Chapter 177Index of Grammatical Forms and Constructions

Selected person forms, nominal morphology, derived predicates, clause constructions, and discourse expressions linked to their analyses.

177.1 Finding a form or construction

This index selects grammatical forms and constructions discussed in the chapters. A spelling may have several functions: person i= and derivational i-, for example, have separate entries. The topic labels guide lookup; the linked chapters give analyses, restrictions, regional forms, and examples.

Some entries are words or multiword constructions. Their inclusion here does not classify them all as affixes. In normalized examples, = separates person marking and - marks analyzed word-internal boundaries. See Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing Conventions) for source conventions.

177.2 Person forms

Form	Discussion	Chapters
ku=, e=, en=	First- and second-person singular marking	63,66
ci=, =as	Exclusive plural forms and narrative uses	64,150
eci=	Second plural and interaction forms	65,69
a=, =an, i=	Fourth-person paradigms and contextual reference	67,68,70
kani, eani, coka, aoka	Independent pronouns and regional paradigms	49

177.3 Nominal and adverbial forms

Form	Discussion	Chapters
-V, -VhV	Affiliative noun forms and suffix patterns	44,45
-po	Diminutive and affective noun formation	38
utar	Plural and group expressions	41
kor	Possessive predicates and noun phrases	43,46,98
or, ka, pok	Spatial nouns and their grammatical behavior	52,53
ta, un, wa, ani	Locative, directional, source, and instrumental expressions	53
tan, toan, nea	Demonstratives and reference	50
nep, nen, hemanta, hunna	Interrogative and indefinite expressions	51
-p/-pe, -n/-iw	Numeral formations and counting	54,55
-no	Adverbial formation	61

177.4 Predicates and derivation

Form	Discussion	Chapters
-pa	Verbal number and repeated action	58
-re/-e/-te	Causative formation and allomorphy	74,76
-ka, -ke	Lexical valency pairs and their suffixes	75
yar	Permissive and sociative causation	77
e-	Applicative constructions	79
ko-	Applicative constructions	80
o-	Applicative constructions	81
i-	Unspecified-object and antipassive analyses	83
yay-, si-	Reflexive, possessive, and related derivations	84,85
u-	Reciprocal and lexical formations	86
ci-	Middle and related analyses	87
N + V; locative noun + particle	Incorporation, quasi-incorporation, and wordhood	88,89,90
ne	Copular predication	96
an, oka(y)	Existential and aspectual constructions	97,110

177.5 Clause structure, aspect, and discourse

Form	Discussion	Chapters
p/pe, hi/i, h(e), usi	Nominal heads and nominalizing constructions	101,102,106
sekor	Quotation and reported discourse	105,150
kuni	Complement and purpose constructions	107
a, rok, aan	Earlier situations, aspect, and discovery	111
kane, kor, wa	Continuation and sustained states	110,112,134
yan, ya	Imperatives and invitation endings	114,143
ro, rok	Hortative and optative expressions	115
rusuy	Desire constructions	116
easkay, eaykap	Ability and inability	117,128
ruwe, siri, hawe, humi	Evidential constructions and competing analyses	120,121,122,123,124
somo, ka somo ki	Clausal negation	126,129
isam	Negative existence and possession	127
iteki	Prohibitions	130
wa, hine, akusu	Sequential clauses and narrative linkage	132,133,138
yak, yakun, yakka	Conditional and concessive clauses	135
kusu	Reason and purpose	136
anak, anakne, ka, patek	Topic, focus, and related discourse uses	139,140