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Mosir Aynuitak Itakkewtum

Back matterReferences

Entries marked reported are cited second-hand, through the source named in the citation, and were not consulted directly.

Hokkaidō Ainu

Primary sources and studies of the variety this grammar describes.

  • Ainu language learner group, Otaru アイヌ語学習者グループ（小樽）. 1991. アイヌタイムズ[Ainu Times (Ainu language learners' newsletter)]. Periodical newsletter featuring texts by speakers including 神崎雅好, 浜田隆史, 丸野和子, 萱野志朗, and 横山裕之 (Saru and Chitose dialects). Cite the underlying contributor and issue for examples..
  • Asai Tōru 浅井亨. 1969. アイヌ語の文法——アイヌ語石狩方言文法の概略[An outline of the grammar of the Ishikari dialect of Ainu]. アイヌ民族誌 1. reported
  • Batchelor, John. 1903. A grammar of the Ainu language. Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh.
  • Batchelor, John. 1905. An Ainu–English–Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language). Tokyo: Methodist Publishing House. reported
  • Batchelor, John. 1938. An Ainu–English–Japanese dictionary, 4th edn. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店. reported
  • Batchelor, John (tr.). 1897. Chikoro utarapa ne Yesu Kiristo ashiri aeuitaknup (The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ in Ainu). Yokohama: British & Foreign Bible Society. The Ainu New Testament (チコロ・ウタラパ); with the Psalms and Jonah, the largest connected-text corpus in Batchelor’s orthography. Quoted from the digitised full text; cited by book, chapter and verse..
  • Biratori Town Ainu oral-literature archive 平取町アイヌ口承文芸. 1969. 平取町アイヌ口承文芸[Biratori Town Ainu oral literature]. Saru-dialect oral-literature corpus held by the National Ainu Museum (国立アイヌ民族博物館; ainugo.nam.go.jp). Cite the underlying narrator/document for examples..
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2008. Reported discourse and logophoricity in Southern Hokkaido dialects of Ainu. Gengo Kenkyū 133 31–75.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2012. Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In Nicolas Tranter (ed.), The languages of Japan and Korea 461–509. London: Routledge.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2015. Relative clauses and noun complements in Ainu. Bugaeva, Anna & Iku Nagasaki (eds.), アイヌ語研究の諸問題. Sapporo: Hokkaido Shuppan Kikaku Center. Applicative ko- as lexical Source (ko-nu) documented at p. 84 fn. 14.
  • Bugaeva, Anna ブガエワ・アンナ. 2014. アイヌ語使役構文に関する再考察[A reconsideration of the causative construction in Ainu].
  • Bugaeva, Anna, Shiho Endō & Shirō Akasegawa. 2015. A topical dictionary of conversational Ainu. Web dictionary; Chitose idiolect of Ito Oda.
  • Chiba University Ainu Language Research Project 千葉大学 (eds.). 2015. 千葉大学アイヌ語資料集[Chiba University Ainu language materials collection]. Ainu oral-literature recordings (Horobetsu and other dialects); narrators include Kanenari Matsu 金成マツ. Cite the underlying narrator and document for examples..
  • Chiri Yukie 知里幸恵. 1923. アイヌ神謡集[A collection of Ainu divine epics [Ainu Shin'yōshū]]. Tokyo: Kyōdo Kenkyūsha 郷土研究社. Horobetsu/Iburi kamuy yukar with Japanese translation; the first published Ainu-language oral-literature collection, compiled by Yukie Chiri (1903–1922). Digitised as 桃内 2008 (桃内義弥)..
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2020. The interaction of relativization and noun incorporation in Southern Hokkaidō Ainu.
  • Fukazawa Mika 深澤美香. 2017. 加賀家文書の文献学的研究[A philological study of the Kaga-ke documents (dissertation)].
  • Fukazawa Mika 深澤美香. 2025. 国立アイヌ民族博物館所蔵 知里真志保記入のアイヌ語基礎語彙調査表[Chiri Mashiho's annotated Ainu basic-vocabulary survey tables (National Ainu Museum)].
  • Fukuda (Tamura) Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1956. On the morphological structure of the verbs in Saru dialect of Ainu. Onsei no Kenkyū 7.
  • Fukuda (Tamura) Suzuko 福田すゞ子. 1961. アイヌ語沙流方言の副助詞と終助詞[The adverbial and sentence-final particles of the Saru dialect of Ainu]. 言語研究 [Gengo Kenkyū / Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan] 39: 22–38. Published under maiden name 福田すゞ子; the author is the same person as Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. Sequel to the 1960 paper on auxiliary verbs (民族学研究 24-4). Journal volume confirmed as 言語研究 39 from the standard bibliographic entry; running pages 22–38 confirmed by OCR..
  • Hirosawa 廣澤. 2026. 証拠性表現の用法——ruwe ne を中心に[The uses of evidential expressions, centred on ruwe ne].
  • Hokkaido Ainu Association / Hokkaido Radio School (北海道アイヌ協会・ラジオ講座). 2001. アイヌ語ラジオ講座テキスト. Ainu-language radio lecture texts. Contributors include 大須賀るえ子 (Shiraoi). Cite the underlying speaker for examples..
  • Hokkaidō Utari Kyōkai 北海道ウタリ協会. 1994. アコㇿイタㇰ——テキスト アイヌ語会話[Akor Itak: A textbook of Ainu conversation]. Sapporo.
  • Huber, Klára フダー・クラーラ. 2025. 主観性から見たアイヌ語の所有表現[Ainu possessive expressions from the perspective of subjectivity].
  • Ijäs, Silja. 2023. Aynu itak a-eyaypakasnu ro — Let’s learn Ainu: Ainu language grammar guide. Online English pedagogical grammar guide.
  • Ijäs, Silja. 2023. Language revitalization through lexical modernization and neologism-coining. Aynu teetawano ankur kanpinuye 3 117–160. On modern coinages and lexical modernization strategies; cite when discussing neo-Ainu neologisms.
  • Kaiser, Lizanne. 1998. The interaction of noun incorporation and applicative formation in Ainu. Yearbook of Morphology 1997 157–178.
  • Kanazawa Shōzaburō 金澤庄三郎. 1898. アイヌ語会話辞典[A topical dictionary of Ainu conversation (Saru)]. Saru-dialect topical conversation dictionary; consulted via the NINJAL digital edition. Cite the underlying 1898 work for banked conversational examples..
  • Kayano Shigeru 萱野茂. 1987. アイヌ語会話 初級編[Ainu conversation: Beginner].
  • Kayano Shigeru 萱野茂. 1996. 萱野茂のアイヌ語辞典[Kayano's Ainu dictionary (Saru)]. Tokyo: Sanseidō 三省堂. reported
  • Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄. 1984. 名詞句の構造と合成名詞[The structure of noun phrases and compound nouns].
  • Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄. 1994. アイヌ語地名における等語線[Isoglosses in Ainu place names]. Place-name study documenting the par/car isogloss distribution across Hokkaido (Table 22). Cited second-hand via Nakagawa & Fukazawa (2022).. reported
  • Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄. 1997. アイヌによるアイヌ語表記[Ainu-language orthography by Ainu]. 国文学 解釈と鑑賞 62(1) 99–107. Consulted in the author’s revised 2016 text; page citations follow the 1997 journal printing..
  • Kobayashi Miki 小林美紀. 2010. 動詞接頭辞si-とyay-の項同定機能[The argument-identifying function of the verbal prefixes si- and yay-].
  • Kobayashi Miki 小林美紀. 2015. アイヌ語動詞の結合価と項構造[Valency and argument structure of the Ainu verb (dissertation)].
  • Kobayashi Miki 小林美紀. 2020. 空間・場所を項とするアイヌ語動詞の結合価を増やす操作について：otkeとkamuを例として[On valency-increasing operations for Ainu verbs that take space or place as an argument: otke and kamu as case studies]. 千葉大学ユーラシア言語文化論集 22 167–174.
  • Kobayashi Miki 小林美紀. 2025. アイヌ語における主語抱合と所属形的接頭辞 e-/o- による派生[Subject incorporation and derivation by affiliative-type prefixes e-/o- in Ainu]. 北方言語研究 [Northern Language Studies] 15: 165–178.
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 1995. アイヌ語千歳方言辞典[A dictionary of the Chitose dialect of Ainu]. Tokyo: Sōfūkan 草風館. reported
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 2001. アイヌ文化——口承文芸[Ainu culture: oral literature]. Source of the four-function genre classification (songs / word play / chants / narrative) adopted by Endō (2022). Cited via Endō (2022).. reported
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 2006. アイヌ人によるアイヌ語表記への取り組み[Ainu efforts toward writing the Ainu language].
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 2009. アイヌ語の接頭辞[The prefixes of Ainu].
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕 (ed.). 2000. アイヌ口承文芸テキスト集 1–24[A collection of Ainu oral-literature texts, vols. 1–24 (2000–2025)]. Annotated Saru/Chitose uwepeker and kamuy yukar narrated by Shirasawa Nabe and others; the largest annotated Hokkaido narrative corpus. Cite per-volume for examples..
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi, Anna Bugaeva, Miki Kobayashi & Yoshimi Yoshikawa (eds.). 2016. A glossed audio corpus of Ainu folklore. Online glossed Hokkaido folktale corpus (Chitose, Saru). Cite the underlying narrator/source for examples..
  • Nakamoto Mutsuko 中本ムツ子 (speaker); Kayano Shigeru 萱野茂 (supervising). 2009. CDエクスプレス アイヌ語[CD Express Ainugo]. Hakusuisha 白水社. Chitose-dialect language course audio+text. Speaker 中本ムツ子 (Chitose). Cite lesson/exercise number for examples..
  • National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics 国立国語研究所. 2003. アイヌ語口承文芸コーパス[Corpus of Ainu oral literature]. Aligned Hokkaido Ainu oral-literature corpus with audio (Saru, Chitose, and other dialects); narrators include 木村きみ, 小田イト, and others. Cite the underlying narrator and document for examples..
  • Okuda Osami 奥田統己. 2025. アイヌ語のわたり音と母音連続[Glides and vowel hiatus in Ainu].
  • Ōno, Tetsuhito. 2022. The history and current status of the Ainu language revival movement. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12) ch. 12. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Chapter 12 of the Handbook; the primary synthesis on the Hokkaido revitalization movement: assimilation history, speaker decline, revival figures, language classes, legislation, FRPAC, Upopoy, orthographic conventions, neologisms, and new-speaker varieties. Epub reflowable: cited by §-number..
  • Refsing, Kirsten. 1986. The Ainu language: The morphology and syntax of the Shizunai dialect. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • Refsing, Kirsten. 2011. Tense, aspect and actionality in the Ainu language. reported
  • Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. 1976. AA研アイヌ語資料[ILCAA Ainu language materials]. Aligned Saru/Shizunai audio-text corpus (recordings 1976–1984); ainugo.aa-ken.jp. Cite the underlying narrator/document for examples..
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒 & Watanabe Kaori 渡邊香織. 2019. 『アイヌ炉辺物語』（1〜5話）――ジョン・バチェラー、1924年、東京[Ainu Fireside Stories (tales 1–5): John Batchelor, 1924, Tokyo]. 千葉大学ユーラシア言語文化論集 21 243–261. Re-edition of five of Batchelor’s 1924 Ainu Fireside Stories: original text, modern respelling (表記変更), and new Japanese translation..
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2004. アイヌ文学における一人称体の問題[The problem of the first-person form in Ainu literature].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2006. 千歳方言のアスペクト——kor an、wa an[Aspect in the Chitose dialect: kor an, wa an].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2007. 千歳方言の再帰接頭辞yay-とsi-について[On the reflexive prefixes yay- and si- in the Chitose dialect].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2008. アイヌ語文法の基礎[Foundations of Ainu grammar]. Tokyo: Daigaku Shorin 大学書林.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2009. アイヌ語の条件表現について[On the conditional expressions of Ainu]. Tsumagari Toshirō 津曲敏郎 (ed.), サハリンの言語世界 [The linguistic world of Sakhalin] 49–56. Sapporo: Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University 北海道大学大学院文学研究科.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2009. アイヌ語虻田方言の英雄叙事詩（yukar）テキストとその言語的特徴 (1)[The heroic epic (yukar) text of the Abuta dialect of Ainu and its linguistic characteristics, part 1]. 北海道立アイヌ民族文化研究センター研究紀要 [Research Bulletin of the Hokkaido Ainu Culture Research Center] 15: 1–38. Narrated by Tōshima Tanke 遠島タンケ; Iburi (Abuta/虻田) yukar. Read by section; OCR page numbers garbled..
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2021. 千歳方言の位置名詞orの用法[The uses of the locative noun or in the Chitose dialect].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2023. アイヌ語[The Ainu language (handbook/encyclopedia grammar)]. 世界の言語シリーズ / 朝倉日本語講座.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2023. 動詞の結合価と3項動詞[Verb valency and three-place verbs (ditransitives)].
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2025. Basic sentence structures in Ainu. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2025. 書評：中川裕『アイヌ語広文典』[Review of Nakagawa Hiroshi's Ainugo kōbunten].
  • Simeon, George John. 1968. The phonemics and morphology of Hokkaido Ainu. Los Angeles: PhD dissertation, University of Southern California. Structuralist sketch from June–July 1967 fieldwork on the Hiratori, Horobetsu, and Higashi-Shizunai dialects; informants Kayano Shigeru, Itaku Haru, and Sasaki Taro..
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2011. 十勝方言の指示表現[Demonstrative expressions in the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2013. 十勝方言における証拠性と叙述類型[Evidentiality and predication types in the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2014. アイヌ語十勝方言例文集[A collection of example sentences in the Tokachi dialect of Ainu].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2015. 十勝方言における1人称と包括人称について[On the first and inclusive persons in the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2016. 十勝方言の否定構造について[On the negation structures of the Tokachi dialect].
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2017. アイヌ語幌別方言の使役接尾辞について[On the causative suffixes in the Horobetsu dialect of Ainu]. 北方言語研究 7 99–106.
  • Takahashi Yasui 髙橋靖以. 2018. 幌別方言における名詞化辞の文法化[The grammaticalization of nominalizers in the Horobetsu dialect].
  • Tamura Masashi 田村雅史. 2011. アイヌ語白糠方言の文法記述[A grammatical description of the Shiranuka dialect of Ainu].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1960. 沙流方言の助動詞[Auxiliary verbs in the Saru dialect].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1971. 沙流方言の人称代名詞[Personal pronouns in the Saru dialect].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1972. 沙流方言の人称の種類[The categories of person in the Saru dialect].
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1973. アイヌ語の詩について——詩の言語的特徴[On Ainu poetry: Linguistic characteristics of verse]. Source of the five-syllable metrical description (p. 56); cited via Okuda (2022).. reported
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1988. アイヌ語[Ainu language [encyclopedia article]]. Source of the Northeast/Southwest bipartite division of Hokkaido Ainu dialects; English adaptation as Tamura (2000). Cited second-hand via Nakagawa & Fukazawa (2022).. reported
  • Tamura Suzuko 田村すゞ子. 1996. アイヌ語沙流方言辞典[The Ainu–Japanese dictionary: Saru dialect]. Tokyo: Sōfūkan 草風館.
  • Tamura, Suzuko. 2000. The Ainu language. ICHEL Linguistic Studies 2. Tokyo: Sanseidō 三省堂. English version of her 1988 アイヌ語 encyclopedia article (Saru). reported
  • Yoshikawa Yoshimi 吉川佳見. 2018. アイヌ語の助動詞 aan と証拠性[The auxiliary aan and evidentiality in Ainu]. 北方言語研究 [Northern Language Studies] 8.
  • Yoshikawa Yoshimi 吉川佳見. 2020. アイヌ語における存在型アスペクト形式[Existential-type aspect forms in Ainu (dissertation)].
  • Yoshikawa Yoshimi 吉川佳見. 2022. Existential aspectual forms in the Saru and Chitose dialects of Ainu. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Yu Zhuo 于拙. 2025. アイヌ語コーパスの構築およびテキスト分析の研究：形態素の自動解析処理を中心に[Building an Ainu corpus and analysing its texts: automatic morphological processing]. Doctoral research on Ainu corpus construction; §2.5.1 traces the = person-marker notation to Nakagawa and separates it from the Leipzig clitic sign..

Sakhalin Ainu

Works on Sakhalin varieties, cited for contrast.

Pan-Ainu, comparative and methodological works

Dialectology, reconstruction, typology, and conventions.

  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. reported
  • Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés. 2022. The Ainu language through time. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12) ch. 5. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Chapter 5 of the Handbook; the primary reconstruction source — a critical review of Vovin (1993) with revised PA segmental and suprasegmental inventories. Epub reflowable: cited by §/Table, no print-page numbers..
  • Alpatov, Vladimir M., Anna Ju. Bugaeva & Vladimir P. Nedjalkov. 2007. Reciprocals and sociatives in Ainu. In Vladimir P. Nedjalkov (ed.), Reciprocal constructions (Typological Studies in Language 71), vol. 4 1751–1822. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Asai Tōru 浅井亨. 1974. アイヌ語諸方言の分類について——語彙統計学的方法の再検討[On the classification of Ainu dialects: a reconsideration of the lexicostatistic method]. 北方文化研究 [Hoppō Bunka Kenkyū] 8: 45–136. Cluster analysis of the Hattori & Chiri (1960) matrix plus Chitose data; the "major division" paper reanalysed by Ono (2020). Cited second-hand via Nakagawa & Fukazawa (2022) and Ono (2020).. reported
  • aynu-corpora Discord community. 2023–2026. Community linguistic discussion (aynu-corpora Discord archive). Machine-extracted member analyses — leads, not authorities; cite with member handle and confidence grade.
  • Baker, Mark C.. 1988. Incorporation: A theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. reported
  • Baker, Mark C.. 1996. The polysynthesis parameter. Oxford: Oxford University Press. reported
  • Barrie, Michael & Éric Mathieu. 2021. Noun incorporation and polysynthesis.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2006. Applicatives in Ainu.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2010. Ainu applicatives in typological perspective. Studies in Language 34(4) 749–801.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2015. An equivalent of the standard of comparison relativization in Ainu.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2021. Unspecified participant: A case of antipassive in Ainu. In Katarzyna Janic & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (ed.), Antipassive: Typology, diachrony, and related constructions (TSL 130). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2021. Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2025. A diachronic study of anticausatives in Ainu.
  • Bugaeva, Anna (ed.). 2022. Handbook of the Ainu language. Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics 12. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Bugaeva, Anna & Miki Kobayashi. 2022. Verbal valency. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12) 465–509. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. reported
  • Cambridge University Press. 2022. Cambridge English–Turkish Dictionary: obey.
  • Chamberlain, Basil Hall. 1887. The language, mythology, and geographical nomenclature of Japan viewed in the light of Aino studies. Tokyo: Imperial University. reported
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1952. アイヌ語に於ける母音調和[Vowel harmony in Ainu].
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1953. 分類アイヌ語辞典[A classified dictionary of Ainu (plants, animals, humans), 1953–1962]. Tokyo: Nihon Jōmin Bunka Kenkyūjo 日本常民文化研究所. reported
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1955. アイヌ文学[Ainu literature]. 日本詩人全集 27. Tokyo: 新潮社. Source of genre-term dialect distribution data and variant sakehe forms; cited via Endō (2022).. reported
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1956. 地名アイヌ語小辞典[A small dictionary of Ainu place-name language (Chimei Ainugo shō jiten)]. Tokyo: Nihon Jōmin Bunka Kenkyūjo 日本常民文化研究所. The standard Ainu place-name etymological dictionary; cited second-hand via Shibatani (1990 §1). Individual toponym etymologies in this grammar require verification against this source.. reported
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1956. アイヌ語入門――とくに地名研究者のために[An introduction to Ainu, especially for place-name researchers]. Sapporo: Nire Shobō 楡書房. Topical suffix distinguishes this from chiri1956 (地名アイヌ語小辞典, same author-year). Contains the extended critique of Batchelor’s dictionary; cited via Refsing (1986: 18–19) and Nakagawa (2024: 90).. reported
  • Compton, Richard. 2012. The syntax and semantics of modification in Inuktitut: Adjectives and adverbs in a polysynthetic language. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto. reported
  • Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reported
  • Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath & Balthasar Bickel. 2015. The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology & Leipzig University. Revised edition (original 2004); the standard reference for interlinear morpheme glossing. reported
  • Corbett, Greville G.. 2000. Number. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reported
  • Croft, William. 1991. The evolution of negation. Journal of Linguistics 27(1) 1–27. reported
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2018. Ainu evidentiality: A semantico-pragmatic analysis and a morphosyntactic account. London: SOAS, University of London. PhD dissertation (the definitive study of Ainu evidentiality).
  • Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar دهخدا، علی‌اکبر. 1931–1973. لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا: حرف‌شنوی[Dehkhoda Dictionary: harf-šenavi].
  • Diessel, Holger. 1999. Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization. Typological Studies in Language 42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. reported
  • Endō Shiho 遠藤志保. 2022. Ainu oral literature. In Anna Bugaeva (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language (HJLL 12) ch. 10. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Chapter 10 of the Handbook; the primary English synthesis on genre taxonomy, sakehe, elegant vs everyday language, and rhetoric. Read in full (epub→pandoc; cited by section, no page numbers)..
  • Evans, Nicholas. 2003. Bininj Gun-wok: A pan-dialectal grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. reported
  • Foley, William A. & Robert D. Van Valin, Jr.. 1984. Functional syntax and universal grammar. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reported
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