Chapter 177Index of Grammatical Morphemes and Affixes

177.1 Index of grammatical morphemes

This index lists the person clitics (marked =), bound affixes (marked -), and core grammatical particles and formatives that appear in the grammar's interlinear examples, each with the chapters in which it is exemplified. It is generated from the example corpus and is an index to attested usage, not an exhaustive morpheme dictionary; the analysis of each form is given in the chapters cross-referenced. Lexical roots are omitted.

• -p — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• =an — Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• a=acautari — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• a=ahunke — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• a=an — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• a=anpa — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• a=e — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• a=e-apkas — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• a=e-hoyupu — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• a=e-p — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• a=e-pakasnu — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• a=e-puni — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• a=e-suke-p — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• a=e-tuye — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• a=e-u-itak-nu-p — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• a=e-yay-ko-tuyma-si-ram-suy-pa — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• a=e=kor-e-re — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• a=e=siknure — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• a=e=tumam — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• a=e=túskote — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements)
• a=e=tuy-e-re — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• a=eapkas — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• a=eaykap — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• a=ek — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• a=en=kopisi — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• a=en=omap — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• a=epirkatomteresu — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• a=epuni — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• a=epunkine — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• a=eramiskari — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• a=erampewtek — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• a=eranak — Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• a=eyayramkar — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• a=i=hotuyekar — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• a=i=rayke — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• a=i=reko — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• a=i=réko — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• a=i=y-e-re — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• a=imek-kar — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• a=ipere — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• a=isamka — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• a=kar — Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu)
• a=kasuy — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing)
• a=kemaha — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• a=ki — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• a=ko-hopuni — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• a=ko-hosipi — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• a=ko-kuykuy — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• a=ko-onne — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• a=ko-sirepa — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• a=ko-yay-irayke — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• a=kor — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question), Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• a=korar — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• a=kore — Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• a=koyki — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• a=ku — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• a=kupapa — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• a=kuykuy — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization)
• a=mac-i — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• a=maci — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• a=maketa — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• a=mat-ne-po-utar-i — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• a=mat-utar-i — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• a=mi — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• a=mun-ko-tata — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• a=ne — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• a=nepkire — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• a=nu — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• a=nukar — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• a=nukáre — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• a=nure — Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• a=nuyar — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• a=o — Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• a=oma — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• a=oma-re — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• a=omare — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• a=ona — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses)
• a=ona-ha — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs)
• a=onaha — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• a=onáha — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• a=oyki — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• a=pirka-ipere — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• a=po-ho — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• a=po-utar-i — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• a=poho — Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• a=pone-ko-kuykuy — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• a=poro-yupi — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• a=ramosma — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• a=ramu — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• a=rayke — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• a=rehe — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• a=reka — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• a=reko — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• a=ronnu — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• a=ruska — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• a=sa-ha — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• a=saha — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage)
• a=se — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• a=sospa — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• a=ta — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• a=teke-he — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• a=tekehe — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• a=toy-ko-tata — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• a=tura — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• a=tuye — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• a=u-ko-kor — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• a=un=kore — Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• a=uni — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person)
• a=unu-hu — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• a=unuhu — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• a=unúhu — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• a=utárihi — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• a=uyna — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• a=ye — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• a=yup-i — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam)
• a=yup-ihi — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• a=yupi — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• a=yupi-hi — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• a=yuputari — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• akusu — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• an — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale)), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text), Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• an=an — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• an=cise — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• an=euytek — Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• an=ki — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• an=omap — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• an=oskur — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• an=sa-ha — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• anak — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• anak=ne — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• anakne — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• ani — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• ape-o-i — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• apkas=an — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• apkas=as — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• apto-kar=an — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• ariki=hci — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• arki=an — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema)
• arki=as — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• arpa=an — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• as=an — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• asip=an — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• c=o — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• cep-koyki=an — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• cep-po — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• cepkoyki=an — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an)
• ci-car-i — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• ci-cari — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• ci= — Chapter 5 (The Genetic Position of Ainu: Isolate Status and Macro-Comparison Controversies)
• ci=e — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• ci=e-p — Chapter 156 (Proto-Ainu Reconstruction: Segments and Accent Classes), Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• ci=kar — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• ci=o — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• ci=ronnu-p — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• cikap-po — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• ciki — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• e-an — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• e-arpa — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• e-simpay — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• e-tuye — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• e=ahunke — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• e=an — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• e=arpa — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• e=ciskar — Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect)
• e=e — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• e=e-hoyupu — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• e=ek — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• e=eraman — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• e=erampewtek — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• e=esina — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• e=hacir — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• e=hosipi — Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• e=iki — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• e=ipe — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• e=ipere — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining)
• e=itak — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction)
• e=kar — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• e=kewtumu — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• e=kira — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition)
• e=kon — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• e=kor — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• e=kore — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• e=koucaskuma=an — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• e=ku — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• e=ma — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• e=moyre — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• e=nu — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• e=nukar — Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses)
• e=o — Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology))
• e=oman — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• e=pirka — Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions)
• e=poro — Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula)
• e=ray — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• e=samake — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• e=sini — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• e=sinki — Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne))
• e=sus — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• e=uni — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• e=yaynu — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• e=ye — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• e=yki — Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses)
• e=ype — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• eci=e-sirkirap — Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• eci=ekanok — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• eci=epa — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• eci=eramuoka — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• eci=kasuy — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate)
• eci=kay — Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative)
• eci=ki — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• eci=kore — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry)
• eci=nukar — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• eci=paye — Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism)
• eci=paye-hci-hi — Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• eci=yayeymontasa — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo)
• ek=an — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• ekimne=an — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• en=akkari — Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• en=askeuk — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate)
• en=epunkine — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• en=kasuy — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• en=kore — Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood))
• en=nukar — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• en=nuure — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• en=sam — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns)
• en=sinot-te — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• haw-as — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• haw-e — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• haw-e-an — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• haw-e-an=an — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• haw-ehe — Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• hawe — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• hawe-he — Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form)
• he — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• he-puni=an — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• he=tuk-pa — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• hemesu=an — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• hine — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• hon-kor — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• hosipi=an — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements)
• hotke=an — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• hum-as — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• hum-i — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles)
• humi — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• i-huraye — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• i-omante — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• i-ri=an — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• i=ahun-te — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• i=corpokke — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative)
• i=epetturasi — Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• i=erampokiwen — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• i=eresu — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• i=kaopiwki — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses)
• i=kesanpa — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• i=kimatekka — Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• i=kore — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• i=nisuk — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• i=nukar — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• i=omap — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• i=oyakke — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• i=pirkaresu — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• i=resu — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• i=rewsire — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• i=sam — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• i=teke — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• i=tomteresu — Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• i=tura — Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives)
• i=ukotumam — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• iki-pa=an — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• iki=an — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• iku=an — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization)
• iku=as — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• inkar=an — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• ipe-yar=an — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• ipe=an — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• ipe=as — Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• isam — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• isitoma=an — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• itak=an — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• k=an — Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka)
• k=apkas — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• k=arpa — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• k=e-ko-onkami — Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers)
• k=ek — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• k=erampewtek — Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• k=eramuan — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• k=eranpewtek — Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus)
• k=esikarun — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• k=eunkeray — Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering)
• k=oman — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• k=omare — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• k=onaha — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• k=uni-hi — Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam)
• k=uomare — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• ka — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction), Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale)), Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• kaa-ta — Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• karkarse=an — Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• kem-ihi — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• kera=an — Chapter 27 (Phrasal and Utterance Intonation)
• ki=an — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism)
• kira=an — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• kironnu=an — Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• ko-ek — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• ko-sunke — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• kor — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry), Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• korka — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• kotan-u — Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• ku-ikra — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• ku-wehe — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification)
• ku=an — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• ku=arpa — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• ku=caranke — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• ku=cis — Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• ku=cise — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka))
• ku=cise-kar — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• ku=e — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison)
• ku=e-arpa — Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy)
• ku=e-ko-isoytak — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• ku=eraman — Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns)
• ku=eramuskari-no — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur))
• ku=haw-e-an — Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• ku=hawean — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• ku=hok — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• ku=hopuni — Chapter 24 (The Prosodic Unit and the Accent-versus-Tone Analysis)
• ku=horipi — Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• ku=hosipi — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• ku=hotuye-kar — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• ku=inkar — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate)
• ku=ipe — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)
• ku=iruska — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• ku=itak — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• ku=iunin — Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• ku=kar — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory)
• ku=kema-ha — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction), Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• ku=kemeyki — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• ku=ki — Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses)
• ku=ko-i-ruska — Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative)
• ku=ko-si-ranpewtek-ka — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• ku=kor — Chapter 28 (Assimilation and Cluster Simplification: Coda /r/, Nasals, and Clusters), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 166 (Macro-Comparison and Deep-Contact Controversies), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• ku=kor-kur — Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses)
• ku=kore — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• ku=koy-yanke — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• ku=ku — Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation)
• ku=macihi — Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• ku=matnepo — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• ku=mokor — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition)
• ku=ne — Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• ku=nu — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• ku=nu-yar — Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar)
• ku=nukar — Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• ku=o-arpa — Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative)
• ku=oman — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• ku=omare — Chapter 31 (Personal-Affix Junctural Sandhi, =an/a= Allomorphy, and Connected-Speech Reduction)
• ku=onkami — Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• ku=or — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• ku=pewre — Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• ku=ramu — Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• ku=ran-ke — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• ku=ray-ke — Chapter 174 (Abbreviations and Glossing-Symbol Conventions)
• ku=respa — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• ku=rikin-ka — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• ku=sanke — Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• ku=sapo — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• ku=sesek — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core)
• ku=sinot — Chapter 76 (Causee Marking, Ditransitive and Double Causatives)
• ku=sirepa — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• ku=soyne — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• ku=tek-e — Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• ku=tek-e-pase — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• ku=tek-ehe — Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 46 (Adnominal Possession: Double Marking and the Appositive Construction)
• ku=teke-he — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession)
• ku=teskar — Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• ku=tuypa — Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• ku=yamuk — Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• ku=yay-e — Chapter 15 (Orthographic Standardization and the Word-Division Problem)
• ku=ye — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction)
• ku=yup-ihi — Chapter 2 (A Typological Profile of Hokkaido Ainu), Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• ku=yupo — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy)
• kuni — Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• kusu — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• ma=an — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• mac-ihi — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry), Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• maci-hi — Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam)
• mat-ikor — Chapter 21 (Syllable Structure, Phonotactics, and Word-Edge Constraints), Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels)
• mat-kor — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion)
• me-an — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses)
• me-rayke=an — Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation)
• merayke=an — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• mokor-pe — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• mokor=an — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan))
• mom=an — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• moyre-no — Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs)
• na — Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer)), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• ne — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions), Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 165 (Northern Contact: Nivkh, Tungusic, and Manchu), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• newa — Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• nina=an — Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• no — Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)
• noka-ha — Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo)
• o-ek — Chapter 78 (The Applicative System: Overview and the Preverb-vs-Applicative Debate), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative)
• oka — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• oka=an — Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• okay — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 172 (A Glossed Sakhalin (Enciw) Text with Hokkaido Contrast)
• okay=an — Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• okay=as — Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=))
• okkay-po — Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification)
• oma-re — Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order)
• onkami=an — Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• or — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 93 (Argument Realization: Affix Indexing and Free NP Order), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies), Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry), Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• or-o — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• orano — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives)
• pakno — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis)
• patek — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• paye=an — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force)
• paye=as — Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms)
• payoka=an — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative)
• pet-ka — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental)
• pirka-no — Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate), Chapter 91 (Adverbial (Manner) Incorporation and the Property-Verb Question)
• pon=an — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• poro-p — Chapter 19 (The Rhotic /r/ and Coda-r)
• poro=an — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• pukusa-ta=an — Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• ran=an — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation)
• raymik=an — Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers)
• re-n — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• re-p — Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• rera-kar=an — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• rikin=an — Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs)
• rir-tursere=an — Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• rok=an — Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact))
• ru-w-e — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• ru-we — Chapter 10 (Interlinear Glossing, Abbreviations, and Citation Conventions), Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 127 (Negative Existential and Possessive: isam), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale)), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer)), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• ruw-e — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential)
• ruwe — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale)), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• ruwe-he — Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential)
• sake-he — Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• sake=ko=ye — Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse)
• sap=an — Chapter 20 (The Laryngeals: Glottal Stop, /h/, and the Final-h Question)
• sapa-ha — Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry), Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• sekor — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 94 (Pro-Drop, (Non)configurationality, and the Pronominal-Argument Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 105 (Quotative Complementation and Reported Speech (sekor)), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives), Chapter 148 (Interjections, Response Words, Ideophones, and Sound Symbolism), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 151 (The Sakehe Refrain, Verse Meter, and the Structure of Sung Verse), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• si-etaye — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• si-pusu — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• sik-ihi — Chapter 157 (The Final-h Problem and Its Sakhalin Vowel-Length Reflex), Chapter 162 (Sakhalin and Kuril Ainu: The External Comparison), Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields)
• sik-kap — Chapter 39 (Noun–Noun Compounding: Headedness, Linking, and Semantics)
• sike-he — Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase)
• siknu=an — Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement)
• sikunu=an — Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• sine-n — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• sine-p — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• sini=an — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-)
• sinot-te — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• sinot=an — Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect)
• sinotca-easkay=an — Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility))
• sir — Chapter 104 (Headless, Internally-Headed, and Noun-Modifying Clause Analyses), Chapter 164 (Ainu Loanwords and Toponymy in Japanese)
• sir-an — Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• sir-i — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• siri — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation)
• somo — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 26 (Accent in Compounds and under Affixation and Cliticization), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 56 (The Verb Word and Its Position-Class Template), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 59 (Light Verbs, Pro-Verbs, and the Auxiliary-Verb Construction), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 92 (Basic Constituent Order and Head-Final Syntax), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 116 (The Desiderative rusuy), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 168 (A Glossed Uwepeker (Prose Folktale))
• soyne=an — Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 109 (Tenselessness and the Time-Reference System), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu))
• ta — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 36 (Verbal Subclasses: A Valence-Based Word-Class Taxonomy), Chapter 37 (The 'No Adjective Class' Thesis: Property Concepts as Stative Verbs), Chapter 42 (The Structure of the Noun Phrase), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 128 (Negative Predicates of Ability and Cognition), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 133 (The hine/akusu Contrast and Switch-Reference-Like Linkage), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 167 (Synopsis of Lexical-Semantic Fields), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song)
• tan-kur — Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses)
• tan-pe — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 50 (Demonstratives, Anaphora, and Definiteness), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• tane — Chapter 4 (The Sociolinguistic Situation: Endangerment and Revitalization), Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 99 (Property-Concept (Adjectival) Predication without a Copula), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 137 (Manner and Degree Adverbial Clauses), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 147 (Conjunctions and Discourse Connectives), Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• tap — Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 123 (hawe ne — the Reportative / Hearsay Evidential), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 141 (Cleft, Pseudocleft, and Nominalization-Based Focus), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse)
• tek-e-pase=an — Chapter 47 (External Possession and Possessor Raising)
• tek-ehe — Chapter 158 (Internal Reconstruction and Grammaticalization Pathways)
• topen-pe — Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity)
• tu-p — Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax)
• tunas-no — Chapter 61 (The Adverbializer -no and Adverb Formation from Verbs), Chapter 146 (Adverbs, Degree Words, and Comparison Strategies)
• tura — Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising)
• u-epeker — Chapter 29 (Glide Epenthesis and Vowel-Hiatus Resolution)
• u-koyki — Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• u-oruspe-nu=an — Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-)
• un — Chapter 33 (The Word-Class Inventory and the Noun/Verb Bipartition), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 52 (Relational and Spatial (Locative) Nouns and Their Possessed Forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 71 (The Split-Intransitive (Active–Stative) Core), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 103 (Relative Clauses: The Gap Strategy and the Accessibility Hierarchy), Chapter 121 (ruwe ne — the Inferential / Visual-Trace Evidential), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 159 (Hokkaido Dialect Classification and Dialectometry), Chapter 161 (Lexical Dialectology and the Dialect Atlas)
• un=ipe-re — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• un=osura — Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te)
• uni-hi — Chapter 153 (The Elevated/Poetic Register: Archaic Morphology and Formulaic Diction), Chapter 169 (Glossed Verse: A Yukar Heroic Epic and a Kamuy Yukar God-Song), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer))
• upas-kar=an — Chapter 89 (Subject Incorporation and Possessor-Stranding)
• uske-he — Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question)
• wa — Chapter 8 (The Oral-Literature Corpus and Spoken-Language Data), Chapter 18 (/s/ and the s ~ š Palatalization Alternation), Chapter 30 (Citation vs Combining Stem Shapes and Support Vowels), Chapter 32 (Reduplication Phonology and Rule Interaction), Chapter 34 (Nominal Subclasses and Obligatorily-Possessed (Bound) Nouns), Chapter 35 (The Formal / Defective Noun Set (ruwe, hawe, siri, humi, hi, pe, kur)), Chapter 38 (Derivational Morphology on Nouns: Diminutive, Augmentative, and Size Modification), Chapter 40 (Deverbal and Denominal Noun Derivation (Lexical Nominalizer Morphology)), Chapter 41 (Nominal Number: Transnumerality, -utar, and the Locus of Plurality), Chapter 43 (The Alienable/Inalienable Split and Possessive Classification), Chapter 44 (Concept Form vs. Affiliative (Possessed) Form), Chapter 45 (Morphophonology of the Affiliative Suffix and Echo/Copy Vowels), Chapter 48 (Kinship and Honorific Possession), Chapter 49 (Personal, Reflexive, and Emphatic Pronouns), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 53 (Postpositions, Local Case, Motion Events, Comitative, and Instrumental), Chapter 54 (The Vigesimal Numeral System), Chapter 55 (Numeral Classifiers, Ordinals, and Quantifier Syntax), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 60 (Denominal and Deverbal Verb Derivation), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 64 (First-Person Plural and the Clusivity Question (ci=/=as, un=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 66 (Object Indexing: Monotransitive and Ditransitive Clauses), Chapter 67 (The Indefinite/Fourth Person: Forms, Reference, and Agent-Defocusing), Chapter 68 (Honorific and Logophoric Uses of the Fourth Person), Chapter 69 (The Personal-Affix Template: Position Classes and Affix Ordering), Chapter 70 (Person–Number Interactions and Plural Agreement), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 73 (Valency, Voice, and Noun Incorporation: Overview), Chapter 74 (The Morphological Causative -re / -e / -te), Chapter 75 (The Transitivizer -ka and Lexical Valency Pairs), Chapter 77 (The Permissive/Sociative Causative -yar), Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative), Chapter 80 (The ko- Applicative), Chapter 81 (The o- Applicative), Chapter 82 (Applicative Stacking, Ordering, and the Feeding of Relativization), Chapter 83 (The Antipassive / Detransitive i-), Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-), Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division), Chapter 86 (The Reciprocal u-), Chapter 87 (Middle, Anticausative, and the (Non-)Passive Question), Chapter 88 (Object (Patient) Noun Incorporation), Chapter 90 (Oblique Incorporation and the Syntactic-vs-Lexicalist Debate), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 96 (The Copula ne and Predicate-Nominal Clauses), Chapter 97 (Existential and Locational Clauses (an / oka)), Chapter 98 (Predicative Possession: kor, Existential Possession, and isam), Chapter 100 (TAM, Evidentiality, and Negation on Nonverbal Predicates), Chapter 101 (The Nominalizers -p/-pe and -i/-hi (Participant, Event, Place, Fact)), Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi)), Chapter 106 (Nominalized Complements and Control/Raising), Chapter 107 (The kuni Complementizer and Purpose Complements), Chapter 108 (Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality: Overview), Chapter 110 (The Existential-Aspect System: kor an Progressive and wa an Resultative-Perfect), Chapter 111 (The Perfective/Anterior Particle a (a, a…a, aan)), Chapter 112 (The 'Appearance' Continuative: siran, siri…, and kane an), Chapter 113 (Phasal, Iterative, and Habitual Aspect), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 115 (Hortative, Optative, and Cohortative), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 119 (Epistemic Modality, Dubitative, Intentive, and Irrealis), Chapter 120 (The Nominalization-plus-Copula Evidential Schema), Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 125 (Mirativity, Evidential Scope, and Grammaticalization to Sentence-Final Particles), Chapter 126 (Standard Clausal Negation with somo), Chapter 129 (Negative-Polarity Indefinites and the Scope of Negation), Chapter 130 (The Prohibitive Subsystem: iteki and Negative Directives), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 132 (Sequential wa and Clause Chaining), Chapter 134 (Simultaneous kor 'while' and Overlapping-Event Clauses), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses), Chapter 136 (Causal and Purpose Clauses (kusu)), Chapter 138 (Tail-Head Linkage and Narrative Clause Cohesion), Chapter 139 (Reference Tracking and Argument Continuity), Chapter 140 (Topic and Focus Marking: anak(ne), patek, and ka), Chapter 142 (Pragmatic Word-Order Permutation, Dislocation, and Argument Ellipsis), Chapter 143 (The Sentence-Final Particle System and Illocutionary Force), Chapter 145 (Gendered Speech and Pragmatic Registers), Chapter 150 (First-Person Narration, the Logophoric Fourth Person, and Reported Discourse), Chapter 154 (Honorific, Ritual, and Taboo Registers), Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre), Chapter 163 (Japanese Loanwords and Their Phonological Adaptation), Chapter 170 (A Glossed Inonno-itak (Ritual Prayer)), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• wakkata=an — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa)
• wano — Chapter 102 (Lexical-Head and Formal-Noun Nominalization (kur, uske, ruwe/hawe/siri/humi))
• ya — Chapter 14 (Historical Orthographies and the Batchelor Tradition), Chapter 51 (Interrogative, Indefinite, and Negative-Polarity Pro-forms), Chapter 57 (Transitivity, Valence Classes, and Ambitransitivity), Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 62 (Architecture of the Personal-Affix System: The Four Persons and the S/A/O Paradigms), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 72 (Tripartite, Nominative-Accusative, and the Central Alignment Debate), Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential), Chapter 144 (Interrogative Strategies, Question Particles, and Evidential Questions), Chapter 171 (A Glossed Everyday-Conversation Text)
• yak — Chapter 79 (The e- Applicative), Chapter 114 (Imperative and Prohibitive (Directive Mood)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• yakun — Chapter 58 (Verbal Number: Suppletive Stems and the Pluractional -pa), Chapter 63 (First- and Second-Person Singular Affixes (ku=/en=, e=/e=)), Chapter 65 (The eci= Portmanteau (1A→2O) and Second-Person Plural Syncretism), Chapter 95 (Oblique and Adjunct Syntax; Verbless and Presentational Clauses), Chapter 117 (Abilitative easkay / eaykap (Ability and Possibility)), Chapter 118 (Deontic Necessity and Obligation (kuni ne, kus ne)), Chapter 131 (Clause Linkage in Ainu: Typology and Inventory), Chapter 135 (Conditional, Temporal, and Concessive Clauses)
• yay-kar — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• yay-karkarse-re=an — Chapter 84 (The Reflexive yay-)
• yay-nu=an — Chapter 124 (humi ne — the Non-Visual Sensory Evidential)
• yay-si-turi-re=an — Chapter 85 (The Reflexive-Possessive si- and the yay-/si- Division)
• yaykeste=an — Chapter 155 (Narrative TAM and Evidential Patterning by Genre)
• yaynu=an — Chapter 122 (siri ne — the Direct-Perception / Situational Evidential)
• yukar-i — Chapter 149 (The Oral-Literature Genre System and Its Grammatical Signatures)