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北海道アイヌ語文法

Back matterReferences

Entries marked reported are cited second-hand, through the source named in the citation, and were not consulted directly.

Hokkaidō Ainu

Primary sources and studies of the variety this grammar describes.

  • Asai Tōru 浅井亨. 1969. アイヌ語の文法——アイヌ語石狩方言文法の概略[An outline of the grammar of the Ishikari dialect of Ainu]. アイヌ民族誌 1. reported
  • Batchelor, John. 1905. An Ainu–English–Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language). Tokyo: Methodist Publishing House. reported
  • Batchelor, John. 1938. An Ainu–English–Japanese dictionary, 4th edn. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店. reported
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2008. Reported discourse and logophoricity in Southern Hokkaido dialects of Ainu. Gengo Kenkyū 133 31–75.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2012. Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In Nicolas Tranter (ed.), The languages of Japan and Korea 461–509. London: Routledge.
  • Bugaeva, Anna ブガエワ・アンナ. 2014. アイヌ語使役構文に関する再考察[A reconsideration of the causative construction in Ainu].
  • Bugaeva, Anna, Shiho Endō & Shirō Akasegawa. 2015. A topical dictionary of conversational Ainu. Web dictionary; Chitose idiolect of Ito Oda.
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2020. The interaction of relativization and noun incorporation in Southern Hokkaidō Ainu.
  • Fukazawa Mika 深澤美香. 2017. 加賀家文書の文献学的研究[A philological study of the Kaga-ke documents (dissertation)].
  • Fukazawa Mika 深澤美香. 2025. 国立アイヌ民族博物館所蔵 知里真志保記入のアイヌ語基礎語彙調査表[Chiri Mashiho's annotated Ainu basic-vocabulary survey tables (National Ainu Museum)].
  • Fukuda (Tamura) Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1956. On the morphological structure of the verbs in Saru dialect of Ainu. Onsei no Kenkyū 7.
  • Hirosawa 廣澤. 2026. 証拠性表現の用法——ruwe ne を中心に[The uses of evidential expressions, centred on ruwe ne].
  • Hokkaidō Utari Kyōkai 北海道ウタリ協会. 1994. アコㇿイタㇰ——テキスト アイヌ語会話[Akor Itak: A textbook of Ainu conversation]. Sapporo.
  • Huber, Klára フダー・クラーラ. 2025. 主観性から見たアイヌ語の所有表現[Ainu possessive expressions from the perspective of subjectivity].
  • Ijäs, Silja. 2023. Aynu itak a-eyaypakasnu ro — Let’s learn Ainu: Ainu language grammar guide. Online English pedagogical grammar guide.
  • Ijäs, Silja. 2023. Language revitalization through lexical modernization and neologism-coining. On modern coinages; cite when discussing neo-Ainu forms (contrast boxes only).
  • Kaiser, Lizanne. 1998. The interaction of noun incorporation and applicative formation in Ainu. Yearbook of Morphology 1997 157–178.
  • Kayano Shigeru 萱野茂. 1987. アイヌ語会話 初級編[Ainu conversation: Beginner].
  • Kayano Shigeru 萱野茂. 1996. 萱野茂のアイヌ語辞典[Kayano's Ainu dictionary (Saru)]. Tokyo: Sanseidō 三省堂. reported
  • Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄. 1984. 名詞句の構造と合成名詞[The structure of noun phrases and compound nouns].
  • Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄. 1997. アイヌによるアイヌ語表記[Ainu-language orthography by Ainu].
  • Kobayashi Miki 小林美紀. 2010. 動詞接頭辞si-とyay-の項同定機能[The argument-identifying function of the verbal prefixes si- and yay-].
  • Kobayashi Miki 小林美紀. 2015. アイヌ語動詞の結合価と項構造[Valency and argument structure of the Ainu verb (dissertation)].
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 1995. アイヌ語千歳方言辞典[A dictionary of the Chitose dialect of Ainu]. Tokyo: Sōfūkan 草風館. reported
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 2006. アイヌ人によるアイヌ語表記への取り組み[Ainu efforts toward writing the Ainu language].
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 2009. アイヌ語の接頭辞[The prefixes of Ainu].
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕 (ed.). 2000. アイヌ口承文芸テキスト集 1–24[A collection of Ainu oral-literature texts, vols. 1–24 (2000–2025)]. Annotated Saru/Chitose uwepeker and kamuy yukar narrated by Shirasawa Nabe and others; the largest annotated Hokkaido narrative corpus. Cite per-volume for examples..
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi, Anna Bugaeva, Miki Kobayashi & Yoshimi Yoshikawa (eds.). 2016. A glossed audio corpus of Ainu folklore. Online glossed Hokkaido folktale corpus (Chitose, Saru). Cite the underlying narrator/source for examples..
  • Okuda Osami 奥田統己. 2025. アイヌ語のわたり音と母音連続[Glides and vowel hiatus in Ainu].
  • Refsing, Kirsten. 1986. The Ainu language: The morphology and syntax of the Shizunai dialect. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • Refsing, Kirsten. 2011. Tense, aspect and actionality in the Ainu language. reported
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2004. アイヌ文学における一人称体の問題[The problem of the first-person form in Ainu literature].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2006. 千歳方言のアスペクト——kor an、wa an[Aspect in the Chitose dialect: kor an, wa an].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2007. 千歳方言の再帰接頭辞yay-とsi-について[On the reflexive prefixes yay- and si- in the Chitose dialect].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2008. アイヌ語文法の基礎[Foundations of Ainu grammar]. Tokyo: Daigaku Shorin 大学書林.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2021. 千歳方言の位置名詞orの用法[The uses of the locative noun or in the Chitose dialect].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2023. アイヌ語[The Ainu language (handbook/encyclopedia grammar)]. 世界の言語シリーズ / 朝倉日本語講座.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2023. 動詞の結合価と3項動詞[Verb valency and three-place verbs (ditransitives)].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2025. Basic sentence structures in Ainu. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2025. 書評：中川裕『アイヌ語広文典』[Review of Nakagawa Hiroshi's Ainugo kōbunten].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2011. 十勝方言の指示表現[Demonstrative expressions in the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2013. 十勝方言における証拠性と叙述類型[Evidentiality and predication types in the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2014. アイヌ語十勝方言例文集[A collection of example sentences in the Tokachi dialect of Ainu].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2015. 十勝方言における1人称と包括人称について[On the first and inclusive persons in the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2016. 十勝方言の否定構造について[On the negation structures of the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2018. 幌別方言における名詞化辞の文法化[The grammaticalization of nominalizers in the Horobetsu dialect].
  • Tamura Masashi 田村雅史. 2011. アイヌ語白糠方言の文法記述[A grammatical description of the Shiranuka dialect of Ainu].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1960. 沙流方言の助動詞[Auxiliary verbs in the Saru dialect].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1971. 沙流方言の人称代名詞[Personal pronouns in the Saru dialect].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1972. 沙流方言の人称の種類[The categories of person in the Saru dialect].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1996. アイヌ語沙流方言辞典[The Ainu–Japanese dictionary: Saru dialect]. Tokyo: Sōfūkan 草風館.
  • Tamura, Suzuko. 2000. The Ainu language. ICHEL Linguistic Studies 2. Tokyo: Sanseidō 三省堂. English version of her 1988 アイヌ語 encyclopedia article (Saru). reported
  • Yoshikawa Yoshimi 吉川佳見. 2020. アイヌ語における存在型アスペクト形式[Existential-type aspect forms in Ainu (dissertation)].
  • Yoshikawa Yoshimi 吉川佳見. 2022. Existential aspectual forms in the Saru and Chitose dialects of Ainu. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.

Sakhalin Ainu

Works on Sakhalin varieties, cited for contrast.

Pan-Ainu, comparative and methodological works

Dialectology, reconstruction, typology, and conventions.

  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. reported
  • Baker, Mark C.. 1988. Incorporation: A theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. reported
  • Barrie, Michael & Éric Mathieu. 2021. Noun incorporation and polysynthesis.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2006. Applicatives in Ainu.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2010. Ainu applicatives in typological perspective. Studies in Language 34(4) 749–801.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2015. An equivalent of the standard of comparison relativization in Ainu.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2021. Unspecified participant: A case of antipassive in Ainu. In Katarzyna Janic & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (ed.), Antipassive: Typology, diachrony, and related constructions (TSL 130). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2021. Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2025. A diachronic study of anticausatives in Ainu.
  • Bugaeva, Anna (ed.). 2022. Handbook of the Ainu language. Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics 12. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Bugaeva, Anna & Miki Kobayashi. 2022. Verbal valency. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12) 465–509. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. reported
  • Chamberlain, Basil Hall. 1887. The language, mythology, and geographical nomenclature of Japan viewed in the light of Aino studies. Tokyo: Imperial University. reported
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1952. アイヌ語に於ける母音調和[Vowel harmony in Ainu].
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1953. 分類アイヌ語辞典[A classified dictionary of Ainu (plants, animals, humans), 1953–1962]. Tokyo: Nihon Jōmin Bunka Kenkyūjo 日本常民文化研究所. reported
  • Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reported
  • Corbett, Greville G.. 2000. Number. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reported
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2018. Ainu evidentiality: A semantico-pragmatic analysis and a morphosyntactic account. London: SOAS, University of London. PhD dissertation (the definitive study of Ainu evidentiality).
  • Fukazawa Mika 深澤美香 & Ono Yohei 小野洋平. 2024. アイヌ語の方言境界再考[Ainu dialect boundaries reconsidered].
  • Hattori Shirō 服部四郎 (ed.). 1964. アイヌ語方言辞典[An Ainu dialect dictionary]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店. Classic comparative dialect dictionary (19 localities). reported
  • Itabashi Yoshizō 板橋義三. 2001. 樺太アイヌ語の母音の長短と北海道アイヌ語のピッチアクセントとの史的関係[The diachronic relation between Sakhalin Ainu vowel length and Hokkaido Ainu pitch accent].
  • Kasuga Hayato 春日勇人. 2026. アイヌ語多地点方言分類——75地点の計量的分析[A multi-locality classification of Ainu dialects: a quantitative analysis of 75 sites].
  • Keenan, Edward L. & Bernard Comrie. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8(1) 63–99. reported
  • Kindaichi Kyōsuke 金田一京助. 1933. アイヌ文学[Ainu literature]. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō 河出書房.
  • Kindaichi Kyōsuke 金田一京助 & Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1936. アイヌ語法概説[An outline of Ainu grammar]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店.
  • Miestamo, Matti. 2005. Standard negation: The negation of declarative verbal main clauses in a typological perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. reported
  • Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The evolution of noun incorporation. Language 60(4) 847–894. reported
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 2024. アイヌ語広文典[Ainugo kōbunten [An extensive grammar of the Ainu language]]. Tokyo: Hakusuisha 白水社.
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕 & Fukazawa Mika 深澤美香. 2022. Hokkaido Ainu dialects: Towards a classification of Ainu dialects. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Nam, Deokhyun 南徳鉉. 2021. Some evidence for the origin of the Ainu antipassive prefix i-.
  • Nichols, Johanna. 1986. Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language 62(1) 56–119. reported
  • Nikitina, Tatiana & Anna Bugaeva. 2021. Logophoric speech is not indirect: Towards a syntactic approach to reported speech constructions. Linguistics 59(3).
  • Ochiai Izumi 落合いずみ. 2021. アイヌ語の数詞再考——二十進法における下方算法から上方算法へ[Ainu numerals reconsidered: from subtractive to additive counting in the vigesimal system].
  • Ochiai Izumi 落合いずみ. 2023. A disparity in the final vowels in Ainu: Word-final CV and CCV. Phonological Externalization.
  • Ono, Yohei 小野洋平. 2020. Reconsideration of the "major division" of Ainu dialects: A statistical reanalysis of Asai (1974). Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan.
  • Peng, Fred C. C. & Barron Brainerd. 1970. A grammar of Ainu number names. Lingua 25 381–397. reported
  • Peterson, David A.. 2007. Applicative constructions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. reported
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2012. アイヌ語の現状と復興[The current situation and revitalization of the Ainu language].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2016. A classification of the types of noun incorporation in Ainu and its implications for morphosyntactic typology. In Ekaterina Gruzdeva & Juha Janhunen (ed.), Crosslinguistics and linguistic crossings in Northeast Asia (Studia Orientalia 117). Helsinki.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2022. Noun incorporation in Ainu. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1988. Polysynthesis in Ainu and theories of incorporation.
  • Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The languages of Japan. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shiratori Shiori 白鳥詩織. 2026. 口蓋化子音の改訂に向けたアイヌ祖語 *ia の提唱[A proposal of Proto-Ainu *ia toward a revision of the palatalized consonants].
  • Stassen, Leon. 1997. Intransitive predication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. reported
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2022. Aspect and evidentiality. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a cognitive semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. reported
  • Vovin, Alexander. 1993. A reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. Brill's Japanese Studies Library 4. Leiden: Brill. reported
  • Yasuoka Kōichi 安岡孝一 & Yasuoka Motoko 安岡素子. 2023. 『蝦夷島奇觀』の漢訳アイヌ語[The Sino-Ainu glosses of the Ezoshima kikan].