Knowledge base · Part XVII — Clause Linkage and Adverbial Subordination · this topic as a network
138. Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion
How does Hokkaido Ainu employ tail-head linkage and discourse connectives to structure oral narratives?
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hine as the primary narrative chaining particle
What function does the conjunctive particle hine serve in Hokkaido Ainu oral narratives?
a=onaha an a=unuhu an hine oka=an
4.POSS=father exist 4.POSS=mother exist CONJ exist.PL=4.S
‘My father was there, my mother was there, and we lived.’
nea su ka itanki ka pirkano huraye hine rorunso or ta kor wa arpa hine ukao hine oka=an
DEM pot also bowl also well wash CONJ upper.seat at LOC carry CONJ go CONJ put.away CONJ exist.PL=4.S
‘(She) washed those pots and bowls cleanly, brought them to the seat of honour, stored them away, and they lived on.’
Tail-head (recapitulative) linkage
How does tail-head linkage operate in Hokkaido Ainu oral verse?
inkar=an awa somosuykusun inkar=an kuni a=ramu rok hi
look=4.S CONJ beyond.belief look=4.S COMP 4.A=think PRF NMLZ
‘(I) looked — at something beyond all imagining that (I) would look at — so (I) had thought.’
The pe ne hike recapitulative frame
How does the pe ne hike structure serve as a recapitulative device in Hokkaido Ainu?
a=yupi-hi an hine oka=an pe ne hike
4.POSS=elder.brother-POSS exist CONJ exist.PL=4.S NMLZ COP CONJ
‘My elder brother was there, and we lived on — and, being that, …’
rikun kanto ta a=sa-ha i=resu hine oka=an pe ne hike
be.high heaven LOC 4.POSS=elder.sister-POSS 4.O=raise CONJ exist.PL=4.S NMLZ COP CONJ
‘In the upper sky, my elder sister raised me, and we lived on — and, being that, …’
Episode boundaries: ruwe ne + connective
What role does the evidential ruwe ne play in marking episode boundaries in Hokkaido Ainu?
kanpi ku=sanke ru-we ne akusu itasa kanpi ek ru-we ne
letter 1SG.A=send.out track-POSS COP CONJ in.return letter come track-POSS COP
‘I sent a letter, and (then, it turned out) a reply arrived.’
mat-kor hine oka=an ru-we ne a p
wife-have CONJ exist.PL=4.S track-POSS COP PFV NMLZ
‘He had taken a wife, and they went on living — and yet, (now something changed) …’
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