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A Grammar of Hokkaido Ainu

Knowledge base · Part XVII — Clause Linkage and Adverbial Subordination

138. Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion

How does Hokkaido Ainu employ tail-head linkage and discourse connectives to structure oral narratives?

北海道アイヌ語は、尾頭連結と談話接続詞を用いてどのように口承物語を構造化するか？

Recapitulative tail-head linkage, the discourse connective orowa(no) 'and then (from there)', and the anaphoric clause-linkage that structures Ainu oral narrative.

candidate topic from the first edition topic:complex/tail-head-linkage-and-narrative-cohesion read this topic as text

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9sources
7examples
7sections
69first-edition sentences

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The chapter, its sections, the sources it cites, the chapters it cross-references, the forms it mentions most, and the claims grouped under it with the sources that assert, propose, doubt or reject each.

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Forms mentioned

hine 13awa 8akusu 8uwepeker 6ruwe ne 6pe ne hike 5wa 5ruwe ne akusu 4orowa 3p 3hike 3ruwe ne a p 3no 2=an 2korka 2a 2ora 2orowa(no) 2kamuy yukar 1yukar 1oka 1kuni 1a=ramu rok 1ne 1pe ne 1… hine oka=an pe ne hike 1pe 1or 1oraun 1rapok(ke)(ta) 1Hine 1a= 1ku= 1

Sections

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Narrative clause chains and cohesion 7 sentences

What post-predicate particles structure narrative clause chains in Hokkaido Ainu?

hine as the primary narrative chaining particle 11 sentences· 2 examples

What function does the conjunctive particle hine serve in Hokkaido Ainu oral narratives?

a=onaha an a=unuhu an hine oka=an
4.POSS=father exist 4.POSS=mother exist CONJ exist.PL=4.S
‘My father was there, my mother was there, and we lived.’
nakagawa2024:338 SAR Nakagawa ex. 601; stock uwepeker opening
nea su ka itanki ka pirkano huraye hine rorunso or ta kor wa arpa hine ukao hine oka=an
DEM pot also bowl also well wash CONJ upper.seat at LOC carry CONJ go CONJ put.away CONJ exist.PL=4.S
‘(She) washed those pots and bowls cleanly, brought them to the seat of honour, stored them away, and they lived on.’
nakagawa2024:338 SAR Nakagawa ex. 599

Tail-head (recapitulative) linkage 10 sentences· 1 examples

How does tail-head linkage operate in Hokkaido Ainu oral verse?

inkar=an awa somosuykusun inkar=an kuni a=ramu rok hi
look=4.S CONJ beyond.belief look=4.S COMP 4.A=think PRF NMLZ
‘(I) looked — at something beyond all imagining that (I) would look at — so (I) had thought.’
nakagawa2024:345 SAR Nakagawa ex. 631; verse, after Kindaichi 1931b: 406

The pe ne hike recapitulative frame 9 sentences· 2 examples

How does the pe ne hike structure serve as a recapitulative device in Hokkaido Ainu?

a=yupi-hi an hine oka=an pe ne hike
4.POSS=elder.brother-POSS exist CONJ exist.PL=4.S NMLZ COP CONJ
‘My elder brother was there, and we lived on — and, being that, …’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker no. 21, ILCAA Ainu materials; aa-irc/031#1
rikun kanto ta a=sa-ha i=resu hine oka=an pe ne hike
be.high heaven LOC 4.POSS=elder.sister-POSS 4.O=raise CONJ exist.PL=4.S NMLZ COP CONJ
‘In the upper sky, my elder sister raised me, and we lived on — and, being that, …’
ilcaa1976 SAR Kawakami Matsuko, uwepeker no. 15, ILCAA Ainu materials; aa-irc/022#0

Episode boundaries: ruwe ne + connective 14 sentences· 2 examples

What role does the evidential ruwe ne play in marking episode boundaries in Hokkaido Ainu?

kanpi ku=sanke ru-we ne akusu itasa kanpi ek ru-we ne
letter 1SG.A=send.out track-POSS COP CONJ in.return letter come track-POSS COP
‘I sent a letter, and (then, it turned out) a reply arrived.’
sato2008:47sato2009:52 CHI
mat-kor hine oka=an ru-we ne a p
wife-have CONJ exist.PL=4.S track-POSS COP PFV NMLZ
‘He had taken a wife, and they went on living — and yet, (now something changed) …’
dalcorso2018:196 SAR Wateke, Saru; Dal Corso siglum TMA: 2

The free discourse connective orowa(no) 7 sentences

How is the connective orowa(no) used for inter-sentential cohesion in Hokkaido Ainu?

Reference tracking across narrative chains 11 sentences

How does Hokkaido Ainu track reference across clause chains without switch-reference marking?