| Ainu Koraci (1991) | 28 | Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer)) |
| Alonso de la Fuente (2022) | 2 | Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies), Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways) |
| aynu-corpora Discord (2023–2026) | 2 | Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers) |
| Batchelor (1897) | 3 | Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-) |
| Biratori Ainu oral literature (1969) | 20 | Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels), Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song) |
| Bugaeva (2021) | 1 | Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising) |
| Bugaeva (2006) | 2 | Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization) |
| Bugaeva (2016) | 5 | Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising) |
| Bugaeva (2012) | 4 | Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo) |
| Bugaeva (2015) | 13 | Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses) |
| Bugaeva (2008) | 1 | Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse) |
| Bugaeva (2022) | 2 | Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis) |
| Bugaeva & Kobayashi (2022) | 14 | Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question) |
| Bugaeva (2014) | 2 | Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization) |
| Chiba University (eds.) (2015) | 2 | Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation) |
| Chiri (1942) | 1 | Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)) |
| Dal Corso (2018) | 15 | Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion) |
| Endō (2022) | 3 | Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets), Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers) |
| Hirosawa (2026) | 5 | Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale)) |
| Radio School text (2001) | 1 | Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale)) |
| Hokkaidō Utari Kyōkai (1994) | 18 | Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction), Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text) |
| Huber (2025) | 5 | Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam) |
| Ijäs (2023) | 33 | Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses) |
| Kanazawa (1898) | 12 | Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives) |
| Kayano (1996) | 1 | Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)) |
| Kindaichi & Chiri (1936) | 3 | Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula) |
| Kobayashi (2025) | 3 | Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising) |
| Murasaki (1979) | 1 | Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement) |
| Murasaki (2025) | 5 | Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast) |
| Nakagawa (2024) | 318 | Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu), Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization), Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization), Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints), Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation), Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding), Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies), Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse) |
| Nakagawa (1995) | 2 | Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets) |
| Nakagawa & Fukazawa (2022) | 4 | Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry), Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas) |
| Nakagawa (2022) | 4 | Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order) |
| Nakamoto (CD Express) (2009) | 1 | Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core) |
| NINJAL (2003) | 2 | Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising) |
| Okuda (2025) | 2 | Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question) |
| Ōno (2022) | 1 | Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization) |
| Piłsudski (1912) | 2 | Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential) |
| Refsing (1986) | 10 | Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam) |
| ILCAA Ainu materials (1976) | 123 | Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization), Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse), Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale)), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer)) |
| Sakaguchi & Watanabe (2019) | 3 | Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition) |
| Satō (2008) | 58 | Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer)) |
| Satō (2007) | 5 | Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division) |
| Satō (2022) | 5 | Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding) |
| Satō (2025) | 6 | Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity) |
| Satō (2009) | 5 | Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion) |
| Satō (2009) | 1 | Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre) |
| Shibatani (1990) | 27 | Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu), Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies) |
| Tajima (1992) | 1 | Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-) |
| Takahashi (2015) | 5 | Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate) |
| Takahashi (2013) | 2 | Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential) |
| Takahashi (2016) | 3 | Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition) |
| Tamura (1996) | 4 | Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes), Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways) |
| Tamura (2000) | 4 | Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives) |
| Tangiku (2022) | 1 | Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison) |
| Yoshikawa (2020) | 1 | Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question) |
| Yoshikawa (2018) | 1 | Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)) |