Chapter 176Index of Subjects

176.1 Index of subjects

This subject index is generated from the section headings of every chapter of the grammar. Each entry links to the chapter or chapters in which the topic is treated; where a topic recurs, the chapters are listed in reading order. For grammatical formatives see Chapter 177 (Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes); for cited examples by source see Chapter 178 (Index of Cited Examples, Source Texts, and Dialects).

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• -ay elision and eastern particle extension — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• *d- reanalysed as *l- — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• *tr- reanalysed as *ʈ- — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)

A

• A case study: sikerpe and the Japanese siko-type — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• A class of lexically negative predicates — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• A position-class template — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template)
• A valence-based taxonomy — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy)
• A weather exchange — Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• aan stacked with ruwe ne — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• ABA distributions and retention at the periphery — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• Ability: eaykap, koyaykus, niwkes — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• Ablative and mutative heads — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Accent dialects, irregular dialects, and accentless varieties — Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• Accent of loanwords and reduplicated forms — Chapter 25 (Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs)
• Accent versus tone: the analytical question — Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• Accent-neutral suffixes: -pa and the affiliative -hV — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Accent-orientation metre — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Additive and scalar focus: ka, hem, and hene — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Address versus reference: the vocative split — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• Adjunct placement and preverbal order — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• Admonitive and stacking: hani — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Adnouns and prenominals — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Adverb incorporation and stacking limits — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• Adverbs and postpositional adverbs — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Aeuitaknup: a nominalized quasi-possessive reciprocal — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• Affiliative-suffix position — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Affiliative-type prefixes e- and o- — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• Aims and intended readership — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Ainu [ɕ] and Japanese /ɕ/: a phonetic note — Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation)
• Ainu–Nivkh contact: the lexical layer — Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu)
• Ainuic: three varieties, two branches — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• akusu and awa: sequential discovery — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• Alienable possessor — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• All intransitive subjects use the S set — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• Alliteration and rhyme — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Allomorphy — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• Allophonic microvariation in the 1967 field record — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Altaic and related proposals — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• Alternative and disjunctive questions — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• Ambient predicates: mean = me + an — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• Ambient predicates: the 0-place (完全動詞) verb class — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• Ambitransitivity and lability — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• An between existential verb and support — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• anak and anakne: the topic particle — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• anak versus anakne and diachrony — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Analyses and open questions — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor))
• Analytic negation: hannehka versus somo — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• Analytical boundaries — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• Analytical frameworks — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Analytical perspectives — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification)
• Anaphoric and recognitional demonstratives — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness)
• Answer and response strategies — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• Anticausative semantics and the si- overlap — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• Applicative case-marking — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Applicative prefixes as prosodic-word heads — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Applicative stacking — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• Applied-object roles and the place restriction — Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative)
• Apposition and attributive juxtaposition — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• Apprehensive warnings — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• Are overt NPs arguments? The appositional-NP debate — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• Argument focus and predicate focus — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• Argument structure and the auxiliary frame — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• Argument structure and the experiencer — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• Arity against the three-valency analysis — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• Arity and the argument-frame shift — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• Arity and the boundary between the two uses — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• Arity and the derivational calculus — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• Arity-slot nominalizations: ci= and a= with -p — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Arrival and entry — Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• Asai 1974 and the three-way Major Division — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Aspect and completion forms as temporal anchors — Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System)
• Aspectual an and the posture-verb pathway — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• Assertive and softening: na, wa, un — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Assessment — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• at-rus → attus: a compound assimilation — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• Attachment to the base stem: rikinka and the absence of rikipka — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• Attestation and source coverage — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Attribution: the original-source rule — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• Attributive and predicative positions — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• Attributive ne in noun-noun compounds — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• Attributive NP vs compound: the scope distinction — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Attributive-restrictive compounds — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Avalent predicates — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy)

B

• Bare complementation — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• Bare incorporated nouns and word-internal possessors — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• Batchelor, Piłsudski, and early Western documentation — Chapter 6 (The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research)
• BE-type: existential possession with affiliative nouns — Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• Bihoro and eastern-dialect cluster simplification — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Bihoro h-prothesis: an independent innovation — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Body-part noun incorporation and possessor-to-subject raising — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• Body-part terms — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Body-region prefixes he- and ho- — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• Boundaries and dialect evidence — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• Boundaries and open questions — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• Boundaries with evidentiality, negation, and clause linkage — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview)
• Boundaries: SFP, connective, and the evidential tail — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Boundary-derived occurrences — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Bugaeva, Nakagawa, and the corpus-computational turn — Chapter 6 (The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research)

C

• Capitalization, proper names, and punctuation — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• Case or adposition? The analytical question — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• Case particles — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• Casual reduction of word-final /r/ and the koro/kor pair — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• Catalogue of analyses — Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• Causative of a transitive: the three-place frame — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• Causative suffixes and the lexicalized koré — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Characterization as obviation or switch-reference — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• Chiri Yukie and the pre-war foundations — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• Chronological strata — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• ciki/cik — the mood-restricted conditional — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• Class membership: gradient and construal-sensitive — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification)
• Classification traditions compared — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Classifier or counter? The terminological debate — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Classifier relics — a cautionary assessment — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• Clause template — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• Clause-final frames and illocution — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• Clitic and affix status of the personal indexes — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• Clusivity: the exclusive row and the fourth-person inclusive — Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=))
• Co-occurrence with somo — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• Coda /h/ and the final-h question — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• Coda /h/ in katakana — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• Coda /n/ and the small-ン question — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• Coda /n/-sandhi — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Coda /r/ and the echo-vowel — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• Coda /r/-sandhi — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Coda /r/: citation release and combining forms — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• Coda /s/ before /w/: the override constraint — Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation)
• Coda allophony: the /i/-conditioning — Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation)
• Coda alternation in paired reduplicants: rikin and rikip — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Coda realizations — Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization)
• Coda-nasal place assimilation — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Cognition: experience and understanding — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• Colour terms — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Combinatorial limits and related morphology — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• Comitative and benefactive uses — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• Common nouns: concept form and affiliative form — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Common vs proper nouns — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Community analysis: ci- as a productive middle — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• Community leads and learner-grammar material — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Community observations from the aynu-corpora archive — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• Comparison and degree — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Comparison: the akkari strategy and the absence of a morphological comparative — Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• Competing analyses — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• Competing analyses of ne — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• Competing analyses of the applied-object position — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• Competing taxonomies and contested genre boundaries — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• Complement-taking predicates — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• Completion, anteriority, and the admirative — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview)
• Completive aspect: wa isam and wa okere — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• Compound nouns: first-element priority — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Concept form and affiliative (possessed) form — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• Condition, concession, cause, and the mood of the matrix clause — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• Conditional kor — temporal and habitual — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• Conditioning of the suffix allomorphs — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Conditions on the affiliative form — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Configurationality diagnostics assessed — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• Conjunctions: a distributed category — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Connected-speech reductions — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)
• Connective inventory — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• Consonant microvariation — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Contact history: the Matsumae domain and Russian expansion — Chapter 3 (The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History)
• Content and Theme-Patient: the dominant and non-oblique uses — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• Content questions: wh in situ — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• Contested notational choices — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• Continuing documentation: text series, corpora, and modern prose — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• Contrast — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• Contrast with the productive causative — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• Conventions adopted in this grammar — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• Coordinate and exocentric compounds — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Copular negation and the particle ka — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo)
• Core argument positions — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Corpus examples — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• Corpus illustration — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Corpus profile — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• Corpus quantification — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Corpus-frequency methodology — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• Coverage and documentation gaps — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• Coverage and the Hokkaido documentary record — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Cross-source glossing concordance — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)

D

• Dal Corso's internally-headed RC and classificatory-incorporation proposal — Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses)
• Debates — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• Debates and limitations — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• Debates that shape the template — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template)
• Debuccalization in Sakhalin and the affiliative evidence — Chapter 157 (The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex)
• Declarative and continuation contours — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• Definiteness in an article-less language — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness)
• Definition and valency effect — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate)
• Degree and extent: pakno and comparison frames — Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses)
• Degree and intensification — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• Degree of integration — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• Deictic prenominals — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness)
• Demonstrative prenominals — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• Demonstrative pronouns — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness)
• Denominal ambient predicates — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• Derivation walkthroughs — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Derivational prefixes — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Desiderative rusuy and expectation kuni — Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis)
• Detransitivization and person-marking consequences — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• Deverbal adverbs: the -no adverbializer and bare conversion — Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• Deverbal derivation without valency change — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• Devoicing of coda /r/ after voiceless-stop onsets — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• Diachronic integration — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Diachrony and dialect microvariation — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• Diachrony and dialect variation — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• Diachrony, dialect microvariation, and a Sakhalin contrast — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• Diachrony, weather predicates, and dialect microvariation — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• Diachrony: *sam and the negative-existential cycle — Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam)
• Diachrony: the source of -hV and the vowel-copy analysis — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• Diagnostic evidence — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Diagnostics for identifying Japanese loans — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• Diagnostics: compound vs syntactic noun phrase — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Dialect and comparative edges — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• Dialect and genre coverage — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• Dialect and locality labels — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Dialect classes — Chapter 23 (The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split)
• Dialect classification and the isogloss basis — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• Dialect correspondence sets — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Dialect distribution and cognate forms — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• Dialect distribution of the hortative particles — Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative)
• Dialect edges — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• Dialect geography: the h-series and n-series — Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms)
• Dialect microvariation — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Dialect mixture — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• Dialect range and Sakhalin contrast — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• Dialect tags and example attribution — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions)
• Dialect variation and the existential-aspect family — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• Dialect variation and the vigesimal-to-decimal shift — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• Dialect variation in kinship terms — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• Dialect variation in the allative — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• Dialect Variation in Vowel Quality — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• Dialect variation, the -ka → -re/-te shift, and the Horobetsu switch-reference function — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• Dialect variation: sekor and ari/ani — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• Dialect-area variation in genre vocabulary — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• Dialectal variation — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Dialectal variation and the Sakhalin coda-/r/ reflex — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• Dialectometric reanalyses — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Dictionaries and lexical resources — Chapter 7 (Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record)
• Digraphs, voiced letters, and spurious vowels — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• Direct and indirect causation; coercive and permissive use — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• Direct and indirect evidentiality: the eight-form system — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Direct and indirect quotation — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor))
• Direct causative or forming suffix: the analytical debate — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• Direct, semi-direct, and indirect reported discourse — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• Directional adverbs from locative roots — Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• Directive and affective interjections — Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• Directive and hortative mood — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview)
• Directive frames after iteki — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• Disambiguation — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• Discontinuous noun phrases — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• Discourse conditions and the interaction with ellipsis — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• Dissimilation: /r/ before /r/ — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Distinct lexicon — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Distribution types in linguistic geography — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Division of labour across the inventory — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• Division of labour and diachrony — Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• Does Ainu have a true passive? — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• Domain asymmetry: /r/-sandhi and /n/-sandhi differ in boundary sensitivity — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Double causatives — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• Double evidentiality — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Double evidentiality and narrative register — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• Double evidentiality and the siri an / ruwe ne pairing — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• Double evidentiality with humi — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• Double-evidential stacking — Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles)

E

• Early contact and Edo-period loans — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• easirki — obligation — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• easkay: ability and possibility — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• eaykap and koyaykus: inability distinguished by source — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• Echo vowels and syllable-final r — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• Edo-period records and the philological tradition — Chapter 6 (The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research)
• Elegant kinship terms as register diagnostics — Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• Elegant register, applicative morphology, and poetic verse language — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• Elliptical answers and minimal clauses — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• Embedded questions — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• Emphasis — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• Emphatic glottal insertion — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• Episode boundaries: ruwe ne + connective — Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• Ethnogenesis — the Jōmon inheritance and internal classification — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• Etymology, phonology, and dialect distribution — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• Event and fact nominalization — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• Evidence base and its limits — Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu)
• Evidence grading — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• Evidence-grade labels — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions)
• Exclamatory and wish prosody — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• Existential aspect auxiliaries — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• Expectedness and discourse stance — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)

F

• Fauna — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Final-consonant debuccalization in Sakhalin — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• Finite clauses joined by post-predicate particles — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• First-class and second-class locative nouns — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• First-person plural exclusive object: un= — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• First-person singular object: en= — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• First-person singular subject: ku= and k= — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=))
• Five competing analyses of a — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• Flora and the kina/mun distinction — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Focus particles and kakari-musubi concord — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• Focus preposing and allative-marked IO fronting — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• Focus-particle hosting — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• Form and allomorphy — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• Form and attachment — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Form and domain — Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs)
• Form and function in the arity calculus — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• Form and place among the formal nouns — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• Form and position — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor))
• Form, etymology, and dialect variants — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• Form, etymology, and the number alternation — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• Formal (defective) nouns — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Formal-noun fragments: polar questions, exclamatives, and answers — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• Formation of the affiliative form — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• Formation types — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Forming suffixes and lexical transitivity pairs — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• Forms and alignment — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=))
• Forms and dialect distribution — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• Formulaic character and mnemonic function — Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets)
• Fourth-person narration in sung verse — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Fourth-person narration: genre-universal and regionally split — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• Fourth-person narration: the hero or deity as speaker — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Fourth-person object: i= — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• Fourth-person plurals and number mismatches — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• Free verbs grammaticalized as bound suffixes — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• From Batchelor to the modern standard — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• From documentation to revival — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• From early romanizations to the modern standard — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• From hearing words to agreement and obedience — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• From the 1997 law to the 2019 recognition — Chapter 3 (The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History)
• Fukazawa and Ono 2024: boundary dialects — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Function of the sakehe: the protagonist-index debate — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Functional load of the accent contrast — Chapter 25 (Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs)
• Functions: emphasis, contrast, and focus hosting — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• Further phonological alternations — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Fusion and lexicalization — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)

G

• Gendered ritual speech-acts — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• Genre allocation and narrator sex — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• Genre density and the elegant-language gradient — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• Genre distribution and the debate — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Genre-boundary debates — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Genre-conditioned distribution: a comparison — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• Genre-conditioned grammar and the corpus as evidence — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• Genre-conditioned grammar: person marking and number in sung epic — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• Geographic vocabulary — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Glide codas /w/ and /y/ — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• Glide epenthesis at the i- and u- prefix boundary — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• Glide notation in hiatus — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• Glide phonemicity in Shizunai: a dialect-specific contrast — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Glide transcription and vowel hiatus — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• Glides /y/ and /w/ as consonants — Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization)
• Gloss abbreviation inventory — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Glottal insertion when glide cannot appear — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• Glottal stop, vowel-initial words, and onset representation — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• Goal and addressee: relations directed toward a person — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• Graded positions — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• Grammar, not dictionary — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Grammatical features of atomte-itak — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• Grammatical glosses and the abbreviation set — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions)
• Grammatical hallmarks of prayer speech — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Grammatical hallmarks of the verse register — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Grammaticalization and the degree of aspect — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• Grammaticalization and the nominalization-to-evidential cline — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Grammaticalization cline and the Sakhalin contrast — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Grammaticalization pathways — an inventory — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• Grammaticalization status and typological framing — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• Grammaticalization: from lexical noun to formal noun — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• Grammaticalized uses of an — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• Greeting formulae and their morphological structure — Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)

H

• Habitual and factual conditional: the whenever reading — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• Habitual and generic aspect — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• hawe and itak as framing elements — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor))
• hawe as: the indirect reportative — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• Head-marking, indexing, and the absence of case — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• Headedness, morphological linking, and accent — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Headless nominalizations across the accessibility hierarchy — Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses)
• hem, hemem, and hene: plain additive and alternative focus — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• hi — semantic range and the place/time split — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• hi and the other general formal nouns — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• hi as complementizer — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• Hierarchical effects in person combinations — Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• hine an, kan an, and tek an — further dialect variants — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• hine as the primary narrative chaining particle — Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• hine: neutral temporal enumeration — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• Historical development — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• Historical setting and language shift — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• Hokkaido Ainu as the object of description — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Homophonous prefixes and the arity computation — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate)
• Homophony: antipassive i- and the fourth-person object i= — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• Honest gaps — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• Honorific address to an exalted second person — Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• Honorific and age-conditioned registers — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• Honorific possession via the 4th person — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• Honorific, narrative, and logophoric uses — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• Horobetsu: -po on an intimate as 'deceased' — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• How to use this grammar — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)

I

• Iburi: ci= / =as as singular deity marker — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Ideophones and reduplicative mimetics — Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• Ijäs and the learner-grammar claims — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• Ijäs Lesson 11 — graded claims — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Ijäs's L2–L3 claims in this domain — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• Ijäs's L2–L3 framework — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• Ijäs's learner grammar and the reference paradigm — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• Illocutionary force: the ne/an/∅ alternation — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• Imperative and hortative: yan, ya, ro, so — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Inalienable nouns and the bound class — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Inalienable possessor — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Inceptive extensions of kor an — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• Inclusive and impersonal reference — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• Incorporated kinship expressions — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• Indefinite pro-forms and the particle =ka — Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms)
• Indirect and mitigated directives — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• Initial *h- and medial *-ʔ-: complementary distribution — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Instrument nominalization: ani X p — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Interaction with person-affix accent — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Interaction with somo, and the question of blocking — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• Interface with the evidential system — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• Interfaces with evidentiality, complementation, and reported speech — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• Interjections — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Interlinear text and free translation — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• Internal structure: the nominalised existential — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• Interrogative contours and sentence-final particles — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• Intransitive verbs — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy)
• Inventory and routing — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• Inventory and semantics — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• Inventory of operations — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview)
• isam and the somo strategy — Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam)
• Isogloss geography and the dialect divisions — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Isogloss types and geographic distribution — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• Isolate status — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• Iterative aspect — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• Iterative reduplication: the ~a ~a / ~rok ~rok pattern — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))

J

• Joint-participation and collective readings — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• Juncture gradation and prosodic integration — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• Juncture tightness and the =an boundary — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)

K

• ka: additive, scalar, and NPI-forming — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Kakari-musubi concord: oka, nek — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• kane an — the merged durative — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• kar and the word–phrase boundary — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• Kasuga 2026: 75-locality quantitative classification — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Katakana as a parallel notation — Chapter 13 (Cyrillic and Multi-Script Rendering)
• Katakana in Ainu writing — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• Ki as event support and pro-verb — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• Ki as the formal verb of somo negation — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• Ki, somo ki, and clause linkage — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• Kindaichi and Chiri: the classical Japanese descriptive tradition — Chapter 6 (The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research)
• Kindaichi's adjective class and its rejection — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Kinship terms — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Kinship terms and the two possession constructions — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• Kinship terms: two grammatical classes — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• ko- in the derivational chain and with e- — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• kor an: progressive, habitual, and inceptive — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• kor in derived particles — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• koré: two analyses of a lexicalized junction — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• korka and hikeka — adversative — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• kuni as complement marker — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• kuni in the complementizer system — Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements)
• kuni ne — normative expectation — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• kuni ne: expectative predication — Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements)
• kuni p: purposive and deontic nominals — Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements)
• kur and kuni: person and purpose nominals — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• kus(u) ne — prospective intentional — Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis)
• kus(u) ne na as near-command — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• kusu ne: the intentive and prospective construction — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))

L

• Labelling, naming, and specificational uses of the copular frame — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• Laryngeal consonants — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• Latin–katakana correspondence and round-tripping — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• Layering, renewal, and what the dialect record shows — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• Legislation and institutions — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• Lexical adverbs — Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• Lexical aspect and the existential-aspect core — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview)
• Lexical class-noun heads: kur and usi/uske — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Lexical classes, the unaccusative diagnostic, and incorporation — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• Lexical conditioning: what is predictable and what must be memorized — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• Lexical data and dialectometric classification — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• Lexical exceptions — Chapter 23 (The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split)
• Lexical loans beyond toponymy — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• Lexical modernization and neologisms — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• Lexical negation and the negation-ability interface — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• Lexical statistics — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints)
• Lexicalization and less transparent ko- forms — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• Lexicalization and non-compositional meaning — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Lexicalization in animal names: isepo and the class-term question — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• Lexicalized agent/patient nominals — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Lexicalized formal-noun nominalizations and the RC–compound boundary — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• Lexicalized forms and extension to non-verbal bases — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• Lexicalized forms and productive use — Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative)
• Lexicalized forms and the preverb question — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• Lexicalized sandhi outputs — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Loanword syllable adaptation — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints)
• Locational and relational nouns — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Locative noun class and possessive alienability — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• Locative roots and case-marked forms — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness)
• Locative-object verbs — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• Locative-object verbs and ambitransitives — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy)
• Locus of plurality: utar vs verbal number — Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality)
• Logophoric reference in reported speech — Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• Logophoric use in quotations — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• Longer, more polysynthetic words — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)

M

• Major collections represented in this grammar — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• Manner and degree adverbs — Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs)
• manu — reportative hedging — Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis)
• Marginal sequences: yi, wi, wu — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Meaning: after-the-fact realization and indirect evidentiality — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• Meaning: directly visible situation — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• Meaning: fact from knowledge, not raw perception — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• Meaning: the non-visual sensory domain — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• Meaning: verbal source and reportative function — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• Meiji-era annexation and assimilation policies — Chapter 3 (The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History)
• Melody: fixed per story in kamuy yukar, personal in yukar — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Membership, gradience, and dialect variation — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Metathesis: -iw and -uy — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Method and limits of Proto-Ainu reconstruction — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Methodological cautions — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• Minimal and near-minimal pairs — Chapter 25 (Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs)
• Mirativity and double evidentiality — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• Mirativity and the admirative — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Mirativity and the auxiliary aan — Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles)
• Mismatches between semantic and stem number — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• Mixed alignment and the verb template — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms)
• Modern borrowings and the untranslated stratum — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• Modern reference grammars — Chapter 7 (Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record)
• Modes of argument realisation — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• Modifier order inside the NP — Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax)
• mokor wa an: sleep as a result-state — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• Mora or syllable as the accent domain? — Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• Morpheme and person-marker boundary notation — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• Morpheme boundary conventions — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions)
• Morpheme boundary symbols and the interlinear format — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Morphological and lexical divergences — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• Morphological identity: causative and applicative morphology — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Morphological isoglosses — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Morphological range and the possessive yay- — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• Morphological status and open questions — Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements)
• Morphological status of the indexes and notation — Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=))
• Morphology — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• Morphology and derivation — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• Morphology of the wh-roots — Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms)
• Morphology: hawe is haw-e, 'the voice/word of —' — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• Morphology: humi is hum-i, 'the sound/feeling of —' — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• Morphology: ruwe is ru-we, ‘the trace of —’ — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• Morphology: siri is sir-i, 'the appearance of —' — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• Morphophonological activity of coda /r/ — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• Morphosyntactic contrasts — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• Morphosyntactic integration — Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• Motion and directional verbs — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Motion verbs and restrictions — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• Motion-event encoding — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• Multi-clause chains in narrative — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• Multiple plural marking — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)

N

• na as clause-boundary connective — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• nankor — epistemic probability and conjecture — Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis)
• Narrative clause chains and cohesion — Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• Narrative first person — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• Nasal neutralization before labials — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• Nasals and nasal assimilation — Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization)
• Natural-force intransitive subject NI — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• Natural-force noun incorporation and object-to-subject promotion — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• Natural-force transitive subject NI — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• Ne as copular support — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• nea and tap — demonstrative-adjacent forms — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• Near-future auxiliaries: oasi, etokus, etokoyki — Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis)
• Negation — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• Negation and scope — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• Negation of copular predicates: the ka somo ne frame — Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates)
• Negation of possession — Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• Negation under the evidential predicate — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo)
• Negation, adjuncts, and topic fronting — Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax)
• Negation: X ka somo ne — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• Nested possession — Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• New-speaker and heritage varieties — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• newaanpe — the resumptive anaphoric connective — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• nisa: the recent-perfect companion — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• Nivkh and the northern contact zone — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• Nominal-frame conditionals: B ne yakun — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• Nominalizer allomorphy — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Nominalizers: subclass or grammatical role? — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Non-third-person possession — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• Northern contact and the Hokkaido residue — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• Notation — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• Notation conventions — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Notes on evidential labels — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Notes on POSS, ANTIP, AUTOC, ANTIC, and MID — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Notes on role labels A, S, and O — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Notes on the fourth person — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• Noun incorporation and allied spatial operators — Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative)
• Noun incorporation and wordhood — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview)
• Noun or adposition? — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• Nouns — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• NP coordinators — newa and usa — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• NP-internal agreement — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• Null and zero arguments — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• Null arguments and zero anaphora — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• Number agreement in the elevated register — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Number and the fourth person — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms)
• Number suppletion: an (sg) and oka / okay (pl) — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• Number-agreement override — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• Number-agreement override in the verse register — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Numeral and quantifier prenominals — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• Numeral syntax — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• Numeral–nominal number interactions — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Numerals and plural marking — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• Numerals with the copula ne — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• Numerals: vigesimal versus decimal — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)

O

• Object incorporation in the valency system — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• Obligatory head-marking and the appositional noun phrase — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• Obligatory indexing; the verb alone is a complete sentence — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• Obligatory possession and affiliative forms — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• Obligatory possession and the non-possessed-noun form — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• Obligatory possession, the 4th-person default, and the kin-group noun utar — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• Oblique adjuncts and the locational predicate gap — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• Oblique incorporation via the applicative — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• Oblique positions — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Old Japanese loanwords into Ainu — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• Ono 2020: spectral clustering — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Onset distribution and allophony — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• Onset glides — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Onset realization — Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation)
• Onset realization and positional variants — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• Onset realizations — Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization)
• Open points — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• Open questions — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• Open questions and honest gaps — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Opening and closing formulae — Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• Oral literature as the primary documentary resource — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• orano and orowano — the sequential connective — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• Ordering and stacking at the clause edge — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Ordering with valency morphology and number suffixes — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• Ordinal expressions — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Origin: the three-way reconstruction debate — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• Orthographic and typological implications — Chapter 157 (The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex)
• Orthographic conventions — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• Other consonant alternations: y/w and n/m — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Other indirect-speech complementizers — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• Overlapping events: the simultaneous reading — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• Overt possessor NPs and the double-marking configuration — Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• Overview — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters), Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution), Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels), Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction), Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics), Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs), Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets), Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax), Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese), Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Overview and terminology — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• Overview: a bipartite deixis system — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness)
• Overview: a three-axis register system — Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• Overview: atomte-itak and yayan-itak — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• Overview: genre conditions clause-final choice — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• Overview: kusu in the causal–purposive group — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• Overview: the directive mood — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• Overview: two forms of the common noun — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)

P

• Palatalization (t + i → ci) at the boundary — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Parallelism and formulaic phrasing — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Participant identity across the clause boundary — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• Participant nominalization: the one who, the thing that — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• Particles and auxiliary verbs — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Particles and grammatical words — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Perception and cognition verbs — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• Performative context: kamuy-nomi and the ceremony — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Periodization: Pre-Proto-Ainu, Proto-Ainu, Common Ainu — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Permitted coda consonants — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints)
• Person affixes and independent pronouns — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Person affixes and plural marking — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• Person agreement in kor an — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• Person agreement in wa an — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• Person and number marking — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• Person indexing: causee priority and secundative alignment — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• Person marking — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• Person marking and verbal status — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• Person marking and word division — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• Person marking as the transitivity test — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• Person marking in the directive clause — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• Person marking on predicative kor — Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• Person marking: first-singular ku- in prayer — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Person of narration: the fourth-person narrator-protagonist — Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• Person restriction and the ci= / ci- homophony — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• Person-affix accent — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Person-affix position — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Person-marked prohibition and the no-linker — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• Person-marking type — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Person-prefix attachment to reduplicated stems — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Personal possessive prefixes on inalienable nouns — Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• Phasal and iterative strategies in the auxiliary system — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• Philological constraints — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• Phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• Phonemic Length and Allophonic Lengthening — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• Phonemic status — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• Phonetic distribution — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• Phonetic Realization — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• Phonological adaptation — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• Phonological contrasts: vowel length and the final-h reflex — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• Phonological isoglosses — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Phonotactic gaps in the syllable inventory — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints)
• Phrasal grouping and prosodic domains — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• Pitch-accent diacritics: when and how accent is marked — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• Pitch-accent microvariation — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Pitch-accent types — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Place in the causative inventory — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• Place in the causative system — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• Place in the directive system — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• Place in the evidential paradigm — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• Place in the negation system — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam)
• Plural marking — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Plural marking and eci= — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• Plural-suffix allomorphy — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Polar questions: five strategies — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• Polysynthesis and noun incorporation — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• Polysynthetic expansion and periphrasis — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• poro and pon: verbs with prominent prenominal distribution — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Position and the imperative verb — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• Position in the verb template — Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• Possession desire: kor rusuy — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• Possession indexed on the head noun — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• Possessive negation: sak — Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam)
• Possessor-requiring intransitive subject NI and possessor stranding — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• Post-nominal (appositional) position — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Post-war field documentation — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• Postposition–applicative correspondences — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• Postpositional adverbs — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• Postpositions and the marking of obliques — Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax)
• Prayer as a sub-register of atomte-itak — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• Prayer language: genre-conditioned lexical substitution — Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• Prayer speech in the genre system — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Prayer vs. incantation: fixed and improvised chant — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Prayer-specific vocabulary and honorific epithets — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• Predication type and the Tokachi stage-level constraint — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Predication type: the Tokachi constraint — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• Predication type: the Tokachi stage-level constraint — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• Predicative (pure noun) position — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Predicative possession with kinship affiliatives — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• Predicative possession: BE-type an and isam — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• Predictable and lexically specified accent — Chapter 25 (Lexical/Contrastive Accent and Minimal Pairs)
• Prenominal position — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Preverbal NP order: free or fixed? — Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax)
• Preverbal somo — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo)
• Principal formal nouns as nominal heads — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• Principles and the class inventory — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Prior descriptions and the position of this grammar — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Productive vs. non-productive causatives — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• Progressive palatalization in sirsak — Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation)
• Pronouns and formal nouns in the subclass system — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Property verbs and adnouns as modifiers — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• Property verbs as manner auxiliaries — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• Property words as intransitive verbs — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• Property-concept predicates: standard clausal negation — Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates)
• Prose intonation and genre-conditioned phonetics — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• Prose narration: uwepeker, tuytak, and ucaskuma — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• Prosodic integration and rule ordering — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)
• Prosodic-word status as a morphological diagnostic — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Prospective and future reference — Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System)
• Proto-Ainu suprasegmentals: the length–pitch dispute — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Purpose: 'in order to' — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))

Q

• Qualitative-possessive compounds: the N-kor-kur type — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Quantifier float and the noun–numeral–verb pattern — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Quantifier syntax: three positions — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Quasi-possessive reciprocals: formation and motivation — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• Quotative density and the reportative frame — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)

R

• r-sandhi at reduplicant codas — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• rapokke and rapoketa — simultaneous temporal — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• RC heads: common nouns and bound nouns — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Reading Batchelor materials today — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• Readings: indefinite, permissive, and sociative — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• Reason and cause: 'because' — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• Reference tracking across clauses — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• Reference tracking across narrative chains — Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• Reference tracking without switch-reference morphology — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• Reference tracking: zero anaphora and the fourth person — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• Referential range: five uses — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• Regional (matagi) vocabulary — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• Register conditioning and co-occurring grammatical features — Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets)
• Register-marked forms: yo and tapan — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Register, genre, and the gender question — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Register: the everyday frame and its limits — Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• Regressive cluster assimilation — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Regressive consonant assimilation — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• Relation to the IPA and to other romanizations in the literature — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• Relation to the middle ci- and the A/P split in arity-decreasing voices — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• Relationship to the imperative, prohibitive, and desiderative — Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative)
• Relative-clause modifiers — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• Reliability of the record and open questions — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• Resolving the syncretism — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• Restrictive focus: patek and its near-synonyms — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Revisions to the consonant correspondences: Alonso 2022 — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• Right-dislocation and the afterthought construction — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• Rising-nucleus accent in utterance context — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• Row-wise alignment — Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• Rule inventory and domain summary — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters)
• Rusuy as full verb: the dual status — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• ruwe ne as the narrative clause-final default — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)

S

• Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu as external contrast — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• Sakhalin contrast — Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality)
• Sakhalin contrast and the -ike/-hike variant — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• Sandhi at the reduplicant-affix juncture — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Saru and Chitose: a= / =an — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Saru–Chitose as a lexically distinct group — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• Satō's markedness calculus and the NI⊃QI hierarchy — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• Satō's markedness calculus and the systematic gap — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• Scalar minimizers and exhaustive negation — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• Scene transition in narrative — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• Scene-shift in narrative — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• Scope — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• Scope and conventions — Chapter 173 (Glossary of Grammatical Terms)
• Scope and the epistemic–deontic boundary — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• Scope and the evidential interface — Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis)
• Scope and weight compared with Japanese wa — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Scope of negation within the evidential frame — Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates)
• Scope of this chapter — Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses)
• Scope over TAM and the embedded clause — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• Scope over TAM and the finiteness of the embedded clause — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• Scope, mirativity, and the admirative tail — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• Scope: lexical word-formation and the syntactic cut — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Script policy — Chapter 13 (Cyrillic and Multi-Script Rendering)
• Second-person neutrality: e= and eci= — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• Second-person objects: e= and eci= — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• Second-person singular: e= — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=))
• Secondary accent on personal-number suffixes — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• sekor and the reporting-verb split — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• sekor in the complementizer system — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor))
• sekor is not a sentence-final particle — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Self-affecting verb classes: grooming, emotion, and self-transformation — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• Semantic classes of affiliative nouns — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• Semantic distribution — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• Semantic domains and lexicalization — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• Semantic field variation beyond the basic list — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• Semantic fields of incorporated objects — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• Semantic identity: the stative–inchoative duality — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Semantic patterns — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Semantic range: community observations — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• Semantic readings — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• Semantic roles of the applied object — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• Semantic types — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• Semantic values: diminutive and affective — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• Semantics and clause structure — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• Semantics: associative reading and the animacy debate — Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality)
• Sensory-noun formal nouns as perception-complement heads — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• Sentence-final particles and gendered interactional register — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• Separating contact, inheritance, and chance — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• Shared diagnostics — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• Shizunai ci and Sakhalin =hci: position as the diagnostic — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• Short and long affiliative forms — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• Side-encoding and allomorphy — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• Side-encoding: prefixes for A, suffixes for S — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms)
• Simile and evidential inference: pekor, apekor, noyne, and kotom — Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses)
• siran — the appearance-based continuative — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• Size modification without suffixation: prenominal pon and poro — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• Softeners and benefactive requests: hani and wa kore — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• somo and somósomo as a prosodic diagnostic — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• Sound symbolism: patterns and limits of the evidence — Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• Source citation and the bibliography — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions)
• Source gaps and the reported-evidence convention — Chapter 7 (Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record)
• Source, speakers, and orthographic conventions — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• SOV order and the head-final clause — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• Spatial deixis and locative nouns — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• Speaker and dialect variation — Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation)
• Special number uses and lexicalized expressions — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• Stacking with applicatives and the verb-word template — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• Stacking, co-incorporation, and the pondering chain — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• Stacking, ordering, and the verb-word template — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview)
• Stacking, productivity, and the feeding relation — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate)
• Stacking, re-applicativization, and the feeding of noun incorporation — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• Standard Japanese items attributed to Ainu origin — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• Standard of comparison — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Statistical tendencies and their source — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• Stative and negative-manner linkage — Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs)
• Stative possession: kor wa an — Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• Stem-forming -pa and outer pa — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• Strict intransitivity and the locational frame — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• Structural contact and the Sprachbund question — Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu)
• Sub-genre types and typical themes — Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• Sub-types and semantic roles of the applied object — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• Subject continuity: statistical preference without a constraint — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• Subsistence, society, and the documentary record — Chapter 3 (The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History)
• Summary of combining-form alternations — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• Summary: sandhi rule interactions at reduplication boundaries — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Suppletive verbal number — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• Syllabification — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints)
• Syllabification and pitch-accent placement — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• Syllable weight and the placement rule — Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• Syllable-count orientation — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Symmetry and subordinate asymmetry — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo)
• Syncretism and portmanteau cells — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms)
• Synopsis of constructions — Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• Syntactic diagnostics and re-applicativization — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• Syntactic identity: the person-marking frame — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Syntactic position and embedding — Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms)
• Synthesis — Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• Systematic features of Batchelor's orthography — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)

T

• t + s → c in reduplicated compounds — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• Taboo vocabulary: attested existence and the source gap — Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• Tail-head (recapitulative) linkage — Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• TAM on copular predicates: the perfect and the ne/an clause-edge alternation — Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates)
• Tamura's Northeast–Southwest bipartition — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• tane — temporal adverb and scene-shift marker — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• Temporal adverbs and discourse anchoring — Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System)
• Tenseless narration and aspectual foregrounding — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• Tenselessness and the periphrastic architecture — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview)
• Terminological background — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate)
• Terminology and comparative note — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• Terms — Chapter 173 (Glossary of Grammatical Terms)
• The -p/-pe nominalizer at word level — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• The 'pretend to' construction — Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• The (C)V(C) template — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints)
• The *CVVC constraint and glide-blocking — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints)
• The *CVVC constraint as a blocker of glide formation — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• The *g / *hd / *s tangle: two scenarios — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• The /i/-initial block and vowel weakening — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)
• The /r/ coda series — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• The = sign for person markers: an orthographic device, not a clitic analysis — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• The 1A→2O portmanteau — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• The ③-1 default surfaces in compounds — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• The a / aan opposition: aspect, evidentiality, and the Classical Japanese parallel — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• The abilitative set and its position in the TAM system — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• The absence of a tense category — Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System)
• The absence of morphological switch-reference — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• The accent-dialect split — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• The active attribution — Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• The adjective debate — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• The admirative aan and rok(o)ka — Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• The adnoun class — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• The adverb class — Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• The affiliative and the underlying base consonant — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• The affiliative constraint: specificity, grammar, and non-possessive uses — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• The affiliative construction — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification)
• The affiliative suffix -(V)hV: two accounts — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• The affiliative suffix as a support-vowel paradigm — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• The affiliative suffix as nominalizer: -i/-hi and -e/-we — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• The affiliative-construction paradigm — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• The agentivity restriction — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• The Ainu homeland and its historical range — Chapter 3 (The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History)
• The akusu/awa register and dialect split — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• The alignment label and the broader debate — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• The alignment profile: mixed morphological type — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• The alignment question — Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• The allative particle and a puzzle of shared isoglosses — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• The allative particle as a morphological isogloss — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• The Amur / North Pacific areal layer — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• The analytical question — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• The animacy restriction on kor — Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• The antipassive i- as a possessor-suppressor — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• The applicative prefixes — a disputed diachrony — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• The applicative route to external possession — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• The applicative-desiderative — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• The appositive construction and the GNMCC question — Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses)
• The archaeological background: from Jōmon to the historical Ainu — Chapter 3 (The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History)
• The arity ≥ +1 diagnostic — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• The arity-0 diagnostic — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• The aspect–evidential boundary — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• The attested text corpus — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• The Austroasiatic problem — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• The auxiliary and its form — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• The back vowel u — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• The bare-stem singular imperative — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• The bilabial coda ㇷ゚ — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• The candidate counter-class: adnouns, poro and pon, and the historical analysis — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• The canonical reciprocal — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• The category and its locus — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• The causal–purpose polysemy: how the readings are resolved — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• The causativized reciprocal — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• The causee as object — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• The central role of or — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• The choice of c, and s before i — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• The ci- middle prefix — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• The class of relational nouns — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• The classical grammars — Chapter 7 (Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record)
• The clitic–affix cline — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)
• The cohortative: inclusive fourth-person subject — Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative)
• The comparative method and what isolate status entails — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• The compound-boundary block — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• The compound–phrase boundary — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• The concept-form rule — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• The conditional, concessive, and adversative subsystem — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• The consonant analysis — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• The constituency of the nominalized clause — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• The construction and the -no diagnostic — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• The continuative field in overview — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• The conventional word-pair inventory — Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets)
• The coordination–subordination continuum — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• The copula and the existential verbs — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy)
• The copula ne as a denominal predicate head — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• The counter and classifier question — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• The couplet: structure and attested examples — Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets)
• The culminative ayne — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• The Cyrillic tradition in Sakhalin scholarship — Chapter 13 (Cyrillic and Multi-Script Rendering)
• The debate over the literary person — Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• The default: ③-1 (-i/-ihi) — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• The defining diagnostics — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• The delimiting-particle (副助詞) layer — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• The deontic field — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• The dialect paradigm — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• The dialectal allomorph ma — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• The diminutive suffix -po and the absence of an augmentative — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• The diphthong analysis — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• The divine epic: kamuy yukar, oyna, and Chiri Yukie — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• The divine epic: kamuy yukar, the sakehe refrain, and oyna — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• The eastern–western lexical divide — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• The epistemic and irrealis modal field — Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis)
• The ethnonym Aynu and related designations — Chapter 3 (The Ainu People, Their Homeland, and History)
• The evidence-grading system — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• The evidential frame as focus and assertion — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• The evidential nominals: sensory nouns to clause-final markers — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• The evidential tail as sentence-type switch — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• The evidential–connective interface — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• The evidential–kusu scope order — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• The exclusive first plural paradigm — Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=))
• The existential an/oka(y) and its suppletive negative isam — Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates)
• The extended small-kana coda system — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• The feeding of oblique incorporation — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• The feeding of relativization — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• The Five-Vowel System — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• The form and its environments — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• The formal noun utar — distributional status — Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality)
• The formal paradigm — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• The formal-noun evidential tail — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• The formal-noun inventory for headless nominalizations — Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses)
• The founding lexicostatistic study — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• The four formal nouns: morphological sources and evidential values — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• The four formal persons — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms)
• The four NI types and Chitose frequencies — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• The four noun subclasses — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• The four standing commitments — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• The four-term evidential system — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• The fourth person in reference tracking — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• The fourth-person object i= and the detransitive prefix i- — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• The fourth-person pronoun and the singular/plural asymmetry — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• The free conjunctive use: 'therefore, that is why' — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• The free discourse connective orowa(no) — Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• The free ordering of preverbal noun phrases — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• The gap strategy and postposition retention — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• The genericity restriction and the lexical character of Object NI — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• The genetic isolate and its typological placement — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• The genre system: parameters and macro-categories — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• The given-information restriction — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• The glide transition (わたり) and its non-phonemic status — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• The glottal stop — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• The glottal stop [ʔ] — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• The grammaticalization cline — Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles)
• The h phoneme and the coda question in Hokkaido — Chapter 157 (The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex)
• The HAVE-construction: transitive kor — Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• The hawe family: report verb, reportative evidential, and hearsay — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• The he particle: scope and category — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• The head-final profile — Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax)
• The Hepburn-derived tradition — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• The hero-narrator person system — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• The heroic epic: yukar and sakorpe — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• The Hokkaido dialect sample — Chapter 9 (The Dialect Sample and the Corpus-Quantification Method)
• The Hokkaido dialect system — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• The honorific address system: fourth-person forms and the pronoun set — Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• The honorific and logophoric functions in the fourth-person system — Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• The hortative system — Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative)
• The Ijäs learner template — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• The illocutionary inventory — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• The indefinite-agent construction: a= as a functional passive — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• The independent pronouns and their place in the grammar — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• The indirect counterpart: humi as — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• The indirection principle: taboo on direct deity–human speech — Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• The interjection inventory — Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• The interlinear format — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions)
• The interrogative-based indefinite series — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• The inventory — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• The irrealis complement of ye and ramu — Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements)
• The isolate baseline — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• The iterative auxiliary ranke — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• The Japanese contact layer — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• The Japonic question — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• The Jōmon-substrate thesis and Ainu ethnogenesis — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• The Keenan–Comrie accessibility hierarchy — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• The ko- applicative inside sir- verbs — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• The ko-/o- contrast — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• The kor appositive construction — Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• The kor construction — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification)
• The ku= and ci= vowel-deletion rule — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)
• The Kuril varieties — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• The label debate: antipassive or derivational prefix? — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• The Latin phonemic transcription — Chapter 13 (Cyrillic and Multi-Script Rendering)
• The layered locative construction — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• The left personal layer: A and O prefixes — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• The lexical–syntactic boundary — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• The lexicalized plural hekattar — Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality)
• The licensing predicates — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• The location noun class as role disambiguator — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• The location-class noun as role disambiguation — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• The locative formatives -us(i) and -oma(i) — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• The locative noun or and the ⟨place⟩ requirement — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• The logophoric fourth person in speech reports — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor))
• The logophoricity debate — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• The long-form suffixes -ke, -V, and -si — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• The macro-comparison catalogue — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• The macro-comparison proposals — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• The menoko yukar — women's heroic verse — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• The mid vowels e and o — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• The minority echo-vowel sub-patterns: ③-2 and ③-3 — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• The modal field — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview)
• The modern descriptive era: Tamura, Refsing, Shibatani, and Satō — Chapter 6 (The History of Ainu Language Description and Previous Research)
• The modifier-position template — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• The mutative ne — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• The naming cleft: sekor a=ye … ne — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• The narrative boundary device — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• The narrator's fourth person in oral literature — Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• The natural world: geography, flora, fauna, and weather — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• The nay ~ pet distinction — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• The ne / an mood alternation in clause-final evidential frames — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• The negative existential isam — Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam)
• The no particle: stative and negated-manner clauses — Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses)
• The no-adjective analysis — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• The nominalization-plus-copula schema — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• The nominalization-to-lexicalization cline — Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses)
• The nominalizers -p/-pe and the cep case — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• The non-shifting class: a=, eci= — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• The northern contact zone — Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu)
• The numeral roots 1–10 and the three form classes — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• The O set in the person paradigm — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• The okkaypo ambiguity: suffix versus noun po 'child' — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• The optional formal-analysis layer — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• The p ~ pe nominalizer — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• The p/pe and hi nominalization cleft — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• The pa-:ca- alternation — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• The pair-verb frame and the existential auxiliary — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• The palatalized series: a Pre-Proto-Ainu hypothesis — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• The par / car 'mouth' isogloss — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• The par/car pseudo-correspondence — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• The particle ka: indefinite-formation and focus — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• The passage and its source — Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• The pe ne hike recapitulative frame — Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• The person-counting suffix -n/-iw — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• The person-marking diagnostic — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy)
• The personal form and its syntax — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• The philological record — Chapter 7 (Written Sources: Grammars, Dictionaries, and the Philological Record)
• The phoneme /h/ — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• The phoneme /r/ in the consonant inventory — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• The phoneme inventory — Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization)
• The phonemic principle — Chapter 11 (The Latin Phonemic Transcription)
• The phonemic status of the glide transition across dialects — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• The phonological shape of the reduplicant — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• The pitch contour — Chapter 23 (The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split)
• The place restriction: spatial goals versus animate goals — Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative)
• The placement rule — Chapter 23 (The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split)
• The plural and polite imperative: yan — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• The position-class template — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• The possessive person-prefix system — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• The possessor slot — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• The postpositional phrase — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• The postverbal plural clitics — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• The predicate slot is invariably verbal — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• The predicate-omission environment: a unified account — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• The prefix e-: four subtypes — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate)
• The prefix ko- and the contrast with o- — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate)
• The prefix u- and its arity effect — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• The progressive: kor followed by an existential — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• The prohibitive: iteki and its dialect variants — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• The Pronominal-Argument Hypothesis and the Ainu counter-evidence — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• The prose tale in the genre system — Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• The prosodic correspondence: length and pitch — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• The prosodic word and accent reapplication — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• The Proto-Ainu consonant system: Vovin's reconstruction — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• The Proto-Ainu vowel system — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes)
• The quotative frame and participant tracking — Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• The realis and mood-constraint split: a comparative table — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• The recent perfect nisa — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• The recording and publication tradition — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data)
• The recoverable contact layer and internal reconstruction — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• The reduplicant-base boundary: resyllabification blocking and glottal insertion — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction)
• The reduplicated a … a construction — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• The reflexive prefix yay- — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• The reflexive yay- in the valency system — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• The reflexive-possessive function — Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• The register lexicon — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• The register of prayer: atomte-itak — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• The reported-discourse system in overview — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• The resu family and the applicative interaction — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• The reverse direction: Ainu elements in early Japonic — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• The rhotic /r/ — Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization)
• The right personal layer: =as and =an — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• The rising-nucleus system — Chapter 23 (The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split), Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• The ruwe ne / siri ne puzzle — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• The ruwe tapan ceremonial closure — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• The S/A/O paradigm — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms)
• The sakehe refrain — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• The sakehe: morphology and the fixed-melody criterion — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• The Sakhalin and Kuril branches as comparative benchmarks — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• The Sakhalin and Kuril data as comparative evidence — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• The Sakhalin length–Hokkaido accent diachrony — Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• The Sakhalin vowel-length correspondence — Chapter 23 (The Pitch-Accent Placement Rule and the Accented/Accentless Dialect Split)
• The Sakhalin vowel-length reflex and proto-Ainu prosody — Chapter 157 (The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex)
• The Saru inventory — Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms)
• The Saru–Chitose group and its standing — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• The scope and tools of internal reconstruction — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• The scope of negation — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• The scope of the evidential predicate — Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles)
• The sekor … hawe ne quotative frame — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• The sekor a=ye p ne naming cleft — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• The sensory nominalizers as perception complements — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• The sensory-evidential quartet — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• The sentence-type alternation on formal-noun tails — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• The shared clause-final frame paradigm — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• The shifting class: ku=, e=, ci=, en= — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization)
• The Shizunai demonstrative grid and dialect variation — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness)
• The Shizunai minimal pair — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• The short and long affiliative: the vowel-copy principle — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• The single fricative and its positional variants — Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation)
• The siri an polysemy — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• The sociative uko- and uwe- — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• The somo ki periphrasis — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo)
• The speaker situation — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• The standard accent type — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• The standard analysis: three lines of evidence — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• The standard CV syllabary — Chapter 12 (Katakana Orthography and the Extended Small-Kana Codas)
• The stative–inchoative duality — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• The stem zone and verbal number — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template)
• The structural status of overt NPs — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• The suffix -ka: hosts, dialect distribution, and semantics — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• The sung verse genres at a glance — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• The sung/recited/spoken distinction — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• The suppletive existential as auxiliary — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• The support-verb inventory — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• The survey apparatus and its primary data — Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• The switch-reference question — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• The syntactic-vs-lexicalist debate: positions catalogued — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• The t + i → ci rule at morpheme junctions — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• The Talmy typology — verb-framing and path lexicalization — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• The Tamura–Nakagawa dispute on yi/wi/wu phonemic status — Chapter 22 (Glides, Vowel Hiatus, and the Diphthong Question)
• The tenselessness debate and the status of a — Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System)
• The thing-counting suffix -p/-pe — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• The three numeral word-classes and the classifier alternation — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• The three prefixes at a glance — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate)
• The Tōhoku substrate and Vovin's Old Japanese evidence — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• The Tokachi first-person restriction — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• The Tokachi first-person restriction on kor an — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• The toponymic substrate — Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• The transitivizer -kar — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• The tu // re formula: numeral parallelism as intensification — Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets)
• The two functions of eci= — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• The two particles and the question they raise — Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• The two possessive constructions — Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• The two writing systems — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• The two-index ceiling — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• The two-slot ceiling, re-applicativization, and chained feeding — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• The Type-2 classification controversy — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• The unexpressed causee — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• The V(ka)Vt frame: morphology and the person locus — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• The valency system as an arity calculus — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview)
• The verb o, the affiliative o-, and disambiguation by arity — Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative)
• The verb word as the head of its clause — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template)
• The verb–noun continuum — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• The vigesimal counting architecture — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System)
• The Vowel Co-occurrence Restriction — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• The WALS-style feature bundle — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• The well-being exchange — Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• The ya/a question particle — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• The yak pirka idioms: advice, prohibition, permission, and futility — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• The Yakumo–Oshamambe irregular type — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• The yay-/si- distinction: competing analyses — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• The yay-/si- division of labour — Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• The 終助詞 class: definition and position — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• Third person and the two-affix cap — Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• Third-person undecidability — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• Three disputed boundaries — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Three semantic readings — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• Three transcriptional traditions — Chapter 13 (Cyrillic and Multi-Script Rendering)
• Three-place verbs — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Time reference without tense — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview)
• Tokachi evidence and dialect scope — Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=))
• Token frequencies — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Topic marking and participant tracking — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• Topic versus contrastive topic — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• Topic-initial order and left-fronting — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• Toponymic substrate on Honshu — Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies)
• Transitive verbs — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy)
• Transitivity as a formal property — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• Transitivity as the organizing axis — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template)
• Transitivity pairs — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• Transnumerality: nouns unspecified for number — Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality)
• Tripartite patterning: S, A, and O are distinct — Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=))
• True cleft, pseudocleft, or nominal predication? — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• True irregulars — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• Tungusic, Manchu, and the Santan trade — Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu)
• Two classes of adpositional elements — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• Two dimensions and three constructions — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification)
• Two further formation types — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• Two kinds of subject incorporation — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• Two layers of number — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• Two- and three-place verbs — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• Type ①: vowel-final stems — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• Type ②: glide-final stems and the monosyllabic subtype — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• Type ③: consonant-final stems — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels)
• Type ⑤: affiliative modifier — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Type ⑥: incorporated transitive object — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• Type A: suppletive stems — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• Type-1 and Type-2 locative nouns — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• Types B and C: segmentable alternations — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• Types of parallelism — Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets)
• Typological comparison: Hachijō intonation — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• Typological framing — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs)
• Typological note — Chapter 152 (Parallelism, Couplets, and Word-Pair Doublets)
• Typological placement — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System)
• Typological placement: pitch accent, not tone — Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• Typological placement: the C1 system — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• Typologically unusual features in the regional context — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)

U

• Unaccented varieties — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Unattested and blocked positions — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• Universal and approximative quantifiers — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• utar and utari(hi): the form–meaning distinction — Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality)

V

• Valence classes and what counts as a verb word — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template)
• Valency effect and position — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• Valency-changing derivation routed outward — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• Valency-changing morphology and the S set — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• Valency-changing morphology in the template — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template)
• Valency-decreasing and rearranging voices — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview)
• Valency-increasing morphology — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview)
• Verb-finality and the sentence template — Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax)
• Verbs — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition)
• Verse line and metre — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• Verse metre: two analytical systems — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• Verse structure: the two metres — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• Vigesimal numerals — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu)
• Visual paradigm for one stem — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• Vocative fragments and address utterances — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• Voicing — Chapter 16 (The Consonant Inventory and Its Phonetic Realization)
• Volitional and deliberative uses — Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative)
• Vowel alternations — Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)
• Vowel deletion as an alternative hiatus strategy — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• Vowel Devoicing — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• Vowel elision in the combining forms of ku= and ci= — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• Vowel Frequency — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• Vowel Sequences and Coda Glides — Chapter 17 (The Vowel Inventory and Vowel Realization)
• Vowel weakening after personal and applicative prefixes — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)

W

• wa an: the resultative — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• wa as a gateway to the auxiliary system — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• wa as SFP vs. sequential connective — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• wa kusu and hi kusu: reason-only compounds — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• Weather and natural-phenomenon vocabulary — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• What a 'comprehensive reference grammar' commits to — Chapter 1 (Aims, Scope, and Design Philosophy of This Grammar)
• What Ainu does not exhibit — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• What controls the plural verb — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• What is incorporated is a verb, not an adverb — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• What reached Hokkaido — Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu)
• What split-intransitive alignment predicts — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• Word spacing and compound boundaries — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• Word-class status — Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• Word-class status and the connective–clause-linker boundary — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• Word-classifiers: to 'day' and suy 'time/turn' — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• Word-initial consonants in the Nairo subdialect — Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• Word-initial h-elision — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry), Chapter 160 (Hokkaido Dialect Microvariation: Phonology and Morphosyntax)

Y

• ya/a as Q-particle vs. complementizer — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• yak and yakne — habitual and evaluative conditionals — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• yakka — concessive and permissive — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• yakun — the hypothetical conditional — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• Yukar and uwepeker: narration in the protagonist's voice — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)

Z

• Zero anaphora — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• Zero third-person object — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• Zero-conversion and the verb–noun interface — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• Zero-place and one-place verbs — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity)
• Zero-place predicates and the valence boundary — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)