: 77. Indefinite Causative -yar and -ar (section)
Older spellings of final /r/: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
One sibilant phoneme, several realizations: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation (section)
Onset realization and weakening: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
Or ta, otta, and dialect-specific independence: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Or, oro, and the limits of the proposal: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Oral-Literary Genres and Their Regional Names: 149. Oral-Literary Genres and Their Regional Names
Ordering constraints and constituent analyses: 142. Word Order in Context (section)
Ordinal expressions: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
Organization: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Orowa and related connective expressions: 138. Narrative Continuation and Repetition (section)
Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem
Other consonant-final stems: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Other event contours: 113. Completion, Repetition, and Event Phases (section)
Other formations with kar: 75. Lexical Verb Pairs and Causative -ka (section)
Other nominalizing forms and possessed nouns: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Other predicates and auxiliary constructions: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs (section)
Other prohibitive expressions: 130. Prohibitions with Iteki and Related Forms (section)
Other quantity expressions: 55. Numeral Syntax, Ordinals, and Quantity (section)
P and pe: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
P and Pe: Participants, Content, and Clause Endings: 101. P and Pe: Participants, Content, and Clause Endings
Paired expressions: 152. Parallelism, Couplets, and Paired Expressions (section)
Pairs with different stems: 58. Verbal Number and Stem Alternation (section)
Palatalization and consonant sequences: 156. Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Prosody (section)
Parallelism in prose: 152. Parallelism, Couplets, and Paired Expressions (section)
Parallelism, Couplets, and Paired Expressions: 152. Parallelism, Couplets, and Paired Expressions
Participant changes and narrative boundaries: 133. Hine, Akusu, and Narrative Progression (section)
Participant reference and structural analysis: 106. Nominalized Complements and Complex Predicates (section)
Participants across a chain: 131. Clause Linkage and Its Analyses (section)
Participants identified by nouns and phrases: 70. Person and Verbal Number (section)
Particles and auxiliaries: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Particles following place expressions: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions (section)
Pauses and sentence boundaries: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
People, expectations, and clause endings: 101. P and Pe: Participants, Content, and Clause Endings (section)
People, plurality, and prospective complements: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
Perception and content: 106. Nominalized Complements and Complex Predicates (section)
Performance roles and genre names: 145. Gender, Address, and Speech Conventions (section)
Permission, coercion, and causal distance: 74. The Productive Causative -re, -te, and -e (section)
Person and naming in prayer: 154. Respectful, Ritual, and Avoidance Registers (section)
Person and nominalization: proposed histories: 158. Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization (section)
Person and numerals: 162. Sakhalin and Northern Kuril Comparisons (section)
Person and reference: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms (section)
Person and the force of the advice: 168. A Glossed Passage from a Chitose Prose Tale (section)
Person and Verbal Number: 70. Person and Verbal Number
Person changes with the participant's role: 171. A Glossed Asahikawa Teaching Conversation (section)
Person markers and their phonological neighbors: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries (section)
Person markers and word boundaries: 62. Person Marking and Argument Roles (section)
Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries
Person Marking and Argument Roles: 62. Person Marking and Argument Roles
Person marking and verbal number: 160. Hokkaido Dialect Variation in Sound and Grammar (section)
Person marking around a derived stem: 69. Person-Marker Order and Stem Boundaries (section)
Person marking identifies the reference point: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Person marking on ordinary nouns: 44. Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms (section)
Person marking on predicates: 62. Person Marking and Argument Roles (section)
Person marking on reduplicated verbs: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
Person marking on the verb: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Person marking, valency, and incorporation type: 47. Possessors in Noun Incorporation (section)
Person number and verbal number: 70. Person and Verbal Number (section)
Person zones require their own paradigms: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries (section)
Person-Marker Order and Stem Boundaries: 69. Person-Marker Order and Stem Boundaries
Person-marker position: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Phonetic distribution: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
Phonetic quality: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Phonetic transitions and phonological glides: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Phonological and historical analyses: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Phonology and the status of person markers: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries (section)
Phrasal and Utterance Intonation: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation
Pitch accent in the descriptive literature: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis (section)
Place expressions and formation accounts: 50. Demonstratives and Reference (section)
Place heads usi and uske: 102. Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization (section)
Place names as linguistic records: 164. Ainu Loans and Place Names in Japanese (section)
Place Particles and Motion Expressions: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions
Place, quantity, and choice: 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions (section)
Places and paths: 79. The e- Applicative (section)
Places and possessors: 103. Relative Clauses and Accessible Relations (section)
Plants, fruit, and affiliative forms: 167. Lexical Fields as Grammatical Evidence (section)
Plural nouns and verbal number: 41. Nominal Number and Utar (section)
Plural reference does not always require a plural stem: 58. Verbal Number and Stem Alternation (section)
Poetic and Elevated Language: 153. Poetic and Elevated Language
Polysynthesis and incorporation: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Polysynthesis as a broader description: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Pon, poro, and differences among property meanings: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
Possessed noun forms: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Possessed stems and an external possessor: 89. Subject Incorporation and External Possessors (section)
Possessibility as a grammatical property: 43. Possessive Constructions and Alienability (section)
Possession: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Possession and modifier placement: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Possession and number: 162. Sakhalin and Northern Kuril Comparisons (section)
Possession and the expansion of kor: 158. Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization (section)
Possession and the other incorporation types: 88. Object Noun Incorporation (section)
Possessive classifier verbs: 46. Adnominal Possession and Double Marking (section)
Possessive Constructions and Alienability: 43. Possessive Constructions and Alienability
Possessor and actor names: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Possessors and the history of the verbal functions: 85. Reflexive si- in Verbal and Spatial Constructions (section)
Possessors in Noun Incorporation: 47. Possessors in Noun Incorporation
Possessors within nominal expressions: 46. Adnominal Possession and Double Marking (section)
Postposed adverbs and classification differences: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions (section)
Postpositional adverbs and their antecedents: 146. Adverbs, Degree, and Comparison (section)
Prayer and incantation: 154. Respectful, Ritual, and Avoidance Registers (section)
Prayer and regional alternatives: 68. Fourth Person in Respectful Address (section)
Predicates without an indexed participant: 71. Intransitive Subjects and Semantic Roles (section)
Predicates, arguments, and modifiers: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Predication and person marking: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
Predicative Possession: 98. Predicative Possession
Predictable accent and lexical exceptions: 25. Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs (section)
Predictable patterns and lexical choices: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Prefix and suffix combinations: 69. Person-Marker Order and Stem Boundaries (section)
Prefixes included in accent placement: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Prefixes that preserve stem accent: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Prehistory and archaeological interpretation: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History (section)
Prenominals: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Prenominals and the historical adjective category: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
Presenting a topic or contrast: 140. Topics and Anakne (section)
Presenting something as fact: 121. Ruwe: Fact, Knowledge, and Clause Endings (section)
Preverbal order and interpretation: 142. Word Order in Context (section)
Preverbal order and participant interpretation: 92. Constituent Order and the Verb-Final Clause (section)
Principal descriptions: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Productivity and the limits of a formation: 74. The Productive Causative -re, -te, and -e (section)
Prohibitions: 114. Commands, Requests, and Prohibitions (section)
Prohibitions with iteki: 130. Prohibitions with Iteki and Related Forms (section)
Prohibitions with Iteki and Related Forms: 130. Prohibitions with Iteki and Related Forms
Pronouns and formal nouns: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Proper names: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Property meanings expressed by verbs: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
Property predicates: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Property Predicates: 99. Property Predicates
Property predicates and other prenominals: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis
Property verbs and lexical combinations: 91. Manner Compounds and Adverbial Incorporation (section)
Property words as predicates: 99. Property Predicates (section)
Prospective and current situations: 109. Time Reference Without Obligatory Tense (section)
Prospective nominal expressions: 107. Kuni, Indirect Complements, and Purpose Clauses (section)
Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Prosody: 156. Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Prosody
Purpose and content: 79. The e- Applicative (section)
Purpose linkage with kunine: 107. Kuni, Indirect Complements, and Purpose Clauses (section)
Question types and intonation: 144. Questions and Interrogative Particles (section)
Question words belong to several classes: 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions (section)
Questions and expectations of a response: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation (section)
Questions and final particles: 172. A Glossed Sakhalin Teaching Dialogue (section)
Questions and Interrogative Particles: 144. Questions and Interrogative Particles
Questions and replies: 121. Ruwe: Fact, Knowledge, and Clause Endings (section)
Questions and the boundary of an utterance: 143. Sentence-Final Particles and Interaction (section)
Quotation, Logophoric Speech, and Indirect Reports: 105. Quotation, Logophoric Speech, and Indirect Reports
Quoted speech and person reference: 105. Quotation, Logophoric Speech, and Indirect Reports (section)
Rapok and overlapping situations: 147. Connective Expressions in Discourse (section)
Reading a distribution map: 161. Lexical Geography and Survey History (section)
Reading a kana source: 13. Reading Ainu Across Writing Systems (section)
Reading across writing systems: 13. Reading Ainu Across Writing Systems (section)
Reading Ainu Across Writing Systems: 13. Reading Ainu Across Writing Systems
Reading an edited performance: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
Reading an example: 10. Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions (section)
Reading the evidence: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Reading the notation in this grammar: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Realizations of r: 19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r (section)
Reanalysis and dialectometry: 159. Dialect Classification and Dialectometry (section)
Reasons with wa kusu and hi kusu: 136. Reasons, Purposes, and Desired Outcomes (section)
Reasons, Purposes, and Desired Outcomes: 136. Reasons, Purposes, and Desired Outcomes
Recent change, brief action, and repetition: 113. Completion, Repetition, and Event Phases (section)
Recipients and themes: 66. Object Indexing and Three-Place Verbs (section)
Reciprocal possession: 86. Reciprocal u- and Joint Participation (section)
Reciprocal u- and Joint Participation: 86. Reciprocal u- and Joint Participation
Recognition and language revitalization: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History (section)
Recognizing a borrowing: 163. Japanese Loans and Their Adaptation (section)
Recognizing a changed final consonant: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Recognizing the relevant morpheme: 78. Applicative Constructions and Their Arguments (section)
Recording and community teaching: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization (section)
Recordings and local text series: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
Recovering a participant from context: 139. Reference Tracking and Omitted Expressions (section)
Recovering earlier grammatical structure: 158. Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization (section)
Reduplication and Phonological Alternations: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations
Reference and address: 48. Kinship, Address, and Possession (section)
Reference inside quotation: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses (section)
Reference Tracking and Omitted Expressions: 139. Reference Tracking and Omitted Expressions
Reflexive participants: 84. Reflexive yay- and Its Extensions (section)
Reflexive possession inside a verb: 84. Reflexive yay- and Its Extensions (section)
Reflexive si- in Verbal and Spatial Constructions: 85. Reflexive si- in Verbal and Spatial Constructions
Reflexive yay- and Its Extensions: 84. Reflexive yay- and Its Extensions
Refrain and manner of singing: 151. Sakehe, Refrains, and Verse Structure (section)
Regional and genre preferences: 133. Hine, Akusu, and Narrative Progression (section)
Regional and register differences: 50. Demonstratives and Reference (section)
Regional bases and large-number forms: 54. Numeral Forms and Counting Systems (section)
Regional constructions and historical proposals: 134. Kor: Simultaneity, Habits, and Conditions (section)
Regional descriptions: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section); 124. Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience (section)
Regional direction forms and adnominal uses: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions (section)
Regional divisions and documentary samples: 159. Dialect Classification and Dialectometry (section)
Regional forms: 115. Invitations, Deliberation, and Wishes (section); 130. Prohibitions with Iteki and Related Forms (section)
Regional forms and limits of the general pattern: 126. Clausal Negation with Somo (section)
Regional interaction patterns: 65. Eci and Person Interactions (section)
Regional names and overlapping labels: 149. Oral-Literary Genres and Their Regional Names (section)
Register and competing accounts: 64. First-Person Plural and Clusivity (section)
Register, person, and historical age: 153. Poetic and Elevated Language (section)
Related consonant processes: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation (section)
Related derivations and historical terminology: 78. Applicative Constructions and Their Arguments (section)
Related derivations and the scope of the comparison: 47. Possessors in Noun Incorporation (section)
Related verbs and forming suffixes: 75. Lexical Verb Pairs and Causative -ka (section)
Relational nouns and grammatical place: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation
Relations described in the following chapters: 131. Clause Linkage and Its Analyses (section)
Relationship, contact, and resemblance: 166. Distant Comparison and Early Contact (section)
Relationships and speaker differences: 68. Fourth Person in Respectful Address (section)
Relative Clauses and Accessible Relations: 103. Relative Clauses and Accessible Relations
Relative modifiers and nominalized content: 42. Noun-Phrase Structure (section)
Relativization with an applicative: 82. Multiple Applicatives, Incorporation, and Relative Clauses (section)
Repetition and reference: 138. Narrative Continuation and Repetition (section)
Reporting an instruction: 107. Kuni, Indirect Complements, and Purpose Clauses (section)
Representative forms: 35. Formal Nouns and Nominalizing Constructions (section)
Requests and final particles: 114. Commands, Requests, and Prohibitions (section)
Requests and sentence endings: 171. A Glossed Asahikawa Teaching Conversation (section)
Requests, suggestions, and wishes: 143. Sentence-Final Particles and Interaction (section)
Respect and narrative person: 58. Verbal Number and Stem Alternation (section)
Respectful address and the fourth-person series: 68. Fourth Person in Respectful Address (section)
Respectful address by region: 154. Respectful, Ritual, and Avoidance Registers (section)
Respectful, Ritual, and Avoidance Registers: 154. Respectful, Ritual, and Avoidance Registers
Responding to words and cries: 123. Hawe: Voice, Wording, and Reports (section)
Restriction with patek and takup: 140. Topics and Anakne (section)
Restrictions and competing explanations: 89. Subject Incorporation and External Possessors (section)
Restrictions within the template: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints (section)
Result states and manner: 132. Wa, Connected Events, and Ayne (section)
Retained instrumental and comitative relations: 103. Relative Clauses and Accessible Relations (section)
Retained objects and object-oriented reciprocals: 86. Reciprocal u- and Joint Participation (section)
Roots, derived stems, and person marking: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries (section)
Ruwe: Fact, Knowledge, and Clause Endings: 121. Ruwe: Fact, Knowledge, and Clause Endings
Sakehe, Refrains, and Verse Structure: 151. Sakehe, Refrains, and Verse Structure
Sakhalin and Kuril comparison: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
Sakhalin and Northern Kuril Comparisons: 162. Sakhalin and Northern Kuril Comparisons
Sakhalin comparison: 41. Nominal Number and Utar (section); 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Sakhalin comparisons: 13. Reading Ainu Across Writing Systems (section)
Sakhalin Final Consonants and Vowel Length: 157. Sakhalin Final Consonants and Vowel Length
Sampling and dialect classification: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
Saru and Chitose forms: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns (section)
Satō's quasi-incorporation analysis: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Scope: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Scope and order: 100. Copular Negation and Clause Endings (section)
Seasons, states, and continuation: 97. Existential and Locational Predicates (section)
Second plural and first-to-second reference: 65. Eci and Person Interactions (section)
Second-person roles and imperative address: 63. First- and Second-Person Singular (section)
Second-to-first forms in Saru and Chitose: 65. Eci and Person Interactions (section)
Secondary accent on person suffixes: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Seeming, circumlocution, and conditional context: 119. Conjecture, Intention, and Prospective Events (section)
Selected dialect comparisons: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns (section)
Self-quotation and another speaker's words: 150. Narrative Person and Reported Speech (section)
Semantic divisions and historical explanations: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses (section)
Sensation and felt experience: 124. Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience (section)
Sensory nouns and clause complements: 102. Lexical Heads and Formal-Noun Nominalization (section)
Sentence-Final Particles and Interaction: 143. Sentence-Final Particles and Interaction
Separability and morphological status: 69. Person-Marker Order and Stem Boundaries (section)
Separate derivations from a shared base: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries (section)
Several construction types: 108. Time, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality (section)
Several constructions with ki: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs (section)
Shared conventions and continuing variation: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Shizunai assertion and person placement: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs (section)
Shizunai evidence: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Short and long affiliatives: 44. Concept, Affiliative, and Personal Forms (section)
Short questions and formal-noun endings: 95. Oblique Expressions and Verbless Utterances (section)
Shortened person prefixes: 30. Citation Forms and Morphophonological Alternations (section)
Showing the parts of a word: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
Siri an and siri ki: 122. Siri: Visible Appearance and Ongoing Situations (section)
Siri: Visible Appearance and Ongoing Situations: 122. Siri: Visible Appearance and Ongoing Situations
Situational and discourse reference: 50. Demonstratives and Reference (section)
Six formation patterns: 39. Nominal Compounds and Their Structure (section)
Size expressed by a modifier: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
Small kana for final consonants: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
Smallness, youth, and affection: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
Social address and grammatical person: 48. Kinship, Address, and Possession (section)
Social setting of the recorded language: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History (section)
Sound correspondences: 162. Sakhalin and Northern Kuril Comparisons (section)
Sound imitation and mimetic description: 148. Interjections and Mimetic Formations (section)
Sound structure and language change: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms (section)
Sound-based questions and replies: 124. Humi: Sensation and Internal Experience (section)
Source and dialect: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
Source spelling and interpretation: 13. Reading Ainu Across Writing Systems (section)
Source, location, and instrumental descriptions: 81. The o- Applicative (section)
Sources and the evidence they preserve: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
Spacing and morphological analysis: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Spatial contrasts within the class: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Speaker and dialect variation: 18. /s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation (section)
Speakers and language knowledge: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization (section)
Specialist studies and published corpora: 6. The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research (section)
Spontaneous change and anticausatives: 87. Middle ci- and the Passive Analysis (section)
Statements and continuation: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation (section)
States and changes of state: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
States and manner with no: 137. Manner, Appearance, Degree, and Comparison (section)
States and regional limits: 110. Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An (section)
States, changes, and existence: 96. Copular ne and Nominal Predication (section)
Stems ending in y or w: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Structural profile: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Subject forms in clause chains: 64. First-Person Plural and Clusivity (section)
Subject forms without object indexing: 96. Copular ne and Nominal Predication (section)
Subject Incorporation and External Possessors: 89. Subject Incorporation and External Possessors
Subjects and objects have varied meanings: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)
Suffix position and valency: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries (section)
Suffixation and noun compounding: 38. Diminutive and Affective Noun Formation (section)
Suffixes and the limits of accent retention: 26. Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization (section)
Summary of structural properties: 2. A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu (section)
Support after an indexed verb: 59. Ki, Support Constructions, and Pro-Verbs (section)
Survey history and apparent lexical change: 161. Lexical Geography and Survey History (section)
Syllable counting and accent: 151. Sakehe, Refrains, and Verse Structure (section)
Syllable structure and word length: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints (section)
Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints
Syllable weight in accent placement: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis (section)
Syllable-final consonants: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization (section)
Syllable-initial consonants: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization (section)
Syllables and accent: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
Syllables and moras: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis (section)
Tamura's 連他動詞 and Satō's quasi-incorporation: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
Temporal nouns and the productivity question: 91. Manner Compounds and Adverbial Incorporation (section)
Tense labels in grammatical analysis: 109. Time Reference Without Obligatory Tense (section)
Text collections as samples: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method (section)
The /t+i/ alternation: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
The adjective analysis: 99. Property Predicates (section)
The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History
The analysis of lexical ci-: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
The basic Hokkaido patterns: 72. Mixed Alignment and Hierarchical Analyses (section)
The boundary before person suffixes: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries (section)
The boundary between group nouns and pronouns: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns (section)
The causee in a narrative clause: 74. The Productive Causative -re, -te, and -e (section)
The causee's grammatical role: 76. Causees and Multiple Causative Layers (section)
The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization
The consonant phonemes: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization (section)
The contrast with ko-: 81. The o- Applicative (section)
The copula and existential verbs: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
The copula within the predicate: 100. Copular Negation and Clause Endings (section)
The copula's special person pattern: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)
The cross-linguistic comparison: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
The descriptive starting points: 94. Noun Phrases and Pronominal-Argument Analyses (section)
The development of phonemic spelling: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method: 9. The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method
The distribution of -ka: 75. Lexical Verb Pairs and Causative -ka (section)
The documentary tradition: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
The e- Applicative: 79. The e- Applicative
The early grammatical descriptions: 7. Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record (section)
The equals sign for person marking: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
The evidence for the verbal analysis: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
The extension to or plus a case particle: 90. Incorporation, Quasi-Incorporation, and Word Structure (section)
The extent of the paradigm: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
The final p spelling: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
The final r spellings: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
The first-person object: 63. First- and Second-Person Singular (section)
The five vowels: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
The formal ending: 170. A Glossed Ritual Prayer Opening (section)
The four first-to-second combinations: 65. Eci and Person Interactions (section)
The fricative h: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies
The glottal stop: 20. Glottal Stops and the Distribution of /h/ (section)
The group noun and its affiliative form: 41. Nominal Number and Utar (section)
The historical adjective analysis: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
The historical relationship with person i=: 83. Antipassive and Unspecified-Object i- (section)
The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research: 6. The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research
The internally headed proposal and its limits: 104. General Heads, Gapless Clauses, and Internal-Head Analyses (section)
The intervening particle ka: 117. Ability and Inability (section)
The ko- Applicative: 80. The ko- Applicative
The Latin analysis: 13. Reading Ainu Across Writing Systems (section)
The Latin Phonemic Transcription: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription
The letters c and s: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
The limits of a single dialect model: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis (section)
The limits of external comparison: 162. Sakhalin and Northern Kuril Comparisons (section)
The limits of segmentation: 158. Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization (section)
The linked predicates: 168. A Glossed Passage from a Chitose Prose Tale (section)
The modifying clause precedes its head: 103. Relative Clauses and Accessible Relations (section)
The narrator and verbal number: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses (section)
The noun and its clause-ending forms: 123. Hawe: Voice, Wording, and Reports (section)
The noun and its morphology: 121. Ruwe: Fact, Knowledge, and Clause Endings (section)
The o- Applicative: 81. The o- Applicative
The object series: 66. Object Indexing and Three-Place Verbs (section)
The opening passage: 170. A Glossed Ritual Prayer Opening (section)
The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data
The orowa family: 147. Connective Expressions in Discourse (section)
The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split: 23. The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split
The possessed entity as subject: an: 98. Predicative Possession (section)
The possessor as subject: kor: 98. Predicative Possession (section)
The Productive Causative -re, -te, and -e: 74. The Productive Causative -re, -te, and -e
The productive causative suffix: 74. The Productive Causative -re, -te, and -e (section)
The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis
The proximity of neighboring vowels: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
The reference point of a time expression: 109. Time Reference Without Obligatory Tense (section)
The regional distribution of a= and an=: 67. Fourth-Person Forms and Their Uses (section)
The reported allomorph distributions: 77. Indefinite Causative -yar and -ar (section)
The rhotic: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization (section)
The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r: 19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r
The rhotic consonant: 19. The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r (section)
The rising accent kernel: 23. The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split (section)
The Sakhalin comparison: 72. Mixed Alignment and Hierarchical Analyses (section)
The Saru template and its revisions: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries (section)
The separate prenominal class: 37. Property Predicates and the Adjective Analysis (section)
The separate treatment of initial /i/: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries (section)
The sequences yi, wi, and wu: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization
The speaker's own conduct: 122. Siri: Visible Appearance and Ongoing Situations (section)
The spoken record: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
The syllable template: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints (section)
The syntactic status of the passive patient: 87. Middle ci- and the Passive Analysis (section)
The tiers of an example: 174. Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions (section)
The two forms: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
The unindexed argument and shared argumenthood: 94. Noun Phrases and Pronominal-Argument Analyses (section)
The usual placement rule: 23. The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split (section)
The varieties represented in the records: 162. Sakhalin and Northern Kuril Comparisons (section)
The verb and the material following it: 92. Constituent Order and the Verb-Final Clause (section)
The Verb Word and Its Boundaries: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries
The verbal construction with kor: 43. Possessive Constructions and Alienability (section)
The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization
The vowel u: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Third-person expressions: 49. Independent Personal Pronouns (section)
Three formations from turi: 32. Reduplication and Phonological Alternations (section)
Three subject-incorporation patterns: 89. Subject Incorporation and External Possessors (section)
Three-place verbs and further derivation: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
Time Reference Without Obligatory Tense: 109. Time Reference Without Obligatory Tense
Time reference without obligatory tense inflection: 108. Time, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality (section)
Time, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality: 108. Time, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality
Time, evidence, and discourse: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms (section)
Tokachi and the kind of predication: 122. Siri: Visible Appearance and Ongoing Situations (section)
Topics and Anakne: 140. Topics and Anakne
Topics and initial emphasis: 142. Word Order in Context (section)
Trade and colonial boundaries: 3. The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History (section)
Transitive bases and a Horobetsu proposal: 74. The Productive Causative -re, -te, and -e (section)
Transitive-derived adverbs: 61. Adverbial and Intensive No (section)
Transitives and object selection: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
Transitivity and Valency Classes: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes
Transitivity pairs and rare unchanged forms: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)
Transitivity pairs with different degrees of resemblance: 60. Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots (section)
Translative ne and the copula: 53. Place Particles and Motion Expressions (section)
Two applicatives in one stem: 82. Multiple Applicatives, Incorporation, and Relative Clauses (section)
Two classes and their independence: 52. Relational Nouns, Spatial Forms, and Quasi-Incorporation (section)
Two common negative constructions: 126. Clausal Negation with Somo (section)
Two conversational meanings of we: 64. First-Person Plural and Clusivity (section)
Two documented local explanations: 164. Ainu Loans and Place Names in Japanese (section)
Two evidentials and two perspectives: 155. Narrative Aspect and Evidentiality (section)
Two narrative voices in verse: 169. Glossed Openings from Abuta and Horobetsu Verse (section)
Two objects and one object index: 66. Object Indexing and Three-Place Verbs (section)
Two patterns of alignment: 63. First- and Second-Person Singular (section)
Two possessive constructions: 172. A Glossed Sakhalin Teaching Dialogue (section)
Two prefixes and a portmanteau: 69. Person-Marker Order and Stem Boundaries (section)
Two senses of nominal dependence: 34. Nominal Subclasses and Dependence (section)
Two ways to express a possessive relation: 43. Possessive Constructions and Alienability (section)
Two, three, and abundance: 152. Parallelism, Couplets, and Paired Expressions (section)
Typological comparison: 1. Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar (section)
Uneven coverage: 8. The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data (section)
Unexpressed third person: 66. Object Indexing and Three-Place Verbs (section)
Using a historical passage: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
Utar as a plural expression: 41. Nominal Number and Utar (section)
Valency and Voice Constructions: 73. Valency and Voice Constructions
Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking
Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots: 60. Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots
Verbal Number and Stem Alternation: 58. Verbal Number and Stem Alternation
Verbal phrases and lexical words: 56. The Verb Word and Its Boundaries (section)
Verbal syntax and alternative analyses: 46. Adnominal Possession and Double Marking (section)
Verbal uses of si-: 85. Reflexive si- in Verbal and Spatial Constructions (section)
Verbs: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Verbs formed from nominal roots: 60. Verb Formation from Nouns and Verbal Roots (section)
Verbs used as nouns: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Vocabulary and incorporated expressions: 153. Poetic and Elevated Language (section)
Vocabulary as grammatical evidence: 167. Lexical Fields as Grammatical Evidence (section)
Vocabulary counts and grammatical convergence: 165. Northern Contact and Borrowing (section)
Vocabulary for contemporary use: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization (section)
Voice, interpretation, and complex verbs: 73. Valency and Voice Constructions (section)
Voice, wording, and reported information: 123. Hawe: Voice, Wording, and Reports (section)
Voiced letters and consonant analysis: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
Voicing variation: 16. The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization (section)
Vovin's Austroasiatic proposal: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
Vowel length and historical interpretation: 157. Sakhalin Final Consonants and Vowel Length (section)
Vowel loss in ku= and ci=: 31. Person Markers: Contraction, Accent, and Suffix Boundaries (section)
Vowel sequences and final glides: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Vowel weakening and accent: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Vowel-final stems: 45. Affiliative Suffix Patterns (section)
Vowel-initial spelling and the glottal stop: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
Vowels and open syllables: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
Vowels and the interpretation of old spellings: 156. Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Prosody (section)
Vowels at morphological boundaries: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Vowels in derivational patterns: 17. The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization (section)
Vowels, glides, and syllable count: 21. Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints (section)
Wa isam and a completed change: 127. Absence and Lack: Isam and Sak (section)
Wa, Connected Events, and Ayne: 132. Wa, Connected Events, and Ayne
Ways of classifying oral literature: 149. Oral-Literary Genres and Their Regional Names (section)
Ways of forming nouns: 40. Noun Formation from Verbs and Nouns (section)
Weather, surroundings, and perceived signs: 167. Lexical Fields as Grammatical Evidence (section)
Wellbeing and a request for water: 171. A Glossed Asahikawa Teaching Conversation (section)
What a lexical similarity percentage measures: 159. Dialect Classification and Dialectometry (section)
What a person form does and does not identify: 139. Reference Tracking and Omitted Expressions (section)
What a reconstructed form represents: 156. Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Prosody (section)
What an alignment description compares: 72. Mixed Alignment and Hierarchical Analyses (section)
What and who questions: 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions (section)
What can carry the particle: 140. Topics and Anakne (section)
What comparison can establish: 166. Distant Comparison and Early Contact (section)
What counts as a sentence-final particle: 143. Sentence-Final Particles and Interaction (section)
What double causative counts: 76. Causees and Multiple Causative Layers (section)
What genre comparisons establish: 155. Narrative Aspect and Evidentiality (section)
What has to be done: 118. Necessity, Advice, and Permission (section)
What internal comparison can recover: 5. The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies (section)
What is visible: 122. Siri: Visible Appearance and Ongoing Situations (section)
What person marking distinguishes: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
What remains unspecified on the verb: 109. Time Reference Without Obligatory Tense (section)
What the analyses explain: 111. A, Rok, and Aan: Earlier Situations and Discovery (section)
What the coda evidence establishes: 22. Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question (section)
What the Latin spelling represents: 11. The Latin Phonemic Transcription (section)
What the term pitch accent establishes: 24. The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis (section)
When a possessor becomes the verbal subject: 47. Possessors in Noun Incorporation (section)
When vowel weakening is blocked: 29. Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution (section)
Where notations differ: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Where the negation falls: 129. Indefinite Expressions and Negation (section)
Whose bowl is it?: 172. A Glossed Sakhalin Teaching Dialogue (section)
Whose state does the existential describe?: 110. Existential Aspect: Kor An and Wa An (section)
Whose wish?: 116. Desire, Rusuy, and Compound Predicates (section)
Why and how: 51. Interrogative and Indefinite Expressions (section)
Why the classifications differ: 75. Lexical Verb Pairs and Causative -ka (section)
Word accent within an utterance: 27. Phrasal and Utterance Intonation (section)
Word Classes and Their Diagnostics: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics
Word classes and their grammatical behavior: 33. Word Classes and Their Diagnostics (section)
Word division and person forms: 14. Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition (section)
Word Order in Context: 142. Word Order in Context
Words and nominal constructions: 173. Glossary of Grammatical Terms (section)
Words distinguished by accent: 25. Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs (section)
Writing Ainu in katakana: 12. Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas (section)
Writing and teaching materials: 4. The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization (section)
Writing systems and their purposes: 15. Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem (section)
Written forms and lexicalized outcomes: 28. Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters (section)
Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record: 7. Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record
Ya and the effect of the question: 144. Questions and Interrogative Particles (section)
Yak and evaluation: 135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions (section)
Yakun: taking a situation as a premise: 135. Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Constructions (section)
Zero expression and the analysis of third person: 62. Person Marking and Argument Roles (section)
Zero-argument predicates and word boundaries: 36. Verb Classes, Arguments, and Person Marking (section)
Zero-place predicates and experienced states: 57. Transitivity and Valency Classes (section)